Pub Date : 2019-02-20DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81627
Milton E. Pereira-Flores, F. Justino
Long-term climate change and inter-annual climate variability are events of concern to farmers and humanity. Global warming could affect agriculture in various ways and it is anticipated that agricultural systems will face great pressure from the variability of climate factors and their extreme events, which in most cases are difficult to predict, particularly extreme events of rainfall, higher dry season, hot and cold waves and their interactions. Global warming could also have some positive effects for plants such as increasing the temperature of current cold regions and increasing carbon dioxide with its positive effect on photosynthesis, growth rates, the use of water and production. Meanwhile, there are still many questions that remain about this possible future. This chapter, brings the response of plants to future conditions through specifics alterations in its components of yield on environmental conditions with enrichment of CO2 and elevated temperature, two climatic factors, which is understood to be the factors of climatic change of greater global extent. The study of the components of yield and their alterations, can guide diverse sectors of the sciences and decision makers, in order to structure strategies of resilience in the cultivation of soybean.
{"title":"Yield Components and Biomass Partition in Soybean: Climate Change Vision","authors":"Milton E. Pereira-Flores, F. Justino","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81627","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term climate change and inter-annual climate variability are events of concern to farmers and humanity. Global warming could affect agriculture in various ways and it is anticipated that agricultural systems will face great pressure from the variability of climate factors and their extreme events, which in most cases are difficult to predict, particularly extreme events of rainfall, higher dry season, hot and cold waves and their interactions. Global warming could also have some positive effects for plants such as increasing the temperature of current cold regions and increasing carbon dioxide with its positive effect on photosynthesis, growth rates, the use of water and production. Meanwhile, there are still many questions that remain about this possible future. This chapter, brings the response of plants to future conditions through specifics alterations in its components of yield on environmental conditions with enrichment of CO2 and elevated temperature, two climatic factors, which is understood to be the factors of climatic change of greater global extent. The study of the components of yield and their alterations, can guide diverse sectors of the sciences and decision makers, in order to structure strategies of resilience in the cultivation of soybean.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86312062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is the oxidation product of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid obtained by converting the double bonds into epoxy groups, which is non-toxic and of higher chemical reactivity. ESO is mainly used as a green plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, while the reactive epoxy groups imply its great potential in both the monomer synthesis and the polymer preparation fields. Functional polymers are obtained by different kinds of reactions of the ESO with co-monomers and/or initiators shown in this chapter. The emphasis is on ESO based epoxy cross-linked polymers which recently gained strong interest and allowed new developments especially from both an academic point of view and an industrial point of view. It is believed that new ring-opening reagents may facilitate the synthesis of good structural ESO based materials.
{"title":"Bio-Based Epoxy Resin from Epoxidized Soybean Oil","authors":"Qiuyu Tang, Yahua Chen, Hui-Dong Gao, Qian Li, Zhenhao Xi, Ling Zhao, Chong Peng, Lanpeng Li","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81544","url":null,"abstract":"Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is the oxidation product of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid obtained by converting the double bonds into epoxy groups, which is non-toxic and of higher chemical reactivity. ESO is mainly used as a green plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, while the reactive epoxy groups imply its great potential in both the monomer synthesis and the polymer preparation fields. Functional polymers are obtained by different kinds of reactions of the ESO with co-monomers and/or initiators shown in this chapter. The emphasis is on ESO based epoxy cross-linked polymers which recently gained strong interest and allowed new developments especially from both an academic point of view and an industrial point of view. It is believed that new ring-opening reagents may facilitate the synthesis of good structural ESO based materials.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"164 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86466787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81396
A. Kafle, K. Garcia, V. Peta, Jaya K. Yakha, A. Soupir, H. Bücking
Plants are meta-organisms that are associated with complex microbiomes. Many of the microorganisms that reside on plant surfaces (epiphytes) or within plant tissues (endophytes) do not cause any plant diseases but often contribute significantly to the nutrient supply of their host plant and can help the plant to overcome a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses. The yield potential of any plant depends not only on successful plant traits that improve, for example, the adaptation to low input conditions or other stressful environments but also on the plant microbiome and its potential to promote plant growth under these conditions. There is a growing interest to unravel the mechanisms underlying these beneficial plant microbe interactions because the activities of these microbial communities are of critical importance for plant growth under abiotic and biotic stresses and could lead to the development of novel strategies to improve yields and stress resistances of agronomically important crops. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of the beneficial interactions of soybean plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, and fungal and bacterial endophytes and identify major knowledge gaps that need to be filled to use beneficial microbes to their full potential.
{"title":"Beneficial Plant Microbe Interactions and Their Effect on Nutrient Uptake, Yield, and Stress Resistance of Soybeans","authors":"A. Kafle, K. Garcia, V. Peta, Jaya K. Yakha, A. Soupir, H. Bücking","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81396","url":null,"abstract":"Plants are meta-organisms that are associated with complex microbiomes. Many of the microorganisms that reside on plant surfaces (epiphytes) or within plant tissues (endophytes) do not cause any plant diseases but often contribute significantly to the nutrient supply of their host plant and can help the plant to overcome a variety of biotic or abiotic stresses. The yield potential of any plant depends not only on successful plant traits that improve, for example, the adaptation to low input conditions or other stressful environments but also on the plant microbiome and its potential to promote plant growth under these conditions. There is a growing interest to unravel the mechanisms underlying these beneficial plant microbe interactions because the activities of these microbial communities are of critical importance for plant growth under abiotic and biotic stresses and could lead to the development of novel strategies to improve yields and stress resistances of agronomically important crops. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of the beneficial interactions of soybean plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, and fungal and bacterial endophytes and identify major knowledge gaps that need to be filled to use beneficial microbes to their full potential.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87143834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81234
C. Georgescu, L. Deleanu, G. Cristea
This chapter presents experimental data in the favor of using soybean oil, additivated or not, as lubricants, the market share of the soybean oil on the lubricants ’ market, a SWOT analysis for better configuring the tribological characteristics of the soybean oil and tribological parameters as friction coefficient, wear scar diameter, wear rate of wear scar diameter, etc. and their dependence on testing regime (load and speed). Also, the influence of temperature, shear rate, and oxidation parameters on the soybean oil viscosity is discussed.
{"title":"Tribological Behavior of Soybean Oil","authors":"C. Georgescu, L. Deleanu, G. Cristea","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81234","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents experimental data in the favor of using soybean oil, additivated or not, as lubricants, the market share of the soybean oil on the lubricants ’ market, a SWOT analysis for better configuring the tribological characteristics of the soybean oil and tribological parameters as friction coefficient, wear scar diameter, wear rate of wear scar diameter, etc. and their dependence on testing regime (load and speed). Also, the influence of temperature, shear rate, and oxidation parameters on the soybean oil viscosity is discussed.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74521382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81516
Kirstin V. Wurms, A. Ah Chee, P. Sutherland
Products derived from soybean crops are not only global food staples, but are also used in pharmaceuticals, industry, and agriculture. Soybean oil (SBO) and other oils are often used as adjuvants in agricultural sprays to facilitate spread of the active ingredient (a.i.) across the plant surface. This chapter describes original research in which a natural fungicide (biofungicide) was formulated using SBO as the a.i. Antimicrobial activity of SBO against a powdery mildew (PM) pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp . tritici , was measured, as well as effects on plant health and yield of wheat plants. Results were compared with a conventional fungicide and another lipid biofungicide. The mode of action was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that SBO provided PM control equal to the conventional fungicide when plants were adequately spaced and caused collapse of fungal structures and extrusion of cell contents. Commercialisation potential of SBO biofungicide is discussed.
从大豆作物中提取的产品不仅是全球的主食，而且还用于制药、工业和农业。大豆油(SBO)和其他油通常用作农业喷雾剂中的佐剂，以促进活性成分(a.i)在植物表面的扩散。本章描述了一种天然杀菌剂(生物杀菌剂)的原始研究，该研究使用SBO作为a.i。SBO对白粉病(PM)病原体Blumeria graminis f. sp .的抗菌活性。测定了小麦黑麦的含量及其对小麦植株健康和产量的影响。结果与一种常规杀菌剂和另一种脂质生物杀菌剂进行了比较。用扫描电镜研究了其作用方式。结果表明，当植物间距足够时，SBO对PM的控制效果与常规杀菌剂相当，并导致真菌结构崩溃和细胞内容物挤压。讨论了SBO生物杀菌剂的商业化潜力。
{"title":"Fungicidal Activity of Soybean Oil against Powdery Mildew on Wheat","authors":"Kirstin V. Wurms, A. Ah Chee, P. Sutherland","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81516","url":null,"abstract":"Products derived from soybean crops are not only global food staples, but are also used in pharmaceuticals, industry, and agriculture. Soybean oil (SBO) and other oils are often used as adjuvants in agricultural sprays to facilitate spread of the active ingredient (a.i.) across the plant surface. This chapter describes original research in which a natural fungicide (biofungicide) was formulated using SBO as the a.i. Antimicrobial activity of SBO against a powdery mildew (PM) pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp . tritici , was measured, as well as effects on plant health and yield of wheat plants. Results were compared with a conventional fungicide and another lipid biofungicide. The mode of action was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that SBO provided PM control equal to the conventional fungicide when plants were adequately spaced and caused collapse of fungal structures and extrusion of cell contents. Commercialisation potential of SBO biofungicide is discussed.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85051910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81243
R. Mora-Escobedo, M. D. C. Robles-Ramírez, A. Román-Gutiérrez, J. Castro‐Rosas, Ciro Baruchs Muñoz-Llandes, F. A. Guzmán‐Ortiz
Soybean has a high biological value because it is a potential nutraceutical that benefits human health. Isolated peptides of soybean have been associated with activities such as anticancer, antioxidants, antiobesity, antithrombotics, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial, and this last activity is also obtained from microorganisms isolated from soybean subjected to processes such as fermentation, which can act directly against pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics or participate in the synthesis of new peptides with antimicrobial activity, so they could be used as preservatives in food as an alternative in the prevention of diseases. Strains of Bacillus subtilis isolated from soybean are mainly those that have the ability to inhibit the growth and proliferation of pathogens; some fungi such as Rhizopus microspores and Aspergillus oryzae have also had an inhibitory effect. This chapter describes the potential of microorganisms and peptides obtained from different sources of soybean against pathogenic microorganisms responsible for foodborne diseases.
{"title":"Peptides and Microorganisms Isolated from Soybean Sources with Antimicrobial Activity","authors":"R. Mora-Escobedo, M. D. C. Robles-Ramírez, A. Román-Gutiérrez, J. Castro‐Rosas, Ciro Baruchs Muñoz-Llandes, F. A. Guzmán‐Ortiz","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81243","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean has a high biological value because it is a potential nutraceutical that benefits human health. Isolated peptides of soybean have been associated with activities such as anticancer, antioxidants, antiobesity, antithrombotics, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial, and this last activity is also obtained from microorganisms isolated from soybean subjected to processes such as fermentation, which can act directly against pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics or participate in the synthesis of new peptides with antimicrobial activity, so they could be used as preservatives in food as an alternative in the prevention of diseases. Strains of Bacillus subtilis isolated from soybean are mainly those that have the ability to inhibit the growth and proliferation of pathogens; some fungi such as Rhizopus microspores and Aspergillus oryzae have also had an inhibitory effect. This chapter describes the potential of microorganisms and peptides obtained from different sources of soybean against pathogenic microorganisms responsible for foodborne diseases.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75158027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81808
K. Nagasuga
The mechanism of soybean seed production is very complicated. Soybean yield is strongly associated with pod number and seed number; these are prompted by light interception and growth during the period between beginning blooming and beginning seed. But vigorous shoot growth during the vegetative stage does not contribute to pod growth and harvesting. In humid regions of Asia, soybean cultivation is incorporated into the rotation cropping in converted paddy fields, and wet soil often causes poor germination. Soybean leaves, trifoliate wide flat leaves, are easy to concentrate to the upper layer of the canopy. This suppresses light penetration to the lower layer and, as a result, produces imperfect seed yield in spite of enough biomass. Daytime leaf movement is useful for light penetration and photoinhibition in leaf photosynthesis. Leaf photosynthesis is generally associated with high yield; however, the relationship between them is not clear. It is necessary for high soybean yield not only to elucidate the mechanisms that these factors suppress soybean seed production more clearly but also to select the cultivars and cultivation suitable for the climate in each area.
{"title":"Soybean Seed Production and Canopy Photosynthesis in Cultivation","authors":"K. Nagasuga","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81808","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism of soybean seed production is very complicated. Soybean yield is strongly associated with pod number and seed number; these are prompted by light interception and growth during the period between beginning blooming and beginning seed. But vigorous shoot growth during the vegetative stage does not contribute to pod growth and harvesting. In humid regions of Asia, soybean cultivation is incorporated into the rotation cropping in converted paddy fields, and wet soil often causes poor germination. Soybean leaves, trifoliate wide flat leaves, are easy to concentrate to the upper layer of the canopy. This suppresses light penetration to the lower layer and, as a result, produces imperfect seed yield in spite of enough biomass. Daytime leaf movement is useful for light penetration and photoinhibition in leaf photosynthesis. Leaf photosynthesis is generally associated with high yield; however, the relationship between them is not clear. It is necessary for high soybean yield not only to elucidate the mechanisms that these factors suppress soybean seed production more clearly but also to select the cultivars and cultivation suitable for the climate in each area.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82324589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81101
O. Mwenye, L. D. Rensburg, A. Biljon, R. Merwe
Drought stress is a major limiting factor in soybean production in South Africa. The development of soybean varieties with enhanced tolerance to soil waterlimited induced stress (WLIS) is one sustainable way to deal with drought. Root traits have shown strong potential for improvement of drought tolerance through breeding. The objectives of this study were to evaluate seedling shoot- and root growth responses under WLIS in order to study root morphology as a mechanism to cope with drought stress and to determine if there were genotypic differences in shoot-and root morphology between drought tolerant and -sensitive soybean genotypes. Seedlings of three drought tolerant and one sensitive genotype were subjected to soil WLIS in deep-root-pots for 21 days. Results suggested significant genotypic differences for shoot length, number of leaves, tap root length and root-to-shoot length ratio. Soybean tolerant genotypes were associated with moderate shoot biomass, deep rooting abilities and maintained a large root-to-shoot ratio under WLIS conditions. In contrast, the sensitive genotype was associated with a reduced root-to-shoot ratio and shallower root system. Soybean genotypes showed varying seedling root growth responses to soil WLIS, while shoot biomass characteristics were similar.
{"title":"Seedling Shoot and Root Growth Responses among Soybean (Glycine max) Genotypes to Drought Stress","authors":"O. Mwenye, L. D. Rensburg, A. Biljon, R. Merwe","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81101","url":null,"abstract":"Drought stress is a major limiting factor in soybean production in South Africa. The development of soybean varieties with enhanced tolerance to soil waterlimited induced stress (WLIS) is one sustainable way to deal with drought. Root traits have shown strong potential for improvement of drought tolerance through breeding. The objectives of this study were to evaluate seedling shoot- and root growth responses under WLIS in order to study root morphology as a mechanism to cope with drought stress and to determine if there were genotypic differences in shoot-and root morphology between drought tolerant and -sensitive soybean genotypes. Seedlings of three drought tolerant and one sensitive genotype were subjected to soil WLIS in deep-root-pots for 21 days. Results suggested significant genotypic differences for shoot length, number of leaves, tap root length and root-to-shoot length ratio. Soybean tolerant genotypes were associated with moderate shoot biomass, deep rooting abilities and maintained a large root-to-shoot ratio under WLIS conditions. In contrast, the sensitive genotype was associated with a reduced root-to-shoot ratio and shallower root system. Soybean genotypes showed varying seedling root growth responses to soil WLIS, while shoot biomass characteristics were similar.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"361 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76888540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80748
Matthew Schutte, T. Nleya
Soybean growers in the northern latitudes of the United States plant the crop in a wide range of row spacings although there has been a shift toward wider rows (>50 cm) in some Upper Midwest states in the last 5 years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of row spacing and seeding rate on the performance of soybean and to determine whether these management practices interact to influence soybean yield. A row spacing study was conducted at Aberdeen and Beresford, South Dakota, USA, in 2014 and 2015. The study had two row spacings (19 and 76 cm), four seeding rates (247,000, 333,500, 420,000, and 506,500 seeds ha (cid:1) 1 ), and two soybean varieties at each location. Soybean had greater stand establishment in 19 cm rows (6 – 10% higher) compared with 76 cm rows. Soybean in 19 cm rows yielded 0.8 – 10% more than in 76 cm rows depending on the location or year. Seed yield increased with increasing seeding rate with the highest seeding rate of 506,000 seeds ha (cid:1) 1 yielding greatest. The increase in seed yield due to the increase in seeding rate ranged from 3 to 7%. At each location, the longer duration soybean variety yielded higher than the shorter duration variety.
{"title":"Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effects on Soybean Seed Yield","authors":"Matthew Schutte, T. Nleya","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80748","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean growers in the northern latitudes of the United States plant the crop in a wide range of row spacings although there has been a shift toward wider rows (>50 cm) in some Upper Midwest states in the last 5 years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of row spacing and seeding rate on the performance of soybean and to determine whether these management practices interact to influence soybean yield. A row spacing study was conducted at Aberdeen and Beresford, South Dakota, USA, in 2014 and 2015. The study had two row spacings (19 and 76 cm), four seeding rates (247,000, 333,500, 420,000, and 506,500 seeds ha (cid:1) 1 ), and two soybean varieties at each location. Soybean had greater stand establishment in 19 cm rows (6 – 10% higher) compared with 76 cm rows. Soybean in 19 cm rows yielded 0.8 – 10% more than in 76 cm rows depending on the location or year. Seed yield increased with increasing seeding rate with the highest seeding rate of 506,000 seeds ha (cid:1) 1 yielding greatest. The increase in seed yield due to the increase in seeding rate ranged from 3 to 7%. At each location, the longer duration soybean variety yielded higher than the shorter duration variety.","PeriodicalId":22179,"journal":{"name":"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78920553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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