Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.11
Sara Israa, Tazvin Ijaz
This study is aimed to discuss the manifestations of street harassment among women university students of Lahore. The initial phase of the study involved conducting semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, 20 women university students were interviewed and 19 items were generated. A list of 19 items was given to experts to assess content validity. After removing repetitive statements, 15 item scale was retained and validated by experts. The final 15 item scale was administered to 150 female participants. Factor analysis showed significant KMO value and Bartlett’s test of sphericity which indicated a significant correlation between the items with a few exceptions of weak loadings. Items 12 and 13 showed weak loadings, so these items were discarded and a 13 item scale was retained. Three-factor solutions were suggested through Principle Component Analysis via oblimin rotation and labeled as Behavioral, Verbal, and Eve Teasing. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was further done on a sample of 380 participants to confirm the factors obtained via Exploratory Factor Analysis which overall showed a strong construct validity of the scale and model fit after removal of three items. The final retained version of the scale consisted of 12 items. To assess the convergent validity of the indigenously developed scale, the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire (Kamal & Tariq, 1998) was used as it assessed a similar construct. The correlation coefficient of the two scales was .49 (p < .01). Cronbach alpha value of the developed scale was .82 suggesting a strong inter-item correlation. There are myriad interventions on which the study sheds light.
{"title":"Development of Street Harassment Scale for Women in Universities","authors":"Sara Israa, Tazvin Ijaz","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study is aimed to discuss the manifestations of street harassment among women university students of Lahore. The initial phase of the study involved conducting semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, 20 women university students were interviewed and 19 items were generated. A list of 19 items was given to experts to assess content validity. After removing repetitive statements, 15 item scale was retained and validated by experts. The final 15 item scale was administered to 150 female participants. Factor analysis showed significant KMO value and Bartlett’s test of sphericity which indicated a significant correlation between the items with a few exceptions of weak loadings. Items 12 and 13 showed weak loadings, so these items were discarded and a 13 item scale was retained. Three-factor solutions were suggested through Principle Component Analysis via oblimin rotation and labeled as Behavioral, Verbal, and Eve Teasing. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was further done on a sample of 380 participants to confirm the factors obtained via Exploratory Factor Analysis which overall showed a strong construct validity of the scale and model fit after removal of three items. The final retained version of the scale consisted of 12 items. To assess the convergent validity of the indigenously developed scale, the Sexual Harassment Experience Questionnaire (Kamal & Tariq, 1998) was used as it assessed a similar construct. The correlation coefficient of the two scales was .49 (p < .01). Cronbach alpha value of the developed scale was .82 suggesting a strong inter-item correlation. There are myriad interventions on which the study sheds light.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115009578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.12
Ayesha Saif, S. Riaz
The main objective of current research was development of an indigenous Moral Disengagement Scale for Adults (MDS-A) in Urdu language. The subsequent objective was the establishment of reliability of newly developed Scale. Initially an item pool of 116 items was formulated based on Bandura’s model (2002) which was reduced to 106 items and later 92 items after expert’s evaluation and item analysis, respectively. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on 92 items scale by administering it on 579 adults (250 men and 329 women), age range of 19-83 years from villages and various educational institutes of district Gujrat, Pakistan. EFA by using Principal Component Analysis with Varimax Orthogonal Rotation resulted in six factor solution of 63 items. Later Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the six-factor structure on an independent sample of 413 adults (193 men and 220 women) with age range 19-80 years from Gujrat district, Pakistan. After deletion of 43 items, CFA yielded good model fit indices for final 20 items MDS-A. MDS-A had very satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha reliability and test-retest reliability. MDS-A also demonstrated construct validity in terms of highly significant item-total correlations and subscale-to-scale total correlations. Overall, a reliable and valid scale for measurement of moral disengagement among adults in Pakistani culture is available for further indigenous research and counselling settings.
{"title":"Construction of Moral Disengagement Scale for Adults: A Reliable Measure","authors":"Ayesha Saif, S. Riaz","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of current research was development of an indigenous Moral Disengagement Scale for Adults (MDS-A) in Urdu language. The subsequent objective was the establishment of reliability of newly developed Scale. Initially an item pool of 116 items was formulated based on Bandura’s model (2002) which was reduced to 106 items and later 92 items after expert’s evaluation and item analysis, respectively. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on 92 items scale by administering it on 579 adults (250 men and 329 women), age range of 19-83 years from villages and various educational institutes of district Gujrat, Pakistan. EFA by using Principal Component Analysis with Varimax Orthogonal Rotation resulted in six factor solution of 63 items. Later Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the six-factor structure on an independent sample of 413 adults (193 men and 220 women) with age range 19-80 years from Gujrat district, Pakistan. After deletion of 43 items, CFA yielded good model fit indices for final 20 items MDS-A. MDS-A had very satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha reliability and test-retest reliability. MDS-A also demonstrated construct validity in terms of highly significant item-total correlations and subscale-to-scale total correlations. Overall, a reliable and valid scale for measurement of moral disengagement among adults in Pakistani culture is available for further indigenous research and counselling settings.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128380665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.14
Dania Sohail, Shahab Alam Malik
This study is aimed to observe different aspects of working relationship between supervisees with their academic supervisors from the supervisees’ perspective. Respondents were inquired about networking, instrumental, and psychosocial help received from their supervisors; their satisfaction level with their supervisors; and about their behavioural intentions. Supervisees’ satisfaction was used as a mediator here. A descriptive study was carried out in public and private sector universities. Respondents were 350 MS and PhD level students. Linear Regression was used to analyze relationships among variables. Full mediation was observed in private sector universities, whereas partial mediation was found in public sector universities. Independent sample t-test was employed to observe significant mean differences between public and private sector universities. Significant mean scores differences were observed in independent samples t-test in instrumental and psychosocial help between these two types of universities.
{"title":"Relationship of Graduate Students with their Academic Supervisors: A Study of Public and Private Sector Universities of Pakistan","authors":"Dania Sohail, Shahab Alam Malik","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"This study is aimed to observe different aspects of working relationship between supervisees with their academic supervisors from the supervisees’ perspective. Respondents were inquired about networking, instrumental, and psychosocial help received from their supervisors; their satisfaction level with their supervisors; and about their behavioural intentions. Supervisees’ satisfaction was used as a mediator here. A descriptive study was carried out in public and private sector universities. Respondents were 350 MS and PhD level students. Linear Regression was used to analyze relationships among variables. Full mediation was observed in private sector universities, whereas partial mediation was found in public sector universities. Independent sample t-test was employed to observe significant mean differences between public and private sector universities. Significant mean scores differences were observed in independent samples t-test in instrumental and psychosocial help between these two types of universities.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125173964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.17
A. Afzal, Najma Iqbal Malik, Mohsin Atta
The present study was aimed to translate and adapt the Revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5) developed by Berzonsky et al. (2013) in an indigenous setting. A sample of 600 adolescents was selected from public and private schools in Punjab. The standard procedure of the back-translation method recommended by Water’s et al. (2006) was used to translate and adapt the Inventory. Exploratory Factor Analysis on the sample of adolescents (n = 350) demonstrated three distinct factors that is, diffuse/avoidant identity style, informational identity style, and normative identity style. Factorial structure elucidated that two items of normative identity style were discarded due to low factor loading whereas one item from normative style was loaded on informational identity style. Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the independent sample of adolescents (n = 250) confirmed this three-factor model with good model fit indices. Alpha reliability coefficients were also computed. Moreover, the factorial structure of the scale is considered as validity index. Limitations and suggestions for further investigations were also discussed.
本研究旨在翻译和适应Berzonsky等人(2013)在本土环境中开发的修订身份风格量表(ISI-5)。从旁遮普的公立和私立学校中挑选了600名青少年作为样本。使用Water’s et al.(2006)推荐的反翻译方法的标准程序对清单进行翻译和调整。对青少年样本(n = 350)的探索性因素分析显示了三个不同的因素，即扩散/回避型认同风格、信息型认同风格和规范性认同风格。析因结构表明规范性认同风格的两个条目由于因子负荷低而被丢弃，而规范性认同风格的一个条目由于因子负荷低而被信息性认同风格所丢弃。对青少年独立样本(n = 250)的验证性因子分析证实了该三因素模型具有良好的模型拟合指标。并计算了α信度系数。并以量表的析因结构作为效度指标。并讨论了进一步研究的局限性和建议。
{"title":"Translation and Adaptation of Identity Style Inventory for Pakistani Adolescents","authors":"A. Afzal, Najma Iqbal Malik, Mohsin Atta","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed to translate and adapt the Revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5) developed by Berzonsky et al. (2013) in an indigenous setting. A sample of 600 adolescents was selected from public and private schools in Punjab. The standard procedure of the back-translation method recommended by Water’s et al. (2006) was used to translate and adapt the Inventory. Exploratory Factor Analysis on the sample of adolescents (n = 350) demonstrated three distinct factors that is, diffuse/avoidant identity style, informational identity style, and normative identity style. Factorial structure elucidated that two items of normative identity style were discarded due to low factor loading whereas one item from normative style was loaded on informational identity style. Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the independent sample of adolescents (n = 250) confirmed this three-factor model with good model fit indices. Alpha reliability coefficients were also computed. Moreover, the factorial structure of the scale is considered as validity index. Limitations and suggestions for further investigations were also discussed.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116352838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.18
Sabaenah Salim, Salma Siddiqui
This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Siddiqui Anxiety Scale (Hasnain & Siddiqui, 1993) in the Pakistani community. A pilot study with 15 males and 15 females (mean age = 25.07 years) was carried out to reassess its language and comprehensiveness, followed by a committee review by four mental health professionals. The validity and reliability estimates of Siddiqui Anxiety Scale-Revised (SAS-R) with 27 items were determined in the main study, using a convenient sample of university students (N=494) including 215 males and 279 females with a mean age of 20.8 years. Cronbach’s alpha reliability of SAS-R was found to be 0.90. The exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors in SAS-R (i.e., cognitive-affective and somatic), accounting for 34.48% cumulative variance. The convergent and divergent validity was determined by comparing it with Urdu translations of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Raza, 2013) and Life Orientation Scale-Revised (LOT-R) (Shaheen, Tabassum, & Andleeb, 2015), respectively. SAS-R has a positive correlation with BAI and a significant negative correlation with LOT-R for optimism subscale and pessimism subscale. Furthermore, a cut-off score of 30 was determined using ROC curve analysis, obtaining a sensitivity index of 81.4 %, specificity index of 77.66%, the positive predictive power of 53.3%, and negative predictive power of 93% in the community sample. The psychometric properties of SAS-R are found to be robust enough to be recommended for screening anxiety symptoms in the Pakistani community.
{"title":"Determining the Psychometric Properties of Siddiqui Anxiety Scale-Revised","authors":"Sabaenah Salim, Salma Siddiqui","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.18","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Siddiqui Anxiety Scale (Hasnain & Siddiqui, 1993) in the Pakistani community. A pilot study with 15 males and 15 females (mean age = 25.07 years) was carried out to reassess its language and comprehensiveness, followed by a committee review by four mental health professionals. The validity and reliability estimates of Siddiqui Anxiety Scale-Revised (SAS-R) with 27 items were determined in the main study, using a convenient sample of university students (N=494) including 215 males and 279 females with a mean age of 20.8 years. Cronbach’s alpha reliability of SAS-R was found to be 0.90. The exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors in SAS-R (i.e., cognitive-affective and somatic), accounting for 34.48% cumulative variance. The convergent and divergent validity was determined by comparing it with Urdu translations of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Raza, 2013) and Life Orientation Scale-Revised (LOT-R) (Shaheen, Tabassum, & Andleeb, 2015), respectively. SAS-R has a positive correlation with BAI and a significant negative correlation with LOT-R for optimism subscale and pessimism subscale. Furthermore, a cut-off score of 30 was determined using ROC curve analysis, obtaining a sensitivity index of 81.4 %, specificity index of 77.66%, the positive predictive power of 53.3%, and negative predictive power of 93% in the community sample. The psychometric properties of SAS-R are found to be robust enough to be recommended for screening anxiety symptoms in the Pakistani community.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121990819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.15
Sadia Shaukat, Nadia Ayub, Amina Hanif Tarar
The identity, belongingness to the larger society as well as mental well-being of minorities in Pakistan may have suffered as a result of recent social and political attacks on Christians. The present study was aimed at finding and comparing various aspects of identity (i.e., personal, social, relational, and collective) and mental well-being among adolescents from the majority (Muslims) and minority (Christian) religious groups of Lahore district in Pakistan. The study hypothesized that adolescents of religious minorities would have a lower level of sense of aspects of identity than their dominant counterparts. The sample comprised of 414 male and female students (Muslim = 225, Christian =189) with an age range from 13 to 18years, drawn from two Muslim and two Christian schools. Data was collected using the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek & Briggs, 2013), and Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (Tennant et al., 2007). Results indicated a significant difference in the level of awareness of aspects of identity as well as well-being between majority and minority adolescents. Furthermore, within the majority group, there was also a significant gender difference in social identity and mental well-being with Muslim boys scoring higher than Muslim girls on these variables. Implications of the study are discussed.
巴基斯坦少数民族的身份、对更大社会的归属感以及心理健康可能因最近对基督徒的社会和政治攻击而受到影响。本研究旨在发现和比较巴基斯坦拉合尔地区多数(穆斯林)和少数(基督教)宗教团体青少年的身份(即个人、社会、关系和集体)和心理健康的各个方面。该研究假设宗教少数群体的青少年比他们的主流同龄人有更低水平的认同感。样本包括414名男女学生(穆斯林225人，基督徒189人)，年龄从13岁到18岁不等，分别来自两所穆斯林学校和两所基督教学校。数据收集使用身份方面问卷(Cheek & Briggs, 2013)和沃里克-爱丁堡心理健康量表(Tennant et al.， 2007)。结果表明，多数和少数族裔青少年在身份认同和幸福感方面的意识水平存在显著差异。此外，在大多数群体中，在社会认同和心理健康方面也存在显著的性别差异，穆斯林男孩在这些变量上的得分高于穆斯林女孩。讨论了本研究的意义。
{"title":"Students’ Identity and Mental Well-Being Among Muslims and Christians in Pakistan","authors":"Sadia Shaukat, Nadia Ayub, Amina Hanif Tarar","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"The identity, belongingness to the larger society as well as mental well-being of minorities in Pakistan may have suffered as a result of recent social and political attacks on Christians. The present study was aimed at finding and comparing various aspects of identity (i.e., personal, social, relational, and collective) and mental well-being among adolescents from the majority (Muslims) and minority (Christian) religious groups of Lahore district in Pakistan. The study hypothesized that adolescents of religious minorities would have a lower level of sense of aspects of identity than their dominant counterparts. The sample comprised of 414 male and female students (Muslim = 225, Christian =189) with an age range from 13 to 18years, drawn from two Muslim and two Christian schools. Data was collected using the Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (Cheek & Briggs, 2013), and Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (Tennant et al., 2007). Results indicated a significant difference in the level of awareness of aspects of identity as well as well-being between majority and minority adolescents. Furthermore, within the majority group, there was also a significant gender difference in social identity and mental well-being with Muslim boys scoring higher than Muslim girls on these variables. Implications of the study are discussed.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132054582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.10
Norzieiriani Ahmad, Nazlina Zakaria, Munawar Javed Ahmad
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the internal marketing philosophy is applicable to call centers operating in Pakistan. This study attempted to investigate the role of internal marketing practices assess through internal communication (Huang & Rundle-Thiele, 2014), employee rewards (Boshoff & Allen, 2000), employee training (Boshoff & Allen, 2000), and employee empowerment (Yavas, Karatepe, Avci, & Tekinkus, 2003) on the service recovery performance (Boshoff & Allen, 2000) of call center employees working in inbound telecom call centers. Primary data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from 15 telecom call centers located in three major cities namely Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. A simple random sampling technique was implemented to collect data from 318 male and female respondents. Results showed that internal communication, employee rewards and employee training were positively linked with service recovery performance, while a nonsignificant relationship was found between employee empowerment and service recovery performance. Results revealed that internal marketing practices influence toward frontline employee’s service recovery performance. Findings suggested that the call centers operating in the Asian region, especially, in Pakistan, should focus on internal marketing practices to enhance the service recovery performance of the frontline employees.
{"title":"Role of Internal Marketing Practices in the Service Recovery Performance of Call Center Employees","authors":"Norzieiriani Ahmad, Nazlina Zakaria, Munawar Javed Ahmad","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the internal marketing philosophy is applicable to call centers operating in Pakistan. This study attempted to investigate the role of internal marketing practices assess through internal communication (Huang & Rundle-Thiele, 2014), employee rewards (Boshoff & Allen, 2000), employee training (Boshoff & Allen, 2000), and employee empowerment (Yavas, Karatepe, Avci, & Tekinkus, 2003) on the service recovery performance (Boshoff & Allen, 2000) of call center employees working in inbound telecom call centers. Primary data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from 15 telecom call centers located in three major cities namely Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. A simple random sampling technique was implemented to collect data from 318 male and female respondents. Results showed that internal communication, employee rewards and employee training were positively linked with service recovery performance, while a nonsignificant relationship was found between employee empowerment and service recovery performance. Results revealed that internal marketing practices influence toward frontline employee’s service recovery performance. Findings suggested that the call centers operating in the Asian region, especially, in Pakistan, should focus on internal marketing practices to enhance the service recovery performance of the frontline employees.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126441892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.16
N. -, Raiha Aftab, Halis Sakis
The present study aimed at examining the association between psychological distress, coping strategies, friendship (satisfaction and affection), and suicidal ideation among young individuals of Hunza Valley, Pakistan. The sample of the present study consisted of 117 boys and 278 girls (N = 395). The purposive sampling technique was used to select study participants from different schools and colleges of Hunza valley, Pakistan. The measures of the study included Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Brief Cope (Carver, 1997), McGill Friendship Questionnaire-Respondent's Affection (Mendelson & Aboud, 2012), and Suicide Ideation Scale (Rudd, 1989). Analysis was carried out using, t-test analysis, regression analysis, and correlation techniques. The findings of the study indicated significant positive relationships between psychological distress (indicated by the presence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation), avoidant coping, humor, and suicide ideation. The findings further indicated that female adolescents scored higher on psychological distress and friendship satisfaction whereas males scored higher on friendship affection. Multiple regression analysis showed predictive nature of age, avoidance coping, friendship satisfaction, and suicidal ideation in depressive symptoms among adolescents.
{"title":"Battling with Depressive Feelings and Suicidal Ideation: Role of Friendships and Effective Coping in Young Individuals From Hunza Valley, Pakistan","authors":"N. -, Raiha Aftab, Halis Sakis","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed at examining the association between psychological distress, coping strategies, friendship (satisfaction and affection), and suicidal ideation among young individuals of Hunza Valley, Pakistan. The sample of the present study consisted of 117 boys and 278 girls (N = 395). The purposive sampling technique was used to select study participants from different schools and colleges of Hunza valley, Pakistan. The measures of the study included Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Brief Cope (Carver, 1997), McGill Friendship Questionnaire-Respondent's Affection (Mendelson & Aboud, 2012), and Suicide Ideation Scale (Rudd, 1989). Analysis was carried out using, t-test analysis, regression analysis, and correlation techniques. The findings of the study indicated significant positive relationships between psychological distress (indicated by the presence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation), avoidant coping, humor, and suicide ideation. The findings further indicated that female adolescents scored higher on psychological distress and friendship satisfaction whereas males scored higher on friendship affection. Multiple regression analysis showed predictive nature of age, avoidance coping, friendship satisfaction, and suicidal ideation in depressive symptoms among adolescents.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132630337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.13
Summaiya Arif, Sabeen Rahim, Saima Perwez
This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the three relaxation techniques which are Guided Imagery, Zikar Azkar, and Priming Technique on coping with stress and on the relaxation state of an individual. The total sample included 51 university students in which each group had 17 female students. Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 and Perceived Stress Scale were used to measure relaxation states and perceived stress levels of the participants. The Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 has two subscales. The State Version (SRSI3) measures the current relaxation state of a person and the Disposition Scale (SRSI3d) evaluates how often individuals experience worries, stress, and negative emotions. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups. The questionnaires were administered before and after four weeks to the participants. The findings of the study showed that all the three relaxation techniques were effective in reducing stress, however, the results show that Zikar Azkar was more effective than Guided Imagery and Priming Technique. It was also found that Zikar Azkar was also effective in improving the relaxation state of individuals besides being more effective than Guided Imagery, and Priming Technique in reducing negative emotions and stress.
{"title":"Effects of Guided Imagery, Zikar Azkar, and Priming Technique on Stress and Relaxation Level Among University Students","authors":"Summaiya Arif, Sabeen Rahim, Saima Perwez","doi":"10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33824/pjpr.2021.36.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of the three relaxation techniques which are Guided Imagery, Zikar Azkar, and Priming Technique on coping with stress and on the relaxation state of an individual. The total sample included 51 university students in which each group had 17 female students. Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 and Perceived Stress Scale were used to measure relaxation states and perceived stress levels of the participants. The Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 has two subscales. The State Version (SRSI3) measures the current relaxation state of a person and the Disposition Scale (SRSI3d) evaluates how often individuals experience worries, stress, and negative emotions. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups. The questionnaires were administered before and after four weeks to the participants. The findings of the study showed that all the three relaxation techniques were effective in reducing stress, however, the results show that Zikar Azkar was more effective than Guided Imagery and Priming Technique. It was also found that Zikar Azkar was also effective in improving the relaxation state of individuals besides being more effective than Guided Imagery, and Priming Technique in reducing negative emotions and stress.","PeriodicalId":211659,"journal":{"name":"2021, VOL. 36, NO. 2","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130261344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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