S. Yenson, C. Crowder, R. Cole, M. Jessee, J. Innes
As unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) become more important to the US military and other users, the pressure to allow them to fly in the national airspace increases. The greatest impediment to this is the lack of an alternative means of compliance with federal “see and avoid” regulations to provide the capability to avoid airborne conflicts between the UAS and manned aircraft. To provide this alternative means of compliance, the US Army is leading the development of a Ground-Based Sense and Avoid System (GBSAA). The system uses ground-based radars, threat detection and alerting logic, and decision support display aids to provide an air picture of the UAS’s operating environment and follows the DO-254 and DO-178C standards for safety critical avionics hardware and software, respectively. This system will allow greater airspace access and lower cost operations by replacing ground observers in the field with a centralized system, thus consolidating the observer function. The first GBSAA deployment site is expec...
{"title":"Ground-Based Sense and Avoid: Enabling Local Area Integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System","authors":"S. Yenson, C. Crowder, R. Cole, M. Jessee, J. Innes","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.157","url":null,"abstract":"As unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) become more important to the US military and other users, the pressure to allow them to fly in the national airspace increases. The greatest impediment to this is the lack of an alternative means of compliance with federal “see and avoid” regulations to provide the capability to avoid airborne conflicts between the UAS and manned aircraft. To provide this alternative means of compliance, the US Army is leading the development of a Ground-Based Sense and Avoid System (GBSAA). The system uses ground-based radars, threat detection and alerting logic, and decision support display aids to provide an air picture of the UAS’s operating environment and follows the DO-254 and DO-178C standards for safety critical avionics hardware and software, respectively. This system will allow greater airspace access and lower cost operations by replacing ground observers in the field with a centralized system, thus consolidating the observer function. The first GBSAA deployment site is expec...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115690512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul U. Lee, N. Smith, C. Brasil, Eric Chevalley, J. Homola, B. Parke, Hyo-sang Yoo, Nancy Bienert, A. Borade, Nathan Buckley, Christopher Cabrall, Faisal Omar, Conrad Gabriel
Air traffic management in the New York (NY) metropolitan area presents significant challenges such as excess demand, chronic delays, and inefficient routes. At NASA, a new research effort has been ...
{"title":"Reducing Departure Delays at LaGuardia Airport with Departure-Sensitive Arrival Spacing (DSAS) Operations","authors":"Paul U. Lee, N. Smith, C. Brasil, Eric Chevalley, J. Homola, B. Parke, Hyo-sang Yoo, Nancy Bienert, A. Borade, Nathan Buckley, Christopher Cabrall, Faisal Omar, Conrad Gabriel","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.245","url":null,"abstract":"Air traffic management in the New York (NY) metropolitan area presents significant challenges such as excess demand, chronic delays, and inefficient routes. At NASA, a new research effort has been ...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125983992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Alam, M. Hossain, Fareed Al-Alawi, Fathi Al-Thawadi
A majority of aircraft are now using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for navigation. This has led to an effect of reducing the magnitude of lateral deviations from the route center line and, consequently, increasing the probability of a collision, should a loss of vertical separation between aircraft on the same route occur. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has introduced Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures (SLOP) that allow suitably equipped aircrafts to fly with 1nmi or 2nmi lateral offset to the right of airway centerline in oceanic airspace. Very few aircraft, however, are using the SLOP procedure because of the lack of understanding of its safety benefits and implementation issues in identifying correct lateral offset that can reduce the collision risk. This paper proposes an Evolutionary Computation framework using Differential Evolution process to identify optimal lateral offsets for each airway in a given airspace such that it reduces the overall collision risk. Airwa...
{"title":"Optimizing Lateral Airway Offset for Collision Risk Mitigation Using Differential Evolution","authors":"S. Alam, M. Hossain, Fareed Al-Alawi, Fathi Al-Thawadi","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.301","url":null,"abstract":"A majority of aircraft are now using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for navigation. This has led to an effect of reducing the magnitude of lateral deviations from the route center line and, consequently, increasing the probability of a collision, should a loss of vertical separation between aircraft on the same route occur. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has introduced Strategic Lateral Offset Procedures (SLOP) that allow suitably equipped aircrafts to fly with 1nmi or 2nmi lateral offset to the right of airway centerline in oceanic airspace. Very few aircraft, however, are using the SLOP procedure because of the lack of understanding of its safety benefits and implementation issues in identifying correct lateral offset that can reduce the collision risk. This paper proposes an Evolutionary Computation framework using Differential Evolution process to identify optimal lateral offsets for each airway in a given airspace such that it reduces the overall collision risk. Airwa...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114401252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason Upchurch, C´esar A. Mu˜noz, Anthony Narkawicz, M. Consiglio, James P. Chamberlain
A fundamental requirement for the integration of unmanned aircraft into civil airspace is the capability of aircraft to remain well clear of each other and avoid collisions. This requirement has led to a broad recognition of the need for an unambiguous, formal definition of well clear. Any such definition must be interoperable with existing airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). A particular class of well-clear definitions uses logic checks of independent distance thresholds as well as independent time thresholds in the vertical and horizontal dimensions to determine if a well-clear violation is predicted to occur within a given time interval. Existing ACAS systems also use independent distance thresholds; however, a common time threshold is used for the vertical and horizontal logic checks. The main contribution of this paper is the characterization of the effects of the decoupled vertical time threshold on a well-clear definition in terms of (1) time to well-clear violation, and (2) interoperabili...
{"title":"Characterizing the Effects of a Vertical Time Threshold for a Class of Well-Clear Definitions","authors":"Jason Upchurch, C´esar A. Mu˜noz, Anthony Narkawicz, M. Consiglio, James P. Chamberlain","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.275","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental requirement for the integration of unmanned aircraft into civil airspace is the capability of aircraft to remain well clear of each other and avoid collisions. This requirement has led to a broad recognition of the need for an unambiguous, formal definition of well clear. Any such definition must be interoperable with existing airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). A particular class of well-clear definitions uses logic checks of independent distance thresholds as well as independent time thresholds in the vertical and horizontal dimensions to determine if a well-clear violation is predicted to occur within a given time interval. Existing ACAS systems also use independent distance thresholds; however, a common time threshold is used for the vertical and horizontal logic checks. The main contribution of this paper is the characterization of the effects of the decoupled vertical time threshold on a well-clear definition in terms of (1) time to well-clear violation, and (2) interoperabili...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114875774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Mcnally, K. Sheth, Chester Gong, Mike Sterenchuk, Scott Sahlman, Susan Hinton, C. Lee, Fu-Tai Shih
The Dynamic Weather Routes (DWR) tool continuously and automatically analyzes active flights in en route airspace and finds simple route corrections to achieve more time- and fuel-efficient routes around convective weather. A strong partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), American Airlines (AA), and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has enabled testing of DWR in real-world air traffic operations. NASA and AA have been conducting a trial of DWR at AA’s Integrated Operations Control Center in Fort Worth, Texas since July 2012. This paper describes test results based on AA’s use of DWR for their flights in and around Fort Worth Center (ZFW). Results indicate an actual savings of 3,949 flying minutes for 624 AA revenue flights from January 2013 through December 2014. Of these, 101 flights each indicate a savings of 15 min or more. Potential savings for all flights in ZFW airspace, corrected for savings flights achieve today through normal pilot requests and contro...
{"title":"Dynamic Weather Routes: Two Years of Operational Testing at American Airlines","authors":"D. Mcnally, K. Sheth, Chester Gong, Mike Sterenchuk, Scott Sahlman, Susan Hinton, C. Lee, Fu-Tai Shih","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"The Dynamic Weather Routes (DWR) tool continuously and automatically analyzes active flights in en route airspace and finds simple route corrections to achieve more time- and fuel-efficient routes around convective weather. A strong partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), American Airlines (AA), and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has enabled testing of DWR in real-world air traffic operations. NASA and AA have been conducting a trial of DWR at AA’s Integrated Operations Control Center in Fort Worth, Texas since July 2012. This paper describes test results based on AA’s use of DWR for their flights in and around Fort Worth Center (ZFW). Results indicate an actual savings of 3,949 flying minutes for 624 AA revenue flights from January 2013 through December 2014. Of these, 101 flights each indicate a savings of 15 min or more. Potential savings for all flights in ZFW airspace, corrected for savings flights achieve today through normal pilot requests and contro...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121887374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of Free-Flight, introduced in the 90s, opened a debate on the efficiency of letting aircraft deal with conflicts without any centralized control. Many models have been proposed for autonomous aircraft solvers but their efficiency is not well-known. In this paper, we experiment powerful algorithm derived from robotics which is able to deal with thousands of robots in very small spaces, and show how its performance plummets when speeds are constrained. We also compare this autonomous algorithm with a centralized approach using evolutionary computation on a complex example to point out their relative performance in a speed constrained environment. This comparison provides scientific arguments for the necessity of centralized air traffic control.
{"title":"Does ATM Need Centralized Coordination? Autonomous Conflict Resolution Analysis in a Constrained Speed Environment","authors":"N. Durand, N. Barnier","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.4.325","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of Free-Flight, introduced in the 90s, opened a debate on the efficiency of letting aircraft deal with conflicts without any centralized control. Many models have been proposed for autonomous aircraft solvers but their efficiency is not well-known. In this paper, we experiment powerful algorithm derived from robotics which is able to deal with thousands of robots in very small spaces, and show how its performance plummets when speeds are constrained. We also compare this autonomous algorithm with a centralized approach using evolutionary computation on a complex example to point out their relative performance in a speed constrained environment. This comparison provides scientific arguments for the necessity of centralized air traffic control.","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116405780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas L. Teller, E. Maki, W. Olson, Charles Leeper
The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Program Office is developing an advanced Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS X) to meet the needs of both manned aircraft and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). ACAS Xu, the UAS variant, provides vertical Resolution Advisory guidance in most situations and horizontal RA guidance for cases where either surveillance quality or vehicle performance does not support vertical maneuvers. ACAS Xu is fully interoperable with TCAS II and also features new passive (ADS-B based) collision avoidance maneuver coordination techniques. To evaluate the effectiveness of ACAS Xu for collision avoidance as well as to inform interoperability requirements for integration with self-separation systems, the FAA, in conjunction with NASA, General Atomics Aeronautics Systems, Inc, and Honeywell Aerospace, conducted a proof-of-concept flight test in November 2014 with both manned and unmanned intruder aircraft. This paper describes ...
{"title":"November 2014 Proof-of-Concept ACAS-Xu Flight Test","authors":"Thomas L. Teller, E. Maki, W. Olson, Charles Leeper","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.183","url":null,"abstract":"The Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Program Office is developing an advanced Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS X) to meet the needs of both manned aircraft and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). ACAS Xu, the UAS variant, provides vertical Resolution Advisory guidance in most situations and horizontal RA guidance for cases where either surveillance quality or vehicle performance does not support vertical maneuvers. ACAS Xu is fully interoperable with TCAS II and also features new passive (ADS-B based) collision avoidance maneuver coordination techniques. To evaluate the effectiveness of ACAS Xu for collision avoidance as well as to inform interoperability requirements for integration with self-separation systems, the FAA, in conjunction with NASA, General Atomics Aeronautics Systems, Inc, and Honeywell Aerospace, conducted a proof-of-concept flight test in November 2014 with both manned and unmanned intruder aircraft. This paper describes ...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130853294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Sahawneh, Matthew O. Duffield, R. Beard, T. McLain
With the increasing demand to integrate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS), new procedures and technologies are necessary to ensure safe airspace operations and...
{"title":"Detect and Avoid for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Using ADS-B","authors":"L. Sahawneh, Matthew O. Duffield, R. Beard, T. McLain","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.203","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing demand to integrate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS), new procedures and technologies are necessary to ensure safe airspace operations and...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123751762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A critical challenge for integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is developing a means to sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft. One of the main functions of SAA is to ensure the UAS remains wel...
{"title":"A Quantitative Metric to Enable Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Remain Well Clear","authors":"Stephen Cook, Dallas Brooks","doi":"10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/ATCQ.23.2-3.137","url":null,"abstract":"A critical challenge for integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is developing a means to sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft. One of the main functions of SAA is to ensure the UAS remains wel...","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130350481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foreword Special Issue on Unmanned Aircraft System Sense and Avoid","authors":"Chuck Johnson, J. Kuchar","doi":"10.2514/atcq.23.2-3.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/atcq.23.2-3.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221205,"journal":{"name":"Air traffic control quarterly","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123806510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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