Cameron Wilson, Leigh Ann Sudol, C. Stephenson, Mark Stehlik
{"title":"Running on Empty: the Failure to Teach K--12 Computer Science in the Digital Age","authors":"Cameron Wilson, Leigh Ann Sudol, C. Stephenson, Mark Stehlik","doi":"10.1145/3414583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3414583","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124626124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter describes how for some time researchers have been highlighting inequalities in the transport system for certain groups and communities. Equally, some local transport authorities have attempted to address social equity issues in their delivery of public transport services and where mainstream public transport has failed, community and voluntary transport organizations have been working to meet the transport of minority and marginalized groups. Until the advent of the 2003 Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) report and its new policies for accessibility planning, these efforts have been fragmented and piecemeal. The United Kingdom (UK) government is openly acknowledging for the first time that people’s inability to access key services because of poor transport is a factor in their social exclusion. More than this, it has put in place a comprehensive cross-departmental policy framework in order to address this problem. This requires not only that transport policy makers consider the impact of their decisions on the social welfare of citizens, but also that those concerned with the delivery of the welfare agenda consider transport and accessibility as a vital element in encouraging people from welfare to work, thereby reducing health inequalities, improving educational attainment and achieving neighborhood renewal. The UK case studies, which were presented earlier in the book, demonstrate a lot of good practice happening “on the ground” and, for transport authorities like Merseytravel that have been championing a social equity agenda in transport for more than ten years, the SEU policies will simply help to reinforce the good work that is already going on. Despite these promising signs, however, there are still some significant barriers and risks that could undermine the delivery of the new agenda. Most notably these include (1) short termism and over-simplification of the problem; (2) under-resourcing and competing funding priorities; (3) legislative and institutional barriers; and (4) reconciling social concerns about transport.
{"title":"Conclusions from the UK experience","authors":"K. Lucas","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt1t89876.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t89876.16","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how for some time researchers have been highlighting inequalities in the transport system for certain groups and communities. Equally, some local transport authorities have attempted to address social equity issues in their delivery of public transport services and where mainstream public transport has failed, community and voluntary transport organizations have been working to meet the transport of minority and marginalized groups. Until the advent of the 2003 Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) report and its new policies for accessibility planning, these efforts have been fragmented and piecemeal. The United Kingdom (UK) government is openly acknowledging for the first time that people’s inability to access key services because of poor transport is a factor in their social exclusion. More than this, it has put in place a comprehensive cross-departmental policy framework in order to address this problem. This requires not only that transport policy makers consider the impact of their decisions on the social welfare of citizens, but also that those concerned with the delivery of the welfare agenda consider transport and accessibility as a vital element in encouraging people from welfare to work, thereby reducing health inequalities, improving educational attainment and achieving neighborhood renewal. The UK case studies, which were presented earlier in the book, demonstrate a lot of good practice happening “on the ground” and, for transport authorities like Merseytravel that have been championing a social equity agenda in transport for more than ten years, the SEU policies will simply help to reinforce the good work that is already going on. Despite these promising signs, however, there are still some significant barriers and risks that could undermine the delivery of the new agenda. Most notably these include (1) short termism and over-simplification of the problem; (2) under-resourcing and competing funding priorities; (3) legislative and institutional barriers; and (4) reconciling social concerns about transport.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"24 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120811071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0008
Martin Jones
This chapter presents the final United Kingdom (UK) case study. It describes the wide variety of community and voluntary-run and owned transport services that are provided in the UK under the broad umbrella of community transport. The chapter presents six individual cases, which are based on visits made by the author to different community transport projects between April 2001 and April 2003. Each case study offers a different approach to the problems of social exclusion, but there is considerable regret about the myriad other projects up and down the country that might have been included as examples of good practice. This chapter provides a study of all the many different forms of community transport projects and snapshots of a movement that is constantly changing, constantly adapting their service in order to meet new, or newly discovered areas of need.
{"title":"A road less travelled: case studies from community transport","authors":"Martin Jones","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the final United Kingdom (UK) case study. It describes the wide variety of community and voluntary-run and owned transport services that are provided in the UK under the broad umbrella of community transport. The chapter presents six individual cases, which are based on visits made by the author to different community transport projects between April 2001 and April 2003. Each case study offers a different approach to the problems of social exclusion, but there is considerable regret about the myriad other projects up and down the country that might have been included as examples of good practice. This chapter provides a study of all the many different forms of community transport projects and snapshots of a movement that is constantly changing, constantly adapting their service in order to meet new, or newly discovered areas of need.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116006761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter describes how it is important to first have some basic understanding of the intended role of social policy in advanced industrial societies in order to understand the relevance of looking at transport from a social policy perspective. The chapter offers a brief overview of the main focus and interests of social and public policy as an academic discipline, especially for those who may be unfamiliar with this. The chapter then takes the reverse perspective to look at the role of transport in modern societies and it examines the transport policy-making tradition. The last section of the chapter identifies some additional reading in both of these areas for those who may which to further pursue this line of inquiry.
{"title":"Locating transport as a social policy problem","authors":"K. Lucas","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt1t89876.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t89876.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how it is important to first have some basic understanding of the intended role of social policy in advanced industrial societies in order to understand the relevance of looking at transport from a social policy perspective. The chapter offers a brief overview of the main focus and interests of social and public policy as an academic discipline, especially for those who may be unfamiliar with this. The chapter then takes the reverse perspective to look at the role of transport in modern societies and it examines the transport policy-making tradition. The last section of the chapter identifies some additional reading in both of these areas for those who may which to further pursue this line of inquiry.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114761772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0015
K. Lucas
This chapter describes how the environmental justice movement in the United States (US) has been recognizing transportation inequalities for accessing transportation since the mid-1960s. The problem was raised by Martin Luther King when he called for structural reforms to deal with race and poverty. The US case studies have shown that there has been a gradual, but far from problem free, shift toward both formal government recognition of the problem and a policy commitment for resolving it. The question is whether this has made a visible difference on the ground. Clearly, there are numerous contributory factors in transportation disadvantage, including people not being able to afford their own vehicle; lack of public transportation to and from work or other means of transportation; public transportation not being offered on the weekends or evenings when jobs are available; lack of childcare; no public transportation in rural areas; and the job market locating further distances away from the center of cities and urban sprawl. Equally evident, given the multiple and complex nature of the situation is that there is no single solution to the problem.
{"title":"Conclusions from the US experience","authors":"K. Lucas","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how the environmental justice movement in the United States (US) has been recognizing transportation inequalities for accessing transportation since the mid-1960s. The problem was raised by Martin Luther King when he called for structural reforms to deal with race and poverty. The US case studies have shown that there has been a gradual, but far from problem free, shift toward both formal government recognition of the problem and a policy commitment for resolving it. The question is whether this has made a visible difference on the ground. Clearly, there are numerous contributory factors in transportation disadvantage, including people not being able to afford their own vehicle; lack of public transportation to and from work or other means of transportation; public transportation not being offered on the weekends or evenings when jobs are available; lack of childcare; no public transportation in rural areas; and the job market locating further distances away from the center of cities and urban sprawl. Equally evident, given the multiple and complex nature of the situation is that there is no single solution to the problem.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114355494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.46692/9781847426000.012
Anne Morris
{"title":"Community impact assessment for US17","authors":"Anne Morris","doi":"10.46692/9781847426000.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847426000.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122284434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0007
M. Preston
This chapter presents the third United Kingdom (UK) case study, which looks at how officers from the Braunstone Community Association (BCA) and Leicester City Council secured two new local bus routes in order to enable the people living in Braunstone access to key services in the wider area. The scheme was born out of a series of government-funded case studies, which identified the commercially run and tendered bus services that were severely inadequate in addressing the transport needs of the resident community. Local people were actively involved in identifying the types of services they would like to see for their area. In particular, this chapter shows how dreams must often be tempered in order to match legislation, funding and institutional realities. It offers some powerful lessons for any organization that is aspiring to secure and manage their own transport service.
{"title":"BraunstoneBus: a link with the future","authors":"M. Preston","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the third United Kingdom (UK) case study, which looks at how officers from the Braunstone Community Association (BCA) and Leicester City Council secured two new local bus routes in order to enable the people living in Braunstone access to key services in the wider area. The scheme was born out of a series of government-funded case studies, which identified the commercially run and tendered bus services that were severely inadequate in addressing the transport needs of the resident community. Local people were actively involved in identifying the types of services they would like to see for their area. In particular, this chapter shows how dreams must often be tempered in order to match legislation, funding and institutional realities. It offers some powerful lessons for any organization that is aspiring to secure and manage their own transport service.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122235398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.46692/9781847426000.016
K. Lucas
{"title":"Towards a ‘social welfare’ approach to transport","authors":"K. Lucas","doi":"10.46692/9781847426000.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847426000.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131537618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0003
K. Clifton, K. Lucas
This chapter describes how it is important to first gain a better understanding of the inequalities that arise from the present system of transport delivery in order to argue the case of taking a social policy approach to transport. The chapter presents the statistical and qualitative evidence for this in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). However, it should be noted that distributional inequities in and of themselves do not necessarily justify the need for social policy intervention. It is generally accepted that such intervention is only appropriate where the welfare of citizens is already, or may become, underminded. With this in mind, the later sections of the chapter examine the evidence for this with particular emphasis on the effects of transport inequalities on people’s ability to access the key activities, which are considered essential to the welfare of citizens, namely employment, education and training, healthcare and social, leisure and cultural activities.
{"title":"Examining the empirical evidence of transport inequality in the US and UK","authors":"K. Clifton, K. Lucas","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how it is important to first gain a better understanding of the inequalities that arise from the present system of transport delivery in order to argue the case of taking a social policy approach to transport. The chapter presents the statistical and qualitative evidence for this in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). However, it should be noted that distributional inequities in and of themselves do not necessarily justify the need for social policy intervention. It is generally accepted that such intervention is only appropriate where the welfare of citizens is already, or may become, underminded. With this in mind, the later sections of the chapter examine the evidence for this with particular emphasis on the effects of transport inequalities on people’s ability to access the key activities, which are considered essential to the welfare of citizens, namely employment, education and training, healthcare and social, leisure and cultural activities.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128941563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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