{"title":"Fast, automated 3D modeling of building interiors","authors":"Karen Thomas","doi":"10.1117/2.2201709.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.2201709.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83000283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.1117/2.1201707.006818
O. Solgaard
The miniaturization of optical systems introduces benefits similar to those for electronics, i.e., making fabrication efficient, simplifying packaging, and reducing cost. Scaling optics to smaller sizes presents a number of challenges, however. This is particularly true for optical sensors that are exposed to the environment. In such systems, the components must scale well, lend themselves to efficient parallel manufacturing, and be mechanically and chemically robust enough to perform reliably and with good long-term stability. Mirrors are indispensable components in many optics applications. However, traditional mirror technologies do not perform well in miniaturized optical sensors. Metal mirrors are not sufficiently mechanically or chemically robust. This shortcoming complicates fabrication and packaging, and makes operation of the sensors in challenging environments impossible. Bragg mirrors consisting of multiple dielectric layers are sufficiently hardy for such applications, but do not scale well. The mirror thickness is determined by the desired wavelength and the required reflectivity, and thus cannot be reduced to fit the requirements of miniaturized systems. Photonic crystal (PC) mirrors are simple devices that lend themselves readily to straightforward fabrication by standard integrated-circuit manufacturing technologies. In their simplest form, PCs consist of a plate of semiconducting material with a periodic array of holes: see Figure 1(a). The principle of PC operation is different from other mirror technologies because PCs depend on interference between different pathways. As illustrated in Figure 1(b), a plane wave incident on a PC has two available pathways for transmission: a direct path, as through a homogeneous plate; and an indirect path that involves Figure 1. (a) In its simplest form, a photonic crystal (PC) mirror is a high-index plate with a periodic array of holes. The array can be 2D, as shown here, or 1D, as in a high-index grating. (b) The high reflectivity of PC mirrors is caused by interference. Incident light is transmitted through the PC as a plane wave as well as through the excitation of guided resonances. These two pathways through the PC interfere and determine the reflection and transmission spectra.
{"title":"Sensors based on silicon photonic crystal mirrors with engineered phase","authors":"O. Solgaard","doi":"10.1117/2.1201707.006818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.1201707.006818","url":null,"abstract":"The miniaturization of optical systems introduces benefits similar to those for electronics, i.e., making fabrication efficient, simplifying packaging, and reducing cost. Scaling optics to smaller sizes presents a number of challenges, however. This is particularly true for optical sensors that are exposed to the environment. In such systems, the components must scale well, lend themselves to efficient parallel manufacturing, and be mechanically and chemically robust enough to perform reliably and with good long-term stability. Mirrors are indispensable components in many optics applications. However, traditional mirror technologies do not perform well in miniaturized optical sensors. Metal mirrors are not sufficiently mechanically or chemically robust. This shortcoming complicates fabrication and packaging, and makes operation of the sensors in challenging environments impossible. Bragg mirrors consisting of multiple dielectric layers are sufficiently hardy for such applications, but do not scale well. The mirror thickness is determined by the desired wavelength and the required reflectivity, and thus cannot be reduced to fit the requirements of miniaturized systems. Photonic crystal (PC) mirrors are simple devices that lend themselves readily to straightforward fabrication by standard integrated-circuit manufacturing technologies. In their simplest form, PCs consist of a plate of semiconducting material with a periodic array of holes: see Figure 1(a). The principle of PC operation is different from other mirror technologies because PCs depend on interference between different pathways. As illustrated in Figure 1(b), a plane wave incident on a PC has two available pathways for transmission: a direct path, as through a homogeneous plate; and an indirect path that involves Figure 1. (a) In its simplest form, a photonic crystal (PC) mirror is a high-index plate with a periodic array of holes. The array can be 2D, as shown here, or 1D, as in a high-index grating. (b) The high reflectivity of PC mirrors is caused by interference. Incident light is transmitted through the PC as a plane wave as well as through the excitation of guided resonances. These two pathways through the PC interfere and determine the reflection and transmission spectra.","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81016347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photonics industry thriving in Poland","authors":"S. G. Anderson","doi":"10.1117/2.2201709.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.2201709.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81431129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, remote sensing has been defined as the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact. However, the emergence of new sensing techniques, miniaturisation of electronics, more powerful software, and an everincreasing range of applications has led to this definition being expanded to include terrestrial based remote sensing and remote embedded sensing. At the same time, the emergence of technologies and applications for autonomy have led to a dramatic expansion in the use of remote sensing technologies in these autonomous systems and to the development of remote sensing systems that are themselves autonomous. Autonomous remote sensing systems (ARS) are the culmination of long-term development of existing technologies, emergence of disruptive new technical capabilities, and convergence of sensors, optics, electronics, and communications technologies.
{"title":"Autonomous Remote Sensing - A Tale of Evolving, Emerging and Converging Technologies (Part 2)","authors":"R. Higgons","doi":"10.1117/2.2201709.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.2201709.02","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, remote sensing has been defined as the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact. However, the emergence of new sensing techniques, miniaturisation of electronics, more powerful software, and an everincreasing range of applications has led to this definition being expanded to include terrestrial based remote sensing and remote embedded sensing. At the same time, the emergence of technologies and applications for autonomy have led to a dramatic expansion in the use of remote sensing technologies in these autonomous systems and to the development of remote sensing systems that are themselves autonomous. Autonomous remote sensing systems (ARS) are the culmination of long-term development of existing technologies, emergence of disruptive new technical capabilities, and convergence of sensors, optics, electronics, and communications technologies.","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81718137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Autonomous Remote Sensing - A Tale of Evolving, Emerging and Converging Technologies (Part 1)","authors":"R. Higgons","doi":"10.1117/2.2201709.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.2201709.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91248991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-05DOI: 10.1117/2.1201704.006757
K. Shen, Yuh-Jen Cheng, D. Tsai
In recent years, plasmonic nanostructured materials have been used to enhance light emission by creating localized electric fields that confine light fields to regions below the diffraction limit of the material, resulting in efficient lightmatter interactions.1 Plasmonic nanolasers based on these materials have been developed by using, for example, a dielectric nanowire or nanorod gain material—the laser amplification medium—placed on a metal film or silica/metal structure to form a Fabry-Pérot cavity resonator (an arrangement of mirrors for multiple light reflection).2, 3 However, the nanowire or nanorod length in these plasmonic nanolasers is often fairly long (several micrometers) and it is not easy to control the nanowire/nanorod orientation, which limits the potential applications of these devices. Here, we discuss our recent work using a metal-dielectric hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)—a material engineered to exhibit extreme anisotropy upon interaction with light—as a plasmonic cavity to demonstrate a 289nm UV plasmonic nanolaser. Although the quantum well heterostructures used in these nanolasers, which increase the strength of electro-optical interactions, have a low internal quantum efficiency of 30%, the strong light-matter coupling introduced by the HMM plasmonic cavity can still bring the devices above the lasing threshold. The dispersion relation (the effect of a dispersive medium on the properties of a light wave) of the stacked metal-dielectric HMM is given by:
{"title":"A deep-UV plasmonic nanolaser with hyperbolic metamaterials","authors":"K. Shen, Yuh-Jen Cheng, D. Tsai","doi":"10.1117/2.1201704.006757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.1201704.006757","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, plasmonic nanostructured materials have been used to enhance light emission by creating localized electric fields that confine light fields to regions below the diffraction limit of the material, resulting in efficient lightmatter interactions.1 Plasmonic nanolasers based on these materials have been developed by using, for example, a dielectric nanowire or nanorod gain material—the laser amplification medium—placed on a metal film or silica/metal structure to form a Fabry-Pérot cavity resonator (an arrangement of mirrors for multiple light reflection).2, 3 However, the nanowire or nanorod length in these plasmonic nanolasers is often fairly long (several micrometers) and it is not easy to control the nanowire/nanorod orientation, which limits the potential applications of these devices. Here, we discuss our recent work using a metal-dielectric hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)—a material engineered to exhibit extreme anisotropy upon interaction with light—as a plasmonic cavity to demonstrate a 289nm UV plasmonic nanolaser. Although the quantum well heterostructures used in these nanolasers, which increase the strength of electro-optical interactions, have a low internal quantum efficiency of 30%, the strong light-matter coupling introduced by the HMM plasmonic cavity can still bring the devices above the lasing threshold. The dispersion relation (the effect of a dispersive medium on the properties of a light wave) of the stacked metal-dielectric HMM is given by:","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"77 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88040775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-01DOI: 10.1117/2.1201705.006852
D. Neshev, R. Camacho-Morales, M. Rahmani, S. Kruk, Lei Wang, Lei Xu, D. Smirnova, A. Solntsev, A. Miroshnichenko, H. Tan, F. Karouta, S. Naureen, K. Vora, L. Carletti, C. Angelis, C. Jagadish, Y. Kivshar
Among the nonlinear behaviors exhibited by light, secondharmonic generation (SHG)1 is one of the most important. In SHG, the frequency of an incident light beam is doubled inside of a nonlinear crystal: see Figure 1(a) and (b). SHG is nowadays employed in many applications, including laser sources and nonlinear microscopy. SHG usually relies on bulk nonlinear crystals—see Figure 1(b)—such as lithium niobate, potassium titanyl phosphate, or beta barium borate. Unfortunately, these materials are difficult to integrate with other devices (due to the difficulties inherent in their manufacturing and machining) and are not costeffective. Furthermore, special phase-matching conditions are often required in order to obtain useful conversion efficiencies. Although the output beam profile in bulk crystals can be engineered by complex periodic poling,2 this technique is not easily accessible (due to its requirement for a spatially inhomogeneous distribution of high voltages across the crystals). To overcome these issues, it would be useful if we could replace bulk nonlinear crystals with ultrathin surfaces composed of nanocrystals that can generate SHG with high efficiency. Such nonlinear ‘metasurfaces’ could also be used to manipulate the SHG radiation pattern to form complex beams with arbitrary patterns: see Figure 1(c–e). This may sound like science fiction, but optical technology is rapidly advancing toward achieving Figure 1. (a) Schematic of the nonlinear process of second-harmonic generation (SHG), which doubles the frequency of light in a crystal. (b) A conventional SHG process within a bulk nonlinear crystal, generating a blue Gaussian beam in the forward direction. (c) SHG from small objects, such as anisotropic molecules, is emitted in both forward and backward directions, resulting in a dipolar radiation pattern resembling a figure eight. (d) For larger nanocrystals, the emission can differ in forward and backward directions due to the interference of several resonant modes (multipoles) inside the nanocrystal. (e) Our goal of initiating SHG within small nanocrystals to design a radiation pattern that creates a complex beam shape (e.g., a kangaroo) with high conversion efficiency. !: Angular frequency. .2/: Second-order susceptibility.
{"title":"Manipulating second-harmonic light from semiconductor nanocrystals","authors":"D. Neshev, R. Camacho-Morales, M. Rahmani, S. Kruk, Lei Wang, Lei Xu, D. Smirnova, A. Solntsev, A. Miroshnichenko, H. Tan, F. Karouta, S. Naureen, K. Vora, L. Carletti, C. Angelis, C. Jagadish, Y. Kivshar","doi":"10.1117/2.1201705.006852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.1201705.006852","url":null,"abstract":"Among the nonlinear behaviors exhibited by light, secondharmonic generation (SHG)1 is one of the most important. In SHG, the frequency of an incident light beam is doubled inside of a nonlinear crystal: see Figure 1(a) and (b). SHG is nowadays employed in many applications, including laser sources and nonlinear microscopy. SHG usually relies on bulk nonlinear crystals—see Figure 1(b)—such as lithium niobate, potassium titanyl phosphate, or beta barium borate. Unfortunately, these materials are difficult to integrate with other devices (due to the difficulties inherent in their manufacturing and machining) and are not costeffective. Furthermore, special phase-matching conditions are often required in order to obtain useful conversion efficiencies. Although the output beam profile in bulk crystals can be engineered by complex periodic poling,2 this technique is not easily accessible (due to its requirement for a spatially inhomogeneous distribution of high voltages across the crystals). To overcome these issues, it would be useful if we could replace bulk nonlinear crystals with ultrathin surfaces composed of nanocrystals that can generate SHG with high efficiency. Such nonlinear ‘metasurfaces’ could also be used to manipulate the SHG radiation pattern to form complex beams with arbitrary patterns: see Figure 1(c–e). This may sound like science fiction, but optical technology is rapidly advancing toward achieving Figure 1. (a) Schematic of the nonlinear process of second-harmonic generation (SHG), which doubles the frequency of light in a crystal. (b) A conventional SHG process within a bulk nonlinear crystal, generating a blue Gaussian beam in the forward direction. (c) SHG from small objects, such as anisotropic molecules, is emitted in both forward and backward directions, resulting in a dipolar radiation pattern resembling a figure eight. (d) For larger nanocrystals, the emission can differ in forward and backward directions due to the interference of several resonant modes (multipoles) inside the nanocrystal. (e) Our goal of initiating SHG within small nanocrystals to design a radiation pattern that creates a complex beam shape (e.g., a kangaroo) with high conversion efficiency. !: Angular frequency. .2/: Second-order susceptibility.","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79605170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-25DOI: 10.1117/2.1201705.006809
C. Evans, K. F. Chan, T. Prow, Sam Osseiran
The study of drug uptake, distribution, and activity within skin is a necessary but problematic requirement in the development and translation of compounds from the bench to the bedside. Drug delivery into the skin is highly complex, due in part to the natural barrier function of the stratum corneum in addition to the many different routes of transdermal entry of drugs. Moreover, skin is not uniform throughout the body or across age groups. For example, epidermal thickness changes 30-fold from the thick skin of the fingertips (485 m) to the thin skin of the face and eyelids (17 m).1 Transdermal delivery can occur over a wide range of timescales (from seconds to hours), and the number of potential cellular targets necessitates quantification on the micrometer scale.2 Optical imaging tools are well-suited to meet these challenges, in particular for the uptake of drugs within the first millimeter of skin. Fluorescence, Raman, and nonlinear optical imaging techniques offer subcellular resolution, rapid real-time 3D image acquisition, and the ability to quantitatively analyze imaging data for both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information. Optical tools are unique in that they also offer the ability to quantify drugs via phenomena that emerge from their structure, including light absorption, fluorescence, and molecular vibrations. This is particularly useful as most pharmaceuticals are small molecules, where modification to include a reporter can completely change the behavior and thus uptake of the compound. Fluorescence imaging methods can be particularly powerful in measuring the uptake and distribution of drugs. We have been developing a topical acne gel, BPX-01, that is currently in a clinical Phase 2b dose-finding study. BPX-01 is an anhydrous hydrophilic topical gel with solubilized minocycline for enhanced cutaneous delivery and bioavailability to target Figure 1. Conventional fluorescence microscopy images of ex vivo human facial skin specimens. (a) Control, and those treated with (b) 1% BPX-01 (a topical acne gel) and (c) 4% BPX-01 at 24 hours. Minocycline fluorescence is shown in red.
{"title":"Visualizing and quantifying drug uptake in skin","authors":"C. Evans, K. F. Chan, T. Prow, Sam Osseiran","doi":"10.1117/2.1201705.006809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/2.1201705.006809","url":null,"abstract":"The study of drug uptake, distribution, and activity within skin is a necessary but problematic requirement in the development and translation of compounds from the bench to the bedside. Drug delivery into the skin is highly complex, due in part to the natural barrier function of the stratum corneum in addition to the many different routes of transdermal entry of drugs. Moreover, skin is not uniform throughout the body or across age groups. For example, epidermal thickness changes 30-fold from the thick skin of the fingertips (485 m) to the thin skin of the face and eyelids (17 m).1 Transdermal delivery can occur over a wide range of timescales (from seconds to hours), and the number of potential cellular targets necessitates quantification on the micrometer scale.2 Optical imaging tools are well-suited to meet these challenges, in particular for the uptake of drugs within the first millimeter of skin. Fluorescence, Raman, and nonlinear optical imaging techniques offer subcellular resolution, rapid real-time 3D image acquisition, and the ability to quantitatively analyze imaging data for both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information. Optical tools are unique in that they also offer the ability to quantify drugs via phenomena that emerge from their structure, including light absorption, fluorescence, and molecular vibrations. This is particularly useful as most pharmaceuticals are small molecules, where modification to include a reporter can completely change the behavior and thus uptake of the compound. Fluorescence imaging methods can be particularly powerful in measuring the uptake and distribution of drugs. We have been developing a topical acne gel, BPX-01, that is currently in a clinical Phase 2b dose-finding study. BPX-01 is an anhydrous hydrophilic topical gel with solubilized minocycline for enhanced cutaneous delivery and bioavailability to target Figure 1. Conventional fluorescence microscopy images of ex vivo human facial skin specimens. (a) Control, and those treated with (b) 1% BPX-01 (a topical acne gel) and (c) 4% BPX-01 at 24 hours. Minocycline fluorescence is shown in red.","PeriodicalId":22075,"journal":{"name":"Spie Newsroom","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87851071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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