Pub Date : 1983-07-06DOI: 10.1109/tac.1961.6429301
G. Castledine
In mid-summer of 1960, from June 27 to July 7, the first International Congress of Automatic Control was held in Moscow at the Moscow State University. There were about 1100 delegates from all over the world, and they came to hear 285 papers concerning control theory, applications, and components as well as to visit various industries and institutes and to meet the Russian scientists and the Russian people.
{"title":"Message from Moscow","authors":"G. Castledine","doi":"10.1109/tac.1961.6429301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tac.1961.6429301","url":null,"abstract":"In mid-summer of 1960, from June 27 to July 7, the first International Congress of Automatic Control was held in Moscow at the Moscow State University. There were about 1100 delegates from all over the world, and they came to hear 285 papers concerning control theory, applications, and components as well as to visit various industries and institutes and to meet the Russian scientists and the Russian people.","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"19 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113933699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105499
M. Moe, G. Murphy
The basis of the work described in this paper is the use of the moments of the error signal resulting from a unit step input to a feedback system for the detection of changes in the characteristics of the plant. Expressions for the moments of the error in terms of moments of the input-error transfer function of the system are developed first. Then, from the relationship of the moments of the input-error transfer function to the parameters in the transfer functions of the various components of the system, a solution is obtained for those values of the adjustable parameters of an adaptive compensator that will reduce the first several moments of the error function to zero. An example is presented next, to illustrate the procedure for designing an adaptive system by the proposed method, and experimental results obtained from a system so designed are introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptation obtainable by the use of this approach. Finally, it is concluded that the method proposed loses somewhat in effectiveness if the impulse response of the plant becomes highly oscillatory but that it has the advantage that the degree of the differential equation describing the plant need not be known.
{"title":"An approach to self-adaptive control based on the use of time moments and a model reference","authors":"M. Moe, G. Murphy","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105499","url":null,"abstract":"The basis of the work described in this paper is the use of the moments of the error signal resulting from a unit step input to a feedback system for the detection of changes in the characteristics of the plant. Expressions for the moments of the error in terms of moments of the input-error transfer function of the system are developed first. Then, from the relationship of the moments of the input-error transfer function to the parameters in the transfer functions of the various components of the system, a solution is obtained for those values of the adjustable parameters of an adaptive compensator that will reduce the first several moments of the error function to zero. An example is presented next, to illustrate the procedure for designing an adaptive system by the proposed method, and experimental results obtained from a system so designed are introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptation obtainable by the use of this approach. Finally, it is concluded that the method proposed loses somewhat in effectiveness if the impulse response of the plant becomes highly oscillatory but that it has the advantage that the degree of the differential equation describing the plant need not be known.","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"6 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123730118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105501
J. Vaeth
This paper describes a reaction jet attitude control technique which affords significant advantages in terms of accuracy, reliability, fuel economy and operational flexibility. These advantages are realized by the use, in combination, of low-thrust vapor jets and time-dependent on-off switching circuits. An accuracy potential comparable to inertia wheel control is thus provided, while the proverbial wheel problems of speed saturation, bearing life, threshold nonlinearities, gyroscopic coupling and vibration excitation are avoided. Very-low thrust magnitudes are attained by simply opening a small orifice to allow fuel to vaporize into the surrounding vacuum. Fuel storage, pressurization, circulation and mixing requirements are thus minimized. By augmenting conventional on-off valve switching circuitry with electronic networks that generate thrust pulses of small but constant time duration, vehicle angular rate can be controlled to a very-low threshold. This minimizes fuel consumption and valve cycling frequency. The capabilities and limitations of this design approach were substantiated by an analog computer program incorporating breadboard switching circuits, and by vacuum chamber testing of critical components. These technique and component developments are applicable to such space missions as astronomical observation, earth reconnaissance and stellar navigation. Design guides are presented for synthesizing a reaction jet system to meet any particular set of performance specifications.
{"title":"Vapor jet control of space vehicles","authors":"J. Vaeth","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105501","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a reaction jet attitude control technique which affords significant advantages in terms of accuracy, reliability, fuel economy and operational flexibility. These advantages are realized by the use, in combination, of low-thrust vapor jets and time-dependent on-off switching circuits. An accuracy potential comparable to inertia wheel control is thus provided, while the proverbial wheel problems of speed saturation, bearing life, threshold nonlinearities, gyroscopic coupling and vibration excitation are avoided. Very-low thrust magnitudes are attained by simply opening a small orifice to allow fuel to vaporize into the surrounding vacuum. Fuel storage, pressurization, circulation and mixing requirements are thus minimized. By augmenting conventional on-off valve switching circuitry with electronic networks that generate thrust pulses of small but constant time duration, vehicle angular rate can be controlled to a very-low threshold. This minimizes fuel consumption and valve cycling frequency. The capabilities and limitations of this design approach were substantiated by an analog computer program incorporating breadboard switching circuits, and by vacuum chamber testing of critical components. These technique and component developments are applicable to such space missions as astronomical observation, earth reconnaissance and stellar navigation. Design guides are presented for synthesizing a reaction jet system to meet any particular set of performance specifications.","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127852363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105503
H. Kelley
A guidance concept employing properties of optimal flight paths is developed on the basis of Jacobi's accessory minimum problem for the second variation. The analysis is equivalent to construction of a field of extremals in the neighborhood of a predetermined extremal serving as a "nominal" trajectory. In the absence of inequality constraints on the control variables, a linear terminal control scheme with time-varying gains is realized. The addition of inequality constraints leads to nonlinear control behavior. Certain propulsion system parameters are characterized as state variables as a convenient means for providing adaptive behavior in respect to in-flight changes in propulsion system performance. An application is given to an intercept problem sufficiently simple to allow analytical solution, and some numerical results comparing optimal and approximately optimal guidance in their effects on flight performance are presented. Treatment of a certain type of problem arising in rocket applications is discussed.
{"title":"Guidance theory and extremal fields","authors":"H. Kelley","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105503","url":null,"abstract":"A guidance concept employing properties of optimal flight paths is developed on the basis of Jacobi's accessory minimum problem for the second variation. The analysis is equivalent to construction of a field of extremals in the neighborhood of a predetermined extremal serving as a \"nominal\" trajectory. In the absence of inequality constraints on the control variables, a linear terminal control scheme with time-varying gains is realized. The addition of inequality constraints leads to nonlinear control behavior. Certain propulsion system parameters are characterized as state variables as a convenient means for providing adaptive behavior in respect to in-flight changes in propulsion system performance. An application is given to an intercept problem sufficiently simple to allow analytical solution, and some numerical results comparing optimal and approximately optimal guidance in their effects on flight performance are presented. Treatment of a certain type of problem arising in rocket applications is discussed.","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121885441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105502
P. Chen
An algorithm based on the concept of state and dynamic programming is derived for designing an optimum controller for a linear plant subject to noise. The controller is optimal in the sense that the behavior of the plant satisfies the expected mean quadratic performance index (EMQPI) defined in the paper. The algorithm generates the sequence of control signals which minimize the EMQPI. In addition, it gives the minimum of the EMQPI for the specified sequence of control signals. The control signal is found to consist of two components: 1) a linear combination of the system state variables, and 2) a noise-balance component which minimizes the noise-induced deviation of the actual plant output from the desired output. An example is given to illustrate the iterative procedure and the asymptotic behavior of the algorithm. The design is optimal for a class of system inputs, and is applicable to both sampling and continuous systems. The design procedure is developed to make full use of a digital computer. The basic principles of dynamic programming to the treatment of stochastic control processes are clearly illustrated in an introductory form so that it will be of interest to control engineers who may wish to familiarize themselves with dynamic programming techniques.
{"title":"An algorithm for stochastic control through dynamic programming techniques","authors":"P. Chen","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105502","url":null,"abstract":"An algorithm based on the concept of state and dynamic programming is derived for designing an optimum controller for a linear plant subject to noise. The controller is optimal in the sense that the behavior of the plant satisfies the expected mean quadratic performance index (EMQPI) defined in the paper. The algorithm generates the sequence of control signals which minimize the EMQPI. In addition, it gives the minimum of the EMQPI for the specified sequence of control signals. The control signal is found to consist of two components: 1) a linear combination of the system state variables, and 2) a noise-balance component which minimizes the noise-induced deviation of the actual plant output from the desired output. An example is given to illustrate the iterative procedure and the asymptotic behavior of the algorithm. The design is optimal for a class of system inputs, and is applicable to both sampling and continuous systems. The design procedure is developed to make full use of a digital computer. The basic principles of dynamic programming to the treatment of stochastic control processes are clearly illustrated in an introductory form so that it will be of interest to control engineers who may wish to familiarize themselves with dynamic programming techniques.","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129988314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105491
M. Pai
{"title":"The operational solution of difference-differential equations using the modified z transform","authors":"M. Pai","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105491","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124088919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105489
J. Ward, D. Makow
{"title":"Discussion of \"A positional servo with improved characteristics\"","authors":"J. Ward, D. Makow","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105489","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122743740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105498
J. Ward
{"title":"A survey of control research in U.S. engineering schools","authors":"J. Ward","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105498","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116606011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TAC.1962.1105485
G. B. Franklin, B. Gragg, Z. Rekasius, J. Gibson
{"title":"Discussion of \"Stability analysis of nonlinear control systems by the second method of Liapunov\"","authors":"G. B. Franklin, B. Gragg, Z. Rekasius, J. Gibson","doi":"10.1109/TAC.1962.1105485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1962.1105485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":226447,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Automatic Control","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122838314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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