Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0006
Ryan Mallon
This chapter outlines the dissenting churches’ reaction to the Maynooth controversy, the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England during the so-called ‘papal aggression’, and the anti-popery movement that dominated British public discourse in the late 1840s and 1850s. While the Maynooth controversy and the papal aggression appeared to offer a shared common enemy against which Scotland’s dissenters could unite, the chapter will question how far this dissenting co-operation moved beyond simple anti-popery and allowed for a dissenting and anti-erastian vision of Protestantism to emerge within the churches. It assesses how far a united dissenting effort against popery and Maynooth in particular was able to be maintained despite differences in principle and approach. It also questions whether dissenting unity in the anti-popery movement of the mid-nineteenth century was based simply on a narrow opposition to Roman Catholicism or a more positive assertion of Protestant dissenting identity. The chapter concludes by examining how this period of militant anti-popery impacted the churches’ perceptions of themselves, and how the 1860 tercentenary of the Scottish Reformation emphasised, despite the common ground achieved, their competing claims to Scotland’s Protestant heritage and nationality.
{"title":"Truth, Error and Principle: Anti-Catholicism in Presbyterian Dissent","authors":"Ryan Mallon","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the dissenting churches’ reaction to the Maynooth controversy, the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England during the so-called ‘papal aggression’, and the anti-popery movement that dominated British public discourse in the late 1840s and 1850s. While the Maynooth controversy and the papal aggression appeared to offer a shared common enemy against which Scotland’s dissenters could unite, the chapter will question how far this dissenting co-operation moved beyond simple anti-popery and allowed for a dissenting and anti-erastian vision of Protestantism to emerge within the churches. It assesses how far a united dissenting effort against popery and Maynooth in particular was able to be maintained despite differences in principle and approach. It also questions whether dissenting unity in the anti-popery movement of the mid-nineteenth century was based simply on a narrow opposition to Roman Catholicism or a more positive assertion of Protestant dissenting identity. The chapter concludes by examining how this period of militant anti-popery impacted the churches’ perceptions of themselves, and how the 1860 tercentenary of the Scottish Reformation emphasised, despite the common ground achieved, their competing claims to Scotland’s Protestant heritage and nationality.","PeriodicalId":227963,"journal":{"name":"Dissent After Disruption","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131381983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0005
Ryan Mallon
While the Disruption marked the culmination of over a century of schism within Scottish Presbyterianism, the decade followed saw a series of reunions with Presbyterian dissent. This chapter covers three major events: the 1847 ‘voluntary’ union between the United Secession and Relief churches; the 1852 merger of the establishmentarian Original Secession Church into the Free Church; and the 1857 resolutions to unite the Free and United Presbyterian churches. Though the unions of 1847 and 1852 were on the surface based on competing voluntary and establishment principles respectively, this chapter argues that a dissenting (but not voluntary) and a national (but not strictly establishmentarian) viewpoint emerged from these unions that paved the way for the albeit failed attempt to secure broader dissenting union in 1857, which would in essence create a national dissenting church to truly rival and possibly overtake the Established Church. While historians have generally tended to overlook these church unions, they offer valuable insight into the development of Presbyterian dissent after 1843. This chapter, and the section in general, places greater emphasis on inter-church co-operation within Scottish dissent between 1843 and 1863, and attempts to explain the background to the 1863 negotiations.
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Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0009
Ryan Mallon
The final chapter assesses the role of the Free and United Presbyterian churches in the campaign for national education. From the early 1830s the questions regarding the position of national education in Britain and Ireland formed part of the broader battle between Church and dissent in the mid-nineteenth century. In Scotland, the national education debates offered Scotland’s dissenters an opportunity to attack the perceived privilege of the Established Church and its control over the parish schools. Organisations such as the National Education Association of Scotland that called for a state-run non-denominational system to replace the parish schools were primarily under the influence of Scottish dissent. However, debate over the future direction of education in Scotland divided not only the dissenting churches, but the Free Church itself. This chapter examines the extent to which the national education debates unified Scotland’s dissenters in a common goal against the Established Kirk’s parish schools, or whether they simply highlighted the existing divisions within Scottish dissent. In many respects, the education debates, like the other aspects of ecclesiastical, political, and social co-operation covered in the book, provide an interesting snapshot of Presbyterian dissenting relations in the transitional period between 1843 and 1863.
最后一章评估了自由长老会和联合长老会在国民教育运动中的作用。从19世纪30年代初开始，有关英国和爱尔兰国民教育地位的问题，成为19世纪中期教会与异见者之间更广泛斗争的一部分。在苏格兰，全国教育辩论为苏格兰的反对者提供了一个机会，攻击公认的国教特权及其对教区学校的控制。苏格兰国家教育协会(National Education Association of Scotland)等组织呼吁建立一个国有的非宗派体系来取代教区学校，这主要是受到苏格兰异见人士的影响。然而，关于苏格兰未来教育方向的争论不仅分裂了不同的教会，也分裂了自由教会本身。本章考察了国家教育辩论在多大程度上将苏格兰的持不同政见者团结在一个共同的目标上，以反对既定的教会教区学校，或者他们是否只是强调了苏格兰持不同政见者内部存在的分歧。在许多方面，教育方面的争论，就像书中涉及的教会、政治和社会合作的其他方面一样，提供了1843年至1863年过渡时期长老会不同意见关系的有趣快照。
{"title":"Scottish Education and Dissenting Division","authors":"Ryan Mallon","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The final chapter assesses the role of the Free and United Presbyterian churches in the campaign for national education. From the early 1830s the questions regarding the position of national education in Britain and Ireland formed part of the broader battle between Church and dissent in the mid-nineteenth century. In Scotland, the national education debates offered Scotland’s dissenters an opportunity to attack the perceived privilege of the Established Church and its control over the parish schools. Organisations such as the National Education Association of Scotland that called for a state-run non-denominational system to replace the parish schools were primarily under the influence of Scottish dissent. However, debate over the future direction of education in Scotland divided not only the dissenting churches, but the Free Church itself. This chapter examines the extent to which the national education debates unified Scotland’s dissenters in a common goal against the Established Kirk’s parish schools, or whether they simply highlighted the existing divisions within Scottish dissent. In many respects, the education debates, like the other aspects of ecclesiastical, political, and social co-operation covered in the book, provide an interesting snapshot of Presbyterian dissenting relations in the transitional period between 1843 and 1863.","PeriodicalId":227963,"journal":{"name":"Dissent After Disruption","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123308211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0007
Ryan Mallon
Chapter Six demonstrates how anti-Catholicism and dissenting co-operation played a major role in altering the complexion of Scottish electoral politics for over a decade. It examines the political alliance forged within the Liberal party by the Free and United Presbyterian churches based largely if not solely on a shared opposition to the Maynooth endowment. Throughout Scotland the alliance allowed middle-class radical dissenters to wrest control of the Liberal party from the ruling Whig elite, and dominate Scottish elections after 1846. As was the case during the Voluntary Controversy, religion and politics were intertwined in Scotland and across Britain in the mid-nineteenth century, and Scottish dissent – especially voluntaryism – was often synonymous with the more radical elements of liberalism. The chapter explores the extent to which this alliance, so successful across Scotland at the 1847 and 1852 general elections, allowed for a unified political vision that moved beyond Maynooth and articulated a broader anti-Whig and radical agenda within both the Free and United Presbyterian churches. Did a liberal-radical vision of dissenting Presbyterian politics emerge in the years after 1843, or was the electoral alliance of the 1840s and 1850s simply a marriage of convenience based on the narrow platform of anti-Maynooth opposition?
{"title":"Bigotry or Liberalism? Dissenting Politics and the Liberal Party","authors":"Ryan Mallon","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter Six demonstrates how anti-Catholicism and dissenting co-operation played a major role in altering the complexion of Scottish electoral politics for over a decade. It examines the political alliance forged within the Liberal party by the Free and United Presbyterian churches based largely if not solely on a shared opposition to the Maynooth endowment. Throughout Scotland the alliance allowed middle-class radical dissenters to wrest control of the Liberal party from the ruling Whig elite, and dominate Scottish elections after 1846. As was the case during the Voluntary Controversy, religion and politics were intertwined in Scotland and across Britain in the mid-nineteenth century, and Scottish dissent – especially voluntaryism – was often synonymous with the more radical elements of liberalism. The chapter explores the extent to which this alliance, so successful across Scotland at the 1847 and 1852 general elections, allowed for a unified political vision that moved beyond Maynooth and articulated a broader anti-Whig and radical agenda within both the Free and United Presbyterian churches. Did a liberal-radical vision of dissenting Presbyterian politics emerge in the years after 1843, or was the electoral alliance of the 1840s and 1850s simply a marriage of convenience based on the narrow platform of anti-Maynooth opposition?","PeriodicalId":227963,"journal":{"name":"Dissent After Disruption","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114475721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0008
Ryan Mallon
Chapter Seven examines the social activism of the dissenting churches both within Scotland’s cities and in reform societies, in particular focusing on how Thomas Chalmers’ ideal of the godly commonwealth was reinterpreted in its new voluntary context, following the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1845. That Act removed an important pillar of the Church of Scotland’s control over Scottish society and placed Scotland’s dissenters on an equal footing with the Establishment, providing an opportunity for co-operation – and competition – on social issues, in particular urban evangelisation. However, the results were decidedly mixed. Did the increasingly urban middle-class character of the Free Church, traditionally associated with Scotland’s older dissenting churches and at odds with the new church’s claim to represent all Scots, hamper Chalmers’ aim to instil the godly commonwealth ideal throughout Scotland and create a national church that appealed to all classes? By assessing the attempts to recreate Chalmers’ dream of a church-led urban mission and the co-operative efforts made by dissenters on social issues such as housing, this chapter examines the attempts of the dissenting churches to reclaim Scotland’s ‘sunken’ masses, and questions whether a dissenting social vision was possible in the post-godly commonwealth period of the mid-nineteenth century.
第七章考察了苏格兰城市和改革社会中不同教会的社会活动，特别关注托马斯·查尔默斯(Thomas Chalmers)的敬虔联邦理想是如何在1845年《济贫法修正案》(Poor Law Amendment Act)之后，在其新的自愿背景下被重新诠释的。该法案取消了苏格兰教会控制苏格兰社会的一个重要支柱，并将苏格兰的异见者置于与建制派平等的地位，为社会问题，特别是城市福音传播，提供了合作和竞争的机会。然而，结果却是喜忧参半。自由教会日益增长的城市中产阶级特征，传统上与苏格兰旧的异见教会联系在一起，与新教会声称代表所有苏格兰人的主张不一致，是否妨碍了查尔默斯在苏格兰灌输虔诚的联邦理想，并建立一个吸引所有阶级的国家教会的目标?通过评估重建查尔默斯(Chalmers)的教会领导的城市使命梦想的尝试，以及持不同政见者在住房等社会问题上的合作努力，本章考察了持不同政见者试图收回苏格兰“沉没”群众的尝试，并质疑在19世纪中期的后神英联邦时期，持不同政见者的社会愿景是否可能。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0010
Ryan Mallon
The conclusion discusses the union negotiations between the Free Church and the United Presbyterian Church between 1863 and 1873. While these talks ultimately failed due to establishmentarian resistance within a section of the Free Church, the increased co-operation between the two churches in the areas discussed in this book proved that in the twenty years after the Disruption the two major non-established Presbyterian churches, while by no means in total ideological agreement, were able to stand side by side on the common platform of dissent. The ‘national’ and ‘dissenting’ characteristics fostered by the Free and United Presbyterian churches after 1843 paved the way not only for the disestablishment campaign of the 1870s but also for the eventual reunion of the vast majority of Scottish Presbyterians within a reformulated Church of Scotland in 1929.
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Ryan Mallon","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The conclusion discusses the union negotiations between the Free Church and the United Presbyterian Church between 1863 and 1873. While these talks ultimately failed due to establishmentarian resistance within a section of the Free Church, the increased co-operation between the two churches in the areas discussed in this book proved that in the twenty years after the Disruption the two major non-established Presbyterian churches, while by no means in total ideological agreement, were able to stand side by side on the common platform of dissent. The ‘national’ and ‘dissenting’ characteristics fostered by the Free and United Presbyterian churches after 1843 paved the way not only for the disestablishment campaign of the 1870s but also for the eventual reunion of the vast majority of Scottish Presbyterians within a reformulated Church of Scotland in 1929.","PeriodicalId":227963,"journal":{"name":"Dissent After Disruption","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132362101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0004
Ryan Mallon
Despite the Free Church’s scathing criticism of the perceived failures of voluntaryism, the immediate aftermath of the Disruption witnessed a thawing of relations between Scotland’s dissenting Presbyterians after the acrimony of the Voluntary Controversy. This chapter will assess the policy of ‘co-operation of incorporation’ that developed as Scotland’s dissenting churches grew closer after 1843. Inspired by the 1843 Bicentenary of the Westminster Assembly, and recognising the shared principles and ecclesiology of Scotland’s various non-established Presbyterian denominations, ‘co-operation without incorporation’ suggested a loose and ambiguous dissenting coalition, deemed necessary to tackle Scotland’s social and moral ills, while also challenging the hegemony of the National Church, the shared enemy for Scottish dissenters. This chapter assesses the often fraught means through which this policy was enacted, including pulpit sharing, meetings, and co-operation in the formation of the major pan-Protestant organisation of the period, the Evangelical Alliance. Though it provoked a mixed reaction from members of both churches, the desire to enact real and lasting union between evangelicals through the early days of the Evangelical Alliance would influence ‘the age of unions’ that followed within Scottish dissent.
{"title":"‘Co-operation without Incorporation’: Dissenting Relations after the Disruption","authors":"Ryan Mallon","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the Free Church’s scathing criticism of the perceived failures of voluntaryism, the immediate aftermath of the Disruption witnessed a thawing of relations between Scotland’s dissenting Presbyterians after the acrimony of the Voluntary Controversy. This chapter will assess the policy of ‘co-operation of incorporation’ that developed as Scotland’s dissenting churches grew closer after 1843. Inspired by the 1843 Bicentenary of the Westminster Assembly, and recognising the shared principles and ecclesiology of Scotland’s various non-established Presbyterian denominations, ‘co-operation without incorporation’ suggested a loose and ambiguous dissenting coalition, deemed necessary to tackle Scotland’s social and moral ills, while also challenging the hegemony of the National Church, the shared enemy for Scottish dissenters. This chapter assesses the often fraught means through which this policy was enacted, including pulpit sharing, meetings, and co-operation in the formation of the major pan-Protestant organisation of the period, the Evangelical Alliance. Though it provoked a mixed reaction from members of both churches, the desire to enact real and lasting union between evangelicals through the early days of the Evangelical Alliance would influence ‘the age of unions’ that followed within Scottish dissent.","PeriodicalId":227963,"journal":{"name":"Dissent After Disruption","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126378716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0002
Ryan Mallon
This chapter questions what ‘dissent’ historically meant in Scotland prior to the Disruption. Following a brief overview of post-Reformation Scottish religious history, the chapter details the origins of the eighteenth-century secessions from the Church of Scotland and the varying reasons for these schisms, before assessing the growth of ‘New Light’ voluntary thought within the main seceding churches and their increasing influence in Scottish society from the turn of the nineteenth century. Finally, the chapter discusses the role of these new groups of urban middle-class dissenters in the major ecclesiastical and political controversies of the first half of the nineteenth century: the Voluntary Controversy of the 1830s and the ‘Ten Years’ Conflict’, which directly resulted in the Disruption and the formation of the Free Church.
{"title":"New Lights: The Growth of Dissent and Voluntaryism in Scotland, 1712–1843","authors":"Ryan Mallon","doi":"10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474482790.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter questions what ‘dissent’ historically meant in Scotland prior to the Disruption. Following a brief overview of post-Reformation Scottish religious history, the chapter details the origins of the eighteenth-century secessions from the Church of Scotland and the varying reasons for these schisms, before assessing the growth of ‘New Light’ voluntary thought within the main seceding churches and their increasing influence in Scottish society from the turn of the nineteenth century. Finally, the chapter discusses the role of these new groups of urban middle-class dissenters in the major ecclesiastical and political controversies of the first half of the nineteenth century: the Voluntary Controversy of the 1830s and the ‘Ten Years’ Conflict’, which directly resulted in the Disruption and the formation of the Free Church.","PeriodicalId":227963,"journal":{"name":"Dissent After Disruption","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123118404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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