Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41622
Sumana Shrestha
This paper examines the place of geography in the school- level curriculum in Nepal. The rearm curriculum defines as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process. Specifically, it is referred to a planned sequence of instruction, or a view of the student'; experiences in terms of the educator; or school's; instructional goals. After the establishment of Durbar High School in Nepal in 1910 and the School Leaving Certificate Board in 1990, the subject of Geography was formally introduced. This subject had recognized as a compulsory subject at the school level curriculum before the NESP. After the NESP (1971), the issue had allocated 50 marks, becoming has becomes an optional subject since 1982. Geographic concepts have been taught after the introduction of the social studies curriculum at the secondary level since 1992.At present, geography is teaching in Nepal as an elective subject from secondary level to higher education. However, this subject seems less of a priority for students than mathematics, computer, and account. For this purpose, data collected from the review of the report published from the Education Commissions, Curriculum Development Center, the records of the National Examination Board, e-resources, and other concerned bodies. This paper concludes that geography subject at the school level is in a crisis. However, with the inclusion of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial planning in the curriculum from the school level, the future of this subject looks bright.
{"title":"Place of Geography in School Level Curriculum","authors":"Sumana Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41622","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the place of geography in the school- level curriculum in Nepal. The rearm curriculum defines as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process. Specifically, it is referred to a planned sequence of instruction, or a view of the student'; experiences in terms of the educator; or school's; instructional goals. After the establishment of Durbar High School in Nepal in 1910 and the School Leaving Certificate Board in 1990, the subject of Geography was formally introduced. This subject had recognized as a compulsory subject at the school level curriculum before the NESP. After the NESP (1971), the issue had allocated 50 marks, becoming has becomes an optional subject since 1982. Geographic concepts have been taught after the introduction of the social studies curriculum at the secondary level since 1992.At present, geography is teaching in Nepal as an elective subject from secondary level to higher education. However, this subject seems less of a priority for students than mathematics, computer, and account. For this purpose, data collected from the review of the report published from the Education Commissions, Curriculum Development Center, the records of the National Examination Board, e-resources, and other concerned bodies. This paper concludes that geography subject at the school level is in a crisis. However, with the inclusion of geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial planning in the curriculum from the school level, the future of this subject looks bright.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128487768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41617
Manoj Marasini, Chhabi Lal Chidi
Squatter settlement is uncontrolled and unplanned settlement consisting of dwelling built on land that is not owned. Squatters are the most vulnerable groups being very poor. This paper assessed the extent of socio-economic characteristics, causes of being squatters, vulnerability and their adaptation strategies of Sundarbazar area in Butwal. The descriptive analytical methodology was employed to generate data from both primary and secondary data sources. Out of 339 households, 113 households were selected through a systematic random sampling procedure. Field observation, focus group discussion and personal interviews were also applied to collect primary data. The squatter settlement in the study area has inadequate accommodation, poor access of safe water, sanitation, unmanaged waste disposal system and polluted environment. Poor economic condition, unemployment, and natural disaster along with availability of free land are the major cause of being squatters in this region. Furthermore, risk of health hazard, unemployment, and income uncertainty are the vulnerability of squatter people in the study area. It is concluded that poverty reduction in both rural and urban area can solve this problem but providing income generation opportunities, basic service facilities are major concern at present. In the developing countries like Nepal, squatter settlement is less known in literature and curriculum of formal education. Thus, it requires to aware new generation through school education system and the higher level for better urban planning and management in the future.
{"title":"Vulnerability Assessment of Squatter Settlement in Butwal Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal","authors":"Manoj Marasini, Chhabi Lal Chidi","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41617","url":null,"abstract":"Squatter settlement is uncontrolled and unplanned settlement consisting of dwelling built on land that is not owned. Squatters are the most vulnerable groups being very poor. This paper assessed the extent of socio-economic characteristics, causes of being squatters, vulnerability and their adaptation strategies of Sundarbazar area in Butwal. The descriptive analytical methodology was employed to generate data from both primary and secondary data sources. Out of 339 households, 113 households were selected through a systematic random sampling procedure. Field observation, focus group discussion and personal interviews were also applied to collect primary data. The squatter settlement in the study area has inadequate accommodation, poor access of safe water, sanitation, unmanaged waste disposal system and polluted environment. Poor economic condition, unemployment, and natural disaster along with availability of free land are the major cause of being squatters in this region. Furthermore, risk of health hazard, unemployment, and income uncertainty are the vulnerability of squatter people in the study area. It is concluded that poverty reduction in both rural and urban area can solve this problem but providing income generation opportunities, basic service facilities are major concern at present. In the developing countries like Nepal, squatter settlement is less known in literature and curriculum of formal education. Thus, it requires to aware new generation through school education system and the higher level for better urban planning and management in the future.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129926965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41620
K. Sapkota, N. Paudyal
Geography has had limited interchange with the implications of major philosophical assumptions and paradigms in geographical education and research methodology. This paper claims a closer engagement with the philosophical arguments on ontology, epistemology, and axiology as well as the research and teaching strategies or paradigms. It is adopted and has much to offer to geography, not least in providing a showground within which very different types of geographical inquiry i.e., qualitative and quantitative, may find some common ground for helpful discussion and debate in geographic research. Nevertheless, this will only be fully accomplished if geography enters on: (1) studies that develop and arrange clear positivist ideas and concepts within the particular geographic research; (2) studies that attempt to relate geographic research to the broader realm of the constructionism/ interpretivism tradition; and (3) examination of the link of the geographic research with the pragmatism. The contemporary revival of geographic paradigm is described, together with its impacts on research and teaching methodology in geography. The prevailing literature on geographical rendezvous with positivism is then examined, and it is claimed that there is a single reality, which can be measured and known. Therefore, they are more likely to use quantitative methods to measure the fact. Likewise, constructivist believe that there is no single reality or truth. Thus, existence need to be interoperated, and consequently they are more likely to use qualitative methods to get those multiple realities. Pragmatism has much broader relevance within both physical and human geography, not linked to particular research styles. It believes that truth or reality is constantly negotiated, debated, interpreted and therefore, the best method to use is to solve the problem or explores the truth or fact.
{"title":"Implications of Key Philosophical Assumptions and Paradigms in Geography Teaching and Research","authors":"K. Sapkota, N. Paudyal","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v21i01.41620","url":null,"abstract":"Geography has had limited interchange with the implications of major philosophical assumptions and paradigms in geographical education and research methodology. This paper claims a closer engagement with the philosophical arguments on ontology, epistemology, and axiology as well as the research and teaching strategies or paradigms. It is adopted and has much to offer to geography, not least in providing a showground within which very different types of geographical inquiry i.e., qualitative and quantitative, may find some common ground for helpful discussion and debate in geographic research. Nevertheless, this will only be fully accomplished if geography enters on: (1) studies that develop and arrange clear positivist ideas and concepts within the particular geographic research; (2) studies that attempt to relate geographic research to the broader realm of the constructionism/ interpretivism tradition; and (3) examination of the link of the geographic research with the pragmatism. The contemporary revival of geographic paradigm is described, together with its impacts on research and teaching methodology in geography. The prevailing literature on geographical rendezvous with positivism is then examined, and it is claimed that there is a single reality, which can be measured and known. Therefore, they are more likely to use quantitative methods to measure the fact. Likewise, constructivist believe that there is no single reality or truth. Thus, existence need to be interoperated, and consequently they are more likely to use qualitative methods to get those multiple realities. Pragmatism has much broader relevance within both physical and human geography, not linked to particular research styles. It believes that truth or reality is constantly negotiated, debated, interpreted and therefore, the best method to use is to solve the problem or explores the truth or fact.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124613451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern urbanization process characterizes different land use pattern than that of classical urban land use theories. However, the general scenario of land use pattern still related to classical theories. Thus, this paper aims to assess the application of classical land use model and land economic theory in Butwal urban area of western Nepal based on field study information collected from 50 randomly selected plots of the Butwal urban area. Thematic maps of various urban land features were prepared, and regression analyses have been used. Geographic Information System (GIS), excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used for data analysis. The findings of this study indicate that classical model has important role to study medium size urban land use. Simultaneously, land economic theory is also equally applicable with considering the physical and social factors of land use for urban area.
{"title":"Bid-Rent Theory and Urban Land Use of Butwal Urban Area, Western Nepal","authors":"Chhabi Lal Chidi","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27990","url":null,"abstract":"Modern urbanization process characterizes different land use pattern than that of classical urban land use theories. However, the general scenario of land use pattern still related to classical theories. Thus, this paper aims to assess the application of classical land use model and land economic theory in Butwal urban area of western Nepal based on field study information collected from 50 randomly selected plots of the Butwal urban area. Thematic maps of various urban land features were prepared, and regression analyses have been used. Geographic Information System (GIS), excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used for data analysis. The findings of this study indicate that classical model has important role to study medium size urban land use. Simultaneously, land economic theory is also equally applicable with considering the physical and social factors of land use for urban area.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124922178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper highlights on fertility behavior of Bote women by calculating the mean children ever born (CEB) focusing the case of Chitawan district. Fertility behavior helps to know about the factors that influence on child birth and indirectly to control population growth. Relevant data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. For this, a total of 48 newly married women of Bote community between the age of 15 and 49 years were purposefully selected and interviewed. The study showed that the average number of children ever born in the study area is found 2.64. In recent years, mean CEB has been increasing in this community with the increase in age of marriage and education. The CEB also varies by types of occupation. Women involved in diversified occupations have lower fertility rate as compared to women involved in non-diversified traditional occupations. Nowadays, with the increase in level of education, number of women using contraceptive has been increasing. However, still a large section of fertile aged women do not use such birth controlling measures. Awareness programs/campaigns for increasing education and use of contraceptives and income generating activities further help to improve the situation.
{"title":"Fertility Behaviour among the Bote Women of Chitwan District, Nepal","authors":"K. Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27993","url":null,"abstract":" This paper highlights on fertility behavior of Bote women by calculating the mean children ever born (CEB) focusing the case of Chitawan district. Fertility behavior helps to know about the factors that influence on child birth and indirectly to control population growth. Relevant data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. For this, a total of 48 newly married women of Bote community between the age of 15 and 49 years were purposefully selected and interviewed. The study showed that the average number of children ever born in the study area is found 2.64. In recent years, mean CEB has been increasing in this community with the increase in age of marriage and education. The CEB also varies by types of occupation. Women involved in diversified occupations have lower fertility rate as compared to women involved in non-diversified traditional occupations. Nowadays, with the increase in level of education, number of women using contraceptive has been increasing. However, still a large section of fertile aged women do not use such birth controlling measures. Awareness programs/campaigns for increasing education and use of contraceptives and income generating activities further help to improve the situation.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115016684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the present status and utilization trends of the mineral resources in Nepal. It is mainly due to mineral resources are playing vital role in the development of economy, industry and gross domestic products (GDP). However, the mineral resources are unevenly distributed across the geographical regions. In addition, some minerals are deposited in a particular place on a small scale. As a result, Nepal has not been able to mobilize mineral resources due to lack of detailed study. It requires rigorous study to identify the amount and quantity of mineral deposits in a particular area that can be dug out for commercial purpose. The data were mainly generated from a review of various materials and concludes that the government should give high priority to explore, excavate the mineral resources. It requires clear policy efforts and provisions regarding roles and responsibilities towards the proper mobilization of mineral resources through both private and public sectors. The commercial extraction of mineral resources helps to import substitution, industrial development, jobs creation and revenue collection.
{"title":"Present Status and Utilization of the Mineral Resources in Nepal","authors":"D. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the present status and utilization trends of the mineral resources in Nepal. It is mainly due to mineral resources are playing vital role in the development of economy, industry and gross domestic products (GDP). However, the mineral resources are unevenly distributed across the geographical regions. In addition, some minerals are deposited in a particular place on a small scale. As a result, Nepal has not been able to mobilize mineral resources due to lack of detailed study. It requires rigorous study to identify the amount and quantity of mineral deposits in a particular area that can be dug out for commercial purpose. The data were mainly generated from a review of various materials and concludes that the government should give high priority to explore, excavate the mineral resources. It requires clear policy efforts and provisions regarding roles and responsibilities towards the proper mobilization of mineral resources through both private and public sectors. The commercial extraction of mineral resources helps to import substitution, industrial development, jobs creation and revenue collection.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132158918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geography is the science of place and space. It focuses on mechanism of people, place and environment in general and people and their activities in particular. This paper attempts to analyze challenges of geography education in Nepal. For this, data were collected from both the primary and secondary sources through interviews, group discussion and field observation covering five schools and campuses offering geography. Knowledge of geography is necessary for each and every citizen for the national development. It requires effective geography education at various levels that introduces national territory, topography, soil, water, climate, vegetation, people, settlement, planning and resources. However, the geography education has been taught as an optional subject and it is competing with the other subjects like computer science, optional math, and economics in secondary and higher secondary levels in Nepal. As a result, there is no room for choosing geography as an optional subject to majority of students. They forced to select their least favored subject which was decided by school. Nowadays, the number of schools and students have been decreasing in geography subject at both school and university level.
{"title":"Challenges of Geography in Nepal","authors":"Tara Prasad Awasthi","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27989","url":null,"abstract":"Geography is the science of place and space. It focuses on mechanism of people, place and environment in general and people and their activities in particular. This paper attempts to analyze challenges of geography education in Nepal. For this, data were collected from both the primary and secondary sources through interviews, group discussion and field observation covering five schools and campuses offering geography. Knowledge of geography is necessary for each and every citizen for the national development. It requires effective geography education at various levels that introduces national territory, topography, soil, water, climate, vegetation, people, settlement, planning and resources. However, the geography education has been taught as an optional subject and it is competing with the other subjects like computer science, optional math, and economics in secondary and higher secondary levels in Nepal. As a result, there is no room for choosing geography as an optional subject to majority of students. They forced to select their least favored subject which was decided by school. Nowadays, the number of schools and students have been decreasing in geography subject at both school and university level.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122671437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines land use and land cover changes in the eastern hills in general and Tankhuwakhola watershed in particular. More specifically, it attempts to analyze the spatial pattern of land use and land cover changes in the Tankhuwakhola watershed. Land is an integral part of the local community addressing conservation of water, biodiversity resources, and agricultural activities for improving local livelihoods through diversified activities. Land use can be considered as to reflect the degree of human activities directly related to land and making use of its resources and land cover is defined as the observed bio-physical cover of the watershed. The local communities are involved in land used in various ways, ranging from agriculture, forestry, settlements, and water bodies and so on. It shows that land use and land cover change comprises multidisciplinary in nature. This paper concludes that changes in land cover may reveal a response to a shift in local climatic conditions, increasing assess to road transportation, market integration and adoption of new agricultural crops. For this purpose, the data are collected from different sources, including satellite image and topo-sheet maps.
{"title":"Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Tankhuwakhola Watershed, Eastern Hills Nepal","authors":"S. Khatiwada","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines land use and land cover changes in the eastern hills in general and Tankhuwakhola watershed in particular. More specifically, it attempts to analyze the spatial pattern of land use and land cover changes in the Tankhuwakhola watershed. Land is an integral part of the local community addressing conservation of water, biodiversity resources, and agricultural activities for improving local livelihoods through diversified activities. Land use can be considered as to reflect the degree of human activities directly related to land and making use of its resources and land cover is defined as the observed bio-physical cover of the watershed. The local communities are involved in land used in various ways, ranging from agriculture, forestry, settlements, and water bodies and so on. It shows that land use and land cover change comprises multidisciplinary in nature. This paper concludes that changes in land cover may reveal a response to a shift in local climatic conditions, increasing assess to road transportation, market integration and adoption of new agricultural crops. For this purpose, the data are collected from different sources, including satellite image and topo-sheet maps.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114576512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the landslide hazard mapping in Leoutikhola watershed of Dhankuta district, eastern hills of Nepal. The hills are regarded as one of the most vulnerable areas in the world. The area is prone to different types of natural hazards such as landslide, debris flow, gully erosion, mass wasting, and flooding. Various studies pointed out biophysical and socioeconomic factors are more responsible to landslide hazards in the hill-slope environment. This paper argues that the rainfall intensity, unscientific methods of cultivation and lack of environment friendly developmental activities in steep slope are some of the major driving factors to landslide in the Leoutikhola watershed area. Leoutikhola watershed area has been suffering from different types of natural hazards such as landslide, debris flow, gully erosion, mass wasting and flooding. Field verification and satellite imageries are the major sources for the information to analyze. Due to its fragile and very weak geological condition, geomorphic hazard is considered more common than other types of hazards which lose massive lives and property in the study area. The field observation and local people perception indicate a large amount of budget required to mitigate natural hazards in this area especially for landslide. In this context, this paper attempts to portray the landslide hazard zonation and susceptibility mapping correlated with various factors. For this purpose, bivariate statistical index and Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools are used to calculate weighted values. The overall parameters indicate that in the series (-4.2 to 4.58) of five different hazard zones like very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The paper concludes that hazard determination calculated values indicate to 4.2 to -2.09, -2.09 to -1.0, -1.0 to-0.05, -0.05 to 1.24 and 1.24 to 4.58 respectively in the range of quartile series.
{"title":"Landslide Hazard Mapping: GIS Based Susceptibility Assessment of Leoutikhola Watershed, Dhankuta, Nepal","authors":"Tika Ram Linkha, D. Rai, Furbe Lama","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.28008","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the landslide hazard mapping in Leoutikhola watershed of Dhankuta district, eastern hills of Nepal. The hills are regarded as one of the most vulnerable areas in the world. The area is prone to different types of natural hazards such as landslide, debris flow, gully erosion, mass wasting, and flooding. Various studies pointed out biophysical and socioeconomic factors are more responsible to landslide hazards in the hill-slope environment. This paper argues that the rainfall intensity, unscientific methods of cultivation and lack of environment friendly developmental activities in steep slope are some of the major driving factors to landslide in the Leoutikhola watershed area. Leoutikhola watershed area has been suffering from different types of natural hazards such as landslide, debris flow, gully erosion, mass wasting and flooding. Field verification and satellite imageries are the major sources for the information to analyze. Due to its fragile and very weak geological condition, geomorphic hazard is considered more common than other types of hazards which lose massive lives and property in the study area. The field observation and local people perception indicate a large amount of budget required to mitigate natural hazards in this area especially for landslide. In this context, this paper attempts to portray the landslide hazard zonation and susceptibility mapping correlated with various factors. For this purpose, bivariate statistical index and Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools are used to calculate weighted values. The overall parameters indicate that in the series (-4.2 to 4.58) of five different hazard zones like very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The paper concludes that hazard determination calculated values indicate to 4.2 to -2.09, -2.09 to -1.0, -1.0 to-0.05, -0.05 to 1.24 and 1.24 to 4.58 respectively in the range of quartile series.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121671745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Changes in agricultural land use have a profound impact on the personal, family and social lives of people living in rural as well as semi-urban communities. The main objective of this paper is to explore socio-economic consequences of agricultural land use change during 2005/06 to 2015/16 in Nawalparasi District. This paper is based on collected primary data through household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) and field observation methods. Secondary sources of data through published and unpublished government documents, topographic and cadastral maps, and satellite images have been used in this study. Loss of cropping land and decreasing productivity, land fragmentation and increasing cost of inputs, changes in food security, increasing the land value, housing and rental cost, change in occupation, sources of income and expenditure and implementation of intensification and diversification strategies are the major consequences found in the study sites.
{"title":"Socio-Economic Consequences of Agricultural Land Use Change in Tarai of Nawalparasi District","authors":"Bhola Nath Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v18i0.27991","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in agricultural land use have a profound impact on the personal, family and social lives of people living in rural as well as semi-urban communities. The main objective of this paper is to explore socio-economic consequences of agricultural land use change during 2005/06 to 2015/16 in Nawalparasi District. This paper is based on collected primary data through household questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) and field observation methods. Secondary sources of data through published and unpublished government documents, topographic and cadastral maps, and satellite images have been used in this study. Loss of cropping land and decreasing productivity, land fragmentation and increasing cost of inputs, changes in food security, increasing the land value, housing and rental cost, change in occupation, sources of income and expenditure and implementation of intensification and diversification strategies are the major consequences found in the study sites.","PeriodicalId":228585,"journal":{"name":"The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128375565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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