How do privacy regulations in the market impact online search for products and information? This paper investigates the impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR for short) on consumers’ online browsing and search behavior using consumer panels from four countries, United Kingdom, Spain, United States, and Brazil. We find that after GDPR, a panelist exposed to GDPR submits 21.6% more search terms to access information and browses 16.3% more pages to access consumer goods and services compared to a non-exposed panelist, indicating higher friction in online search. The implications of increased friction are heterogeneous across firms: Bigger e-commerce firms see an increase in consumer traffic and more online transactions. The increase in the number of transactions at large websites is about 6 times the increase experienced by smaller firms. Overall, the post-GDPR online environment may be less competitive for online retailers and may be more difficult for EU consumers to navigate through.
市场中的隐私法规如何影响在线搜索产品和信息?本文以英国、西班牙、美国和巴西四个国家的消费者为研究对象，考察了《通用数据保护条例》(General Data Protection Regulation，简称GDPR)对消费者在线浏览和搜索行为的影响。我们发现，在GDPR之后，与未暴露GDPR的小组成员相比，暴露于GDPR的小组成员提交了21.6%的搜索词来访问信息，浏览了16.3%的页面来访问消费品和服务，这表明在线搜索的摩擦更高。摩擦增加对公司的影响是不同的:大型电子商务公司的消费者流量增加，在线交易增多。大型网站的交易数量增长大约是小型网站的6倍。总体而言，gdpr后的网络环境可能会降低在线零售商的竞争力，欧盟消费者可能更难以驾驭。
{"title":"Privacy Regulations and Online Search Friction: Evidence from GDPR","authors":"Yu Zhao, Pinar Yildirim, Pradeep K. Chintagunta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3903599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3903599","url":null,"abstract":"How do privacy regulations in the market impact online search for products and information? This paper investigates the impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR for short) on consumers’ online browsing and search behavior using consumer panels from four countries, United Kingdom, Spain, United States, and Brazil. We find that after GDPR, a panelist exposed to GDPR submits 21.6% more search terms to access information and browses 16.3% more pages to access consumer goods and services compared to a non-exposed panelist, indicating higher friction in online search. The implications of increased friction are heterogeneous across firms: Bigger e-commerce firms see an increase in consumer traffic and more online transactions. The increase in the number of transactions at large websites is about 6 times the increase experienced by smaller firms. Overall, the post-GDPR online environment may be less competitive for online retailers and may be more difficult for EU consumers to navigate through.","PeriodicalId":218016,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Online Privacy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115184060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The furious increase over the past several years in firms’ ability to collect, aggregate, and analyze big data has changed the way we think about privacy, as well as the way firms compete with each other. Much has been said about the former. But the literature on the law’s treatment of big data as a competitive asset is only beginning to take shape. This article helps to close that gap by exploring potential monopolization claims based on firms’ use of big data in both the United States and the European Union. It first clarifies the proper scope of antitrust law in addressing issues related to big data, casting doubt on several oft-repeated theories in this area. It goes on to lay out the proper approach to the analysis of market power, anticompetitive conduct, and damages in monopolization claims in data-heavy industries. The article makes an important contribution to the burgeoning literature on how antitrust law should account for big data’s status as a valuable competitive resource.
{"title":"Big Data and Monopolization","authors":"Sean Howell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3123976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3123976","url":null,"abstract":"The furious increase over the past several years in firms’ ability to collect, aggregate, and analyze big data has changed the way we think about privacy, as well as the way firms compete with each other. Much has been said about the former. But the literature on the law’s treatment of big data as a competitive asset is only beginning to take shape. This article helps to close that gap by exploring potential monopolization claims based on firms’ use of big data in both the United States and the European Union. It first clarifies the proper scope of antitrust law in addressing issues related to big data, casting doubt on several oft-repeated theories in this area. It goes on to lay out the proper approach to the analysis of market power, anticompetitive conduct, and damages in monopolization claims in data-heavy industries. The article makes an important contribution to the burgeoning literature on how antitrust law should account for big data’s status as a valuable competitive resource.","PeriodicalId":218016,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Online Privacy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133995336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Law often blocks sensitive personal information to prevent discrimination. It does so, however, without a theory or framework to determine when doing so is warranted. As a result, these measures produce mixed results. This article offers a framework for determining, with a view of preventing discrimination, when personal information should flow and when it should not. It examines the relationship between precluded personal information, such as race, and the proxies for precluded information, such as names and zip codes. It proposes that the success of these measures depends on what types of proxies exist for the information blocked and it explores in which situations those proxies should also be blocked. This framework predicts the effectiveness of antidiscriminatory privacy rules and offers the potential of a wider protection to minorities.
{"title":"Antidiscriminatory Privacy","authors":"Ignacio Cofone","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3154518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3154518","url":null,"abstract":"Law often blocks sensitive personal information to prevent discrimination. It does so, however, without a theory or framework to determine when doing so is warranted. As a result, these measures produce mixed results. This article offers a framework for determining, with a view of preventing discrimination, when personal information should flow and when it should not. It examines the relationship between precluded personal information, such as race, and the proxies for precluded information, such as names and zip codes. It proposes that the success of these measures depends on what types of proxies exist for the information blocked and it explores in which situations those proxies should also be blocked. This framework predicts the effectiveness of antidiscriminatory privacy rules and offers the potential of a wider protection to minorities.","PeriodicalId":218016,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Online Privacy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127292443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At this time of the Internet age, online privacy becomes one of the major issues that individuals, businesses, and governments are extremely worried about. The purpose of this study is to examine how Internet users’ concerns regarding privacy when sharing personal information are reduced and the amount of self-disclosure is decreased online. By using privacy theories and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), this study suggests that by increasing Internet experience, self-efficacy, self-observation, self-evaluation, and self-reaction, privacy concerns will be reduced. And Internet users with more social awareness will have more privacy concerns. This study helps researchers and Internet users to understand the privacy behaviors online and develop a model explaining these behaviors.
{"title":"A Model Integrating Privacy Theories and Social Cognitive Theory to Underestimate Online Privacy Concerns","authors":"Naheda Makhadmeh","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2243232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2243232","url":null,"abstract":"At this time of the Internet age, online privacy becomes one of the major issues that individuals, businesses, and governments are extremely worried about. The purpose of this study is to examine how Internet users’ concerns regarding privacy when sharing personal information are reduced and the amount of self-disclosure is decreased online. By using privacy theories and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), this study suggests that by increasing Internet experience, self-efficacy, self-observation, self-evaluation, and self-reaction, privacy concerns will be reduced. And Internet users with more social awareness will have more privacy concerns. This study helps researchers and Internet users to understand the privacy behaviors online and develop a model explaining these behaviors.","PeriodicalId":218016,"journal":{"name":"LSN: Online Privacy (Sub-Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133571111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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