Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2024.1.0031
Filariasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of humans caused by the helminthic filarial species Wuchereria (W.) bancrofti, Brugia (B.) timori, and B. malayi. Diverse species of mosquitoes transmit the microfilariae of these worms to cause filaria infection, with the disease presenting classical clinical manifestations such as lymphedema, adenolymphangitis, and hydrocele, which result in permanent disfigurement and psychosocial and economic stigmatization. These sequelae necessitate the need for proper identification and characterization of the etiological agent for therapy and prevention. In this study, we report a case of unilateral lymphedema in a 28-year-old gateman/farmer from the Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. Microscopy of the patient’s blood sample demonstrated the presence of microfilariae, leading to PCR characterization to be W. bancrofti. Upon diagnosis, the patient was treated with tablets of doxycycline 200 mg daily and albendazole 200 mg bid for six weeks, followed by a single dose of ivermectin 150 mg/kg (15 mg) at the 4th week of initiating treatment. This treatment regimen was complemented by a combination of bed rest, use of compression bandage, and limb elevation at night, resulting in remarkable improvement of the patient’s health after six weeks. In conclusion, lymphatic filariasis diagnosis was microscopically confirmed by the demonstration of microfilaria in the blood film obtained at night, leading to molecular characterization by PCR to be W. bancrofti. This is a workup for treating filarial infections in patients with unilateral leg swelling and a history of living in or traveling to endemic areas. This should also be a wake-up call to policymakers and practitioners regarding the possible recrudescence of filariasis in Nigeria.
{"title":"Diagnosis of filariasis: A case report of a reemerging neglected tropical disease","authors":"","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2024.1.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2024.1.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Filariasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) of humans caused by the helminthic filarial species Wuchereria (W.) bancrofti, Brugia (B.) timori, and B. malayi. Diverse species of mosquitoes transmit the microfilariae of these worms to cause filaria infection, with the disease presenting classical clinical manifestations such as lymphedema, adenolymphangitis, and hydrocele, which result in permanent disfigurement and psychosocial and economic stigmatization. These sequelae necessitate the need for proper identification and characterization of the etiological agent for therapy and prevention. In this study, we report a case of unilateral lymphedema in a 28-year-old gateman/farmer from the Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. Microscopy of the patient’s blood sample demonstrated the presence of microfilariae, leading to PCR characterization to be W. bancrofti. Upon diagnosis, the patient was treated with tablets of doxycycline 200 mg daily and albendazole 200 mg bid for six weeks, followed by a single dose of ivermectin 150 mg/kg (15 mg) at the 4th week of initiating treatment. This treatment regimen was complemented by a combination of bed rest, use of compression bandage, and limb elevation at night, resulting in remarkable improvement of the patient’s health after six weeks. In conclusion, lymphatic filariasis diagnosis was microscopically confirmed by the demonstration of microfilaria in the blood film obtained at night, leading to molecular characterization by PCR to be W. bancrofti. This is a workup for treating filarial infections in patients with unilateral leg swelling and a history of living in or traveling to endemic areas. This should also be a wake-up call to policymakers and practitioners regarding the possible recrudescence of filariasis in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"1 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140982583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2024.1.0032
The emergence and rapid global spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sparked significant interest in understanding its zoonotic origins. This study aims to investigate animal and environmental samples in Bangladesh to identify the zoonotic source and reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2. This research adopted a comprehensive approach to gather and analyze samples from various animal species, including cattle, sheep, goats, cats, and dogs that are peridomestic in nature or remain in close contact, ensuring biosafety and avoiding cross-contamination. SARS-CoV-2 or related coronaviruses were identified using immunological detection and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 1028 samples from different regions of Bangladesh were collected from cattle (552), sheep (135), goats (112), cats (118), and dogs (111), of which 465 were rectal, 363 nasal swabs, and 200 blood samples. The samples were collected from those areas where there were human records of COVID-19 during July 2021- December 2022. The blood samples were collected and immediately used for antibody screening. No positive samples were found in both antibody test screens and RT-qPCR in fecal and nasal swab samples. The study indicated no COVID-19 infection was found in domestic animals and pets despite staying in close contact with COVID-19 patients or households, suggesting a limited risk of transmission from these animals to humans within the studied context. It's possible that domestic animals are not significantly involved in the COVID-19 epidemic in natural environment exposure conditions.
{"title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domesticated animals from COVID-19 affected households in Bangladesh","authors":"","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2024.1.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2024.1.0032","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence and rapid global spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sparked significant interest in understanding its zoonotic origins. This study aims to investigate animal and environmental samples in Bangladesh to identify the zoonotic source and reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2. This research adopted a comprehensive approach to gather and analyze samples from various animal species, including cattle, sheep, goats, cats, and dogs that are peridomestic in nature or remain in close contact, ensuring biosafety and avoiding cross-contamination. SARS-CoV-2 or related coronaviruses were identified using immunological detection and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 1028 samples from different regions of Bangladesh were collected from cattle (552), sheep (135), goats (112), cats (118), and dogs (111), of which 465 were rectal, 363 nasal swabs, and 200 blood samples. The samples were collected from those areas where there were human records of COVID-19 during July 2021- December 2022. The blood samples were collected and immediately used for antibody screening. No positive samples were found in both antibody test screens and RT-qPCR in fecal and nasal swab samples. The study indicated no COVID-19 infection was found in domestic animals and pets despite staying in close contact with COVID-19 patients or households, suggesting a limited risk of transmission from these animals to humans within the studied context. It's possible that domestic animals are not significantly involved in the COVID-19 epidemic in natural environment exposure conditions.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"60 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140983717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2024.3.0027
Plant phytosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transport various molecules, facilitating communication both within and between cells. They can be found in different parts of plants and contain mir-RNA, m-RNA, DNA, lipids, proteins, and metabolites. These vesicles may play a critical role in plant immune response to microbial infections. EVs exert several biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiobesity, and anticancer effects. Recently, EVs have been used as a vehicle for drug delivery. Our recent preliminary data has identified antimicrobial effects of Oleaceae-derived EVs against multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This letter seeks scientists interested in studying the antimicrobial effects of EVs or their use in drug delivery using natural products against multi-drug resistance.
{"title":"Arum Palaestinum-derived extracellular vesicles as antibacterial agents against ESKAPE pathogens","authors":"","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2024.3.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2024.3.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Plant phytosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transport various molecules, facilitating communication both within and between cells. They can be found in different parts of plants and contain mir-RNA, m-RNA, DNA, lipids, proteins, and metabolites. These vesicles may play a critical role in plant immune response to microbial infections. EVs exert several biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiobesity, and anticancer effects. Recently, EVs have been used as a vehicle for drug delivery. Our recent preliminary data has identified antimicrobial effects of Oleaceae-derived EVs against multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This letter seeks scientists interested in studying the antimicrobial effects of EVs or their use in drug delivery using natural products against multi-drug resistance.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140710469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2023.2.0026
Ahmed F. Hikal, G. Wareth, Ashraf Khan
Brucellosis is one of the most highly infectious zoonotic diseases worldwide and has substantial health and economic impact. Strenuous efforts are essential to combat and prevent this disease from the one-health perspective. Brucellosis is successfully eradicated from domestic animals in the United States, but control strategies continue to eradicate it from wildlife in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). Brucellosis in the Nile River Basin countries (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania) is highly prevalent and endemic. There are several factors behind the failure of eradication of Brucella in these countries. The lack of cooperation between policymakers, health officials, veterinary sectors, and farmers is the key reason that impedes the control and prevention strategies in brucellosis-endemic countries. This review will focus on the epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in the United States and the Nile Basin countries (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania).
{"title":"Brucellosis: Why is it eradicated from domestic livestock in the United States but not in the Nile River Basin countries?","authors":"Ahmed F. Hikal, G. Wareth, Ashraf Khan","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2023.2.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2023.2.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is one of the most highly infectious zoonotic diseases worldwide and has substantial health and economic impact. Strenuous efforts are essential to combat and prevent this disease from the one-health perspective. Brucellosis is successfully eradicated from domestic animals in the United States, but control strategies continue to eradicate it from wildlife in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). Brucellosis in the Nile River Basin countries (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania) is highly prevalent and endemic. There are several factors behind the failure of eradication of Brucella in these countries. The lack of cooperation between policymakers, health officials, veterinary sectors, and farmers is the key reason that impedes the control and prevention strategies in brucellosis-endemic countries. This review will focus on the epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in the United States and the Nile Basin countries (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania).","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139299274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2023.2.0024
V. S. Sonola, A. Katakweba, Gerald Misinzo, M. I. Matee
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. We investigated the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes (VGs) in 57 multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolated from humans (n=17), chickens (n=14), rodents (n=13), and soil (n=13) using multiplex PCR. Overall, the distribution of ARGs revealed that the tetK was found in 18/57 (31.6%), mecA in 16/57 (28.1%), tetL in 5/57 (8.9%), and ermC in 1/57 (1.8%), while ermA and tetM were not detected. For VGs, the clfB was found in 6/57 (10.5 %), coa in 8/57 (14.0%), clfA in 3/57 (5.3%), hlg in 1/57 (1.8%), ebpS in 2/57 (3.5%), fnbB in 2/57 (3.5%), luk-PV in 6/57 (10.5%) and tst in 1/57 (1.8%). Resistance genes (tetK and mecA) and virulence determinants (clfB, coa, and luk-PV) were common in all sample sources, while tst, hlg, and fnbB were specific to human, chicken, and rodent isolates, respectively. Erythromycin phenotypic resistance results correlated with the presence of ermC (r=0.42), tetL (r=0.98), and mecA (r=0.51), while tetracycline resistance correlated with tetL (r=1.00) and mecA (r=0.57) genes and methicillin resistance correlated with mecA (r=0.55) and tetL (r=0.98) genes. Positive correlations were noted between ARG (ermC) and VGs; clfA (r=0.57), hlg (r=1.00), and clfB (r=0.43), and between tetK and clfB (r=0.39); tetK and coa (r=0.36) genes. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows that tetL, ermC, and mecA contributed to tetracycline, erythromycin, and methicillin resistance, respectively. The widespread presence of resistance and virulence genes, often in combination, among MDR S. aureus in isolates from humans, chicken, rodents, and soil samples require comprehensive One-Health interventions.
{"title":"Multiplex PCR detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chickens, humans, rodents, and soil in Northern Tanzania","authors":"V. S. Sonola, A. Katakweba, Gerald Misinzo, M. I. Matee","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2023.2.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2023.2.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. We investigated the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes (VGs) in 57 multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus isolated from humans (n=17), chickens (n=14), rodents (n=13), and soil (n=13) using multiplex PCR. Overall, the distribution of ARGs revealed that the tetK was found in 18/57 (31.6%), mecA in 16/57 (28.1%), tetL in 5/57 (8.9%), and ermC in 1/57 (1.8%), while ermA and tetM were not detected. For VGs, the clfB was found in 6/57 (10.5 %), coa in 8/57 (14.0%), clfA in 3/57 (5.3%), hlg in 1/57 (1.8%), ebpS in 2/57 (3.5%), fnbB in 2/57 (3.5%), luk-PV in 6/57 (10.5%) and tst in 1/57 (1.8%). Resistance genes (tetK and mecA) and virulence determinants (clfB, coa, and luk-PV) were common in all sample sources, while tst, hlg, and fnbB were specific to human, chicken, and rodent isolates, respectively. Erythromycin phenotypic resistance results correlated with the presence of ermC (r=0.42), tetL (r=0.98), and mecA (r=0.51), while tetracycline resistance correlated with tetL (r=1.00) and mecA (r=0.57) genes and methicillin resistance correlated with mecA (r=0.55) and tetL (r=0.98) genes. Positive correlations were noted between ARG (ermC) and VGs; clfA (r=0.57), hlg (r=1.00), and clfB (r=0.43), and between tetK and clfB (r=0.39); tetK and coa (r=0.36) genes. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows that tetL, ermC, and mecA contributed to tetracycline, erythromycin, and methicillin resistance, respectively. The widespread presence of resistance and virulence genes, often in combination, among MDR S. aureus in isolates from humans, chicken, rodents, and soil samples require comprehensive One-Health interventions.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131649015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0022
F. P. Ndakidemi, M. E. Baravuga, A. Mzula, A. Katakweba
Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is a bacterial pathogen contributing to opportunistic infections, nosocomial outbreaks, and mostly hematogenous ascending urinary tract infections. It has repeatedly been found in rats. Due to rat-human interaction, rats are likely responsible for spreading these bacteria and their antimicrobial-resistant. This study was performed to genetically characterize and assess antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of P. mirabilis isolated from rats cohabiting with humans in Arusha municipality, Tanzania. A total of 139 rats were trapped from March to May 2021 and identified at the species level using morphological and morphometric features. Deep-intestinal swabs were obtained and pre-enriched in buffered peptone water. P. mirabilis was isolated by conventional culture and biochemical methods and confirmed by 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Phylogenetics was used to assess the similarities of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics, including tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, and ampicillin. Resistance genes blaTEM, tetA, tetB, mphA, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, sul1, and sul2 were traced in each isolate using PCR. Mixed rat species, Rattus rattus (55.4%), Mus musculus (15.8%), and Mastomys natalensis (28.8%), were captured. P. mirabilis was isolated from four (2.9%) Rattus rattus samples. By PCR and sequencing, all were confirmed as P. mirabilis and 100% similar to strains from GenBank. Three isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, and ampicillin, while all isolates were resistant to azithromycin and ampicillin, and susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. Three were resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and intermediate to tetracycline. PCR analysis detected tetA, blaTEM, sul1, and sul2 resistance genes. Constructed phylogenetic tree showed that all isolates from this study were closely related to isolates from Tunisia. The study has discovered the first P. mirabilis isolates from rats in Tanzania with antimicrobial resistance traits that could be of public health concern.
{"title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and molecular phylogenetics of Proteus mirabilis isolated from domestic rats: An environmental driver to antimicrobial resistance in public health in Arusha Tanzania","authors":"F. P. Ndakidemi, M. E. Baravuga, A. Mzula, A. Katakweba","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is a bacterial pathogen contributing to opportunistic infections, nosocomial outbreaks, and mostly hematogenous ascending urinary tract infections. It has repeatedly been found in rats. Due to rat-human interaction, rats are likely responsible for spreading these bacteria and their antimicrobial-resistant. This study was performed to genetically characterize and assess antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of P. mirabilis isolated from rats cohabiting with humans in Arusha municipality, Tanzania. A total of 139 rats were trapped from March to May 2021 and identified at the species level using morphological and morphometric features. Deep-intestinal swabs were obtained and pre-enriched in buffered peptone water. P. mirabilis was isolated by conventional culture and biochemical methods and confirmed by 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Phylogenetics was used to assess the similarities of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics, including tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, and ampicillin. Resistance genes blaTEM, tetA, tetB, mphA, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, sul1, and sul2 were traced in each isolate using PCR. Mixed rat species, Rattus rattus (55.4%), Mus musculus (15.8%), and Mastomys natalensis (28.8%), were captured. P. mirabilis was isolated from four (2.9%) Rattus rattus samples. By PCR and sequencing, all were confirmed as P. mirabilis and 100% similar to strains from GenBank. Three isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, and ampicillin, while all isolates were resistant to azithromycin and ampicillin, and susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. Three were resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and intermediate to tetracycline. PCR analysis detected tetA, blaTEM, sul1, and sul2 resistance genes. Constructed phylogenetic tree showed that all isolates from this study were closely related to isolates from Tunisia. The study has discovered the first P. mirabilis isolates from rats in Tanzania with antimicrobial resistance traits that could be of public health concern.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114076731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0021
Shahzad Ali, Mohammad Ejaz
Anthrax is a highly fatal zoonotic disease caused by a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. The epidemiological situation of anthrax is unstable worldwide, and outbreaks have been reported in all the continents and commonly cause high mortality in domestic and wild herbivores as well as several mammals and bird species. The disease is endemic in Pakistan, and outbreaks were reported in domestic animals and wildlife species in limited zones. Sporadic cases also reemerged infrequently in some areas, and anthrax became a public health concern in Pakistan. Bacillus anthracis has been isolated from soil samples in different localities of Pakistan, and the risk of the emergence of anthrax is increased after flooding that has occurred recently. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on the current trends and incidence of anthrax in Pakistan to increase awareness and will be useful for stakeholders and healthcare providers to suspect and manage anthrax.
{"title":"Anthrax in Pakistan","authors":"Shahzad Ali, Mohammad Ejaz","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Anthrax is a highly fatal zoonotic disease caused by a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. The epidemiological situation of anthrax is unstable worldwide, and outbreaks have been reported in all the continents and commonly cause high mortality in domestic and wild herbivores as well as several mammals and bird species. The disease is endemic in Pakistan, and outbreaks were reported in domestic animals and wildlife species in limited zones. Sporadic cases also reemerged infrequently in some areas, and anthrax became a public health concern in Pakistan. Bacillus anthracis has been isolated from soil samples in different localities of Pakistan, and the risk of the emergence of anthrax is increased after flooding that has occurred recently. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update on the current trends and incidence of anthrax in Pakistan to increase awareness and will be useful for stakeholders and healthcare providers to suspect and manage anthrax.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121131721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0020
Shanmugam Kaliappan, L. Vajravelu, T. Ravinder, R. Katragadda, A. Jayachandran
Urinary tract infections and urolithiasis are common conditions encountered in the healthcare setup. Urinary calculi with infection can lead to recurrence. Isolation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is rising and seriously threatens public health. In the present study, a total of 221 urinary calculi and midstream urine samples were collected and processed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed for all the isolates along with the detection of drug-resistant bacteria like extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). ESBL genes, i.e., blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM, were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The significance of the association between age group, gender, risk factors, and positive stone culture was analyzed by the chi-square test. Escherichia coli was the predominant bacteria isolated from 21 (30.88%) of both the midstream urine and urolithiasis samples, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13 (19.11%). High susceptibility was observed for amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and ofloxacin. ESBL-producing bacteria were identified in 25 (36.76%) isolates from urinary calculi and from 46 (39.31%) midstream urine samples. The blaSHV and blaTEM genes were detected among them. MRSA was detected in 9.09% (2 out of 7) of S. aureus isolates recovered from midstream urine samples and 9.09% (1 out of 11) of isolates recovered from urinary calculi. A significant association was observed among cases of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and a family history of renal stones (p-value < 0.05). Isolation of MDR bacteria from the calculi is alarming and can lead to treatment failure if not treated appropriately. Performing the culture of the urinary calculi and detecting drug resistance will be of immense value for adequately treating the infection.
{"title":"Urinary tract infection in urolithiasis: Antimicrobial resistance and clinico-microbiological association between risk factors and positive stone culture from a tertiary care hospital in south India","authors":"Shanmugam Kaliappan, L. Vajravelu, T. Ravinder, R. Katragadda, A. Jayachandran","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2023.1.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections and urolithiasis are common conditions encountered in the healthcare setup. Urinary calculi with infection can lead to recurrence. Isolation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is rising and seriously threatens public health. In the present study, a total of 221 urinary calculi and midstream urine samples were collected and processed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed for all the isolates along with the detection of drug-resistant bacteria like extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). ESBL genes, i.e., blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM, were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The significance of the association between age group, gender, risk factors, and positive stone culture was analyzed by the chi-square test. Escherichia coli was the predominant bacteria isolated from 21 (30.88%) of both the midstream urine and urolithiasis samples, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13 (19.11%). High susceptibility was observed for amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and ofloxacin. ESBL-producing bacteria were identified in 25 (36.76%) isolates from urinary calculi and from 46 (39.31%) midstream urine samples. The blaSHV and blaTEM genes were detected among them. MRSA was detected in 9.09% (2 out of 7) of S. aureus isolates recovered from midstream urine samples and 9.09% (1 out of 11) of isolates recovered from urinary calculi. A significant association was observed among cases of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and a family history of renal stones (p-value < 0.05). Isolation of MDR bacteria from the calculi is alarming and can lead to treatment failure if not treated appropriately. Performing the culture of the urinary calculi and detecting drug resistance will be of immense value for adequately treating the infection.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129739101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2022.3.0019
Mohamed E. Basuony, Hosni A. M. Hussien, E. Bakhiet, W. Kilany, Nermeen M. Abu‐Elala, Ahmed Ali
The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from hatching eggs and baby chicks. Additionally, the pathogenicity of the isolated Salmonella strains was assessed in one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks in-vivo. Samples from sick baby chicks from 14 broiler chicken farms (including 1 duck farm) and 150 egg batches from three breeder chicken farms were collected from 4 different governorates. Phenotypically identified Salmonella isolates were confirmed using species-specific multiplex-PCR targeting the inv -A gene for Salmonella genus, E -1 gene for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) serovar, and Flic-C gene for Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) serovar. Confirmed SE isolates were further subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Phenotypic, multiplex-PCR, and RAPD fingerprinting confirmed six isolates (42.9%) from broiler chicken farms and two isolates from hatching egg batches (1.33%) as SE, of which eight were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with 0.214-0.786 MDR indices. In-vivo pathogenicity of selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) SE isolates was evaluated in one-day-old SPF chicks. Despite minor phenotypic diversity, most SE strains were highly invasive with variable mortality (50-100%). Interestingly, the lowest MDR indices were associated with high virulence in SE strains (mortality ≥85%) and vice versa. The study results showed the presence of SE in poultry in Egypt. The uncontrolled usage of antibiotics in poultry could be the reason for the increased prevalence of MDR Salmonella spp., which may limit Salmonella control measures and threaten public health.
{"title":"In-vivo characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis (SE) recovered from fertile eggs and baby chicks","authors":"Mohamed E. Basuony, Hosni A. M. Hussien, E. Bakhiet, W. Kilany, Nermeen M. Abu‐Elala, Ahmed Ali","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2022.3.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2022.3.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from hatching eggs and baby chicks. Additionally, the pathogenicity of the isolated Salmonella strains was assessed in one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks in-vivo. Samples from sick baby chicks from 14 broiler chicken farms (including 1 duck farm) and 150 egg batches from three breeder chicken farms were collected from 4 different governorates. Phenotypically identified Salmonella isolates were confirmed using species-specific multiplex-PCR targeting the inv -A gene for Salmonella genus, E -1 gene for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) serovar, and Flic-C gene for Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) serovar. Confirmed SE isolates were further subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Phenotypic, multiplex-PCR, and RAPD fingerprinting confirmed six isolates (42.9%) from broiler chicken farms and two isolates from hatching egg batches (1.33%) as SE, of which eight were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with 0.214-0.786 MDR indices. In-vivo pathogenicity of selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) SE isolates was evaluated in one-day-old SPF chicks. Despite minor phenotypic diversity, most SE strains were highly invasive with variable mortality (50-100%). Interestingly, the lowest MDR indices were associated with high virulence in SE strains (mortality ≥85%) and vice versa. The study results showed the presence of SE in poultry in Egypt. The uncontrolled usage of antibiotics in poultry could be the reason for the increased prevalence of MDR Salmonella spp., which may limit Salmonella control measures and threaten public health.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132894550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.51585/gjm.2022.3.0018
S. Ajoseh, K. O. Akinyemi, R. Abegunrin, H. Neubauer, G. Wareth
Multidrug drug-resistant (MDR)-Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the most feared nosocomial bacterial agents worldwide, and the World Health Organization classified carbapenem-resistant strains as a priority ”1” critical pathogen. In Nigeria, the paucity of information on this pathogen makes it difficult to estimate its potential impact on public health and veterinary medicine. This systemic review was done to prepare an impact assessment for One Health based on the occurrence of A. baumannii in different environments and the antimicrobial resistance. A detailed search of articles on A. baumannii in Nigeria was conducted using search strings in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google search engine, and Google scholars. This study revealed that 14 out of the 36 states in Nigeria reported A. baumannii. Specifically, 19/24 articles described isolates from clinical settings, 4/24 from the environment, and 1/24 from animal sources. A. baumannii occurrence of 9.15% (503/5496) was recorded from 8.4% (418/4950), 16.06% (80/498), and 10.42% (5/48) of samples of clinical, environmental, and animal origin by culture, respectively. The most common antibiotics to which A. baumannii was resistant were chloramphenicol, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gentamycin, and tetracycline. Seventeen resistance determinants were described for A. baumannii isolates originating mostly from clinical sources with blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23 gene makers frequently reported. This study demonstrates the lack of data on A. baumannii from animals. Clinical MDR- A. baumannii isolates, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), are a severe public health concern in Nigeria. Thus, findings from this review will form a baseline for future surveillance research.
{"title":"Acinetobacter baumannii from the one health perspective in Nigeria: A systematic review of literature in the last decade (2011-2021)","authors":"S. Ajoseh, K. O. Akinyemi, R. Abegunrin, H. Neubauer, G. Wareth","doi":"10.51585/gjm.2022.3.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2022.3.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Multidrug drug-resistant (MDR)-Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the most feared nosocomial bacterial agents worldwide, and the World Health Organization classified carbapenem-resistant strains as a priority ”1” critical pathogen. In Nigeria, the paucity of information on this pathogen makes it difficult to estimate its potential impact on public health and veterinary medicine. This systemic review was done to prepare an impact assessment for One Health based on the occurrence of A. baumannii in different environments and the antimicrobial resistance. A detailed search of articles on A. baumannii in Nigeria was conducted using search strings in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google search engine, and Google scholars. This study revealed that 14 out of the 36 states in Nigeria reported A. baumannii. Specifically, 19/24 articles described isolates from clinical settings, 4/24 from the environment, and 1/24 from animal sources. A. baumannii occurrence of 9.15% (503/5496) was recorded from 8.4% (418/4950), 16.06% (80/498), and 10.42% (5/48) of samples of clinical, environmental, and animal origin by culture, respectively. The most common antibiotics to which A. baumannii was resistant were chloramphenicol, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gentamycin, and tetracycline. Seventeen resistance determinants were described for A. baumannii isolates originating mostly from clinical sources with blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23 gene makers frequently reported. This study demonstrates the lack of data on A. baumannii from animals. Clinical MDR- A. baumannii isolates, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), are a severe public health concern in Nigeria. Thus, findings from this review will form a baseline for future surveillance research.","PeriodicalId":222095,"journal":{"name":"German Journal of Microbiology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133586652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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