Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-006
A. Kiss, Ferenc Piti, Ferenc Sebők, Éva Teiszler
This paper provides an initial overview of the failed harvests, food shortages, and famines reported in fourteenth-century sources from the Kingdom of Hungary and also with some reference to the countries of the Hungarian crown. It examines what might have caused these crises and looks for signs of socioeconomic consequences. Following a discussion of the primary sources – including an overview of the terms which contem-porary authors used and of the methodology of interpreting direct and indirect indica-tors – the paper proceeds with a survey of the potential causes of food shortages. These include both those fourteenth-century meteorological and climate-related events (e.g., weather extremes, floods, fires) and biological hazards (e.g., locusts invasions, plague/pestilence) which have been established for this period, as well as some significant social factors (e.g., feudal anarchy and wars). Finally, it discusses those years for which there are indications of bad harvests, food shortages, dearth, and famine as separate cases studies on the 1310s to the early 1320s, the late 1340s to the early 1350s, early to mid-1360s, (1373–)1374, 1381, and the early to mid-1390s. Those periods which experienced food shortages (e.g. the 1310s and 1374) show thought-provoking parallels with some of the food crises that occurred in central and western Europe during this same time.
{"title":"Food Crisis in Fourteenth-Century Hungary: Indicators, Causes and Case Studies","authors":"A. Kiss, Ferenc Piti, Ferenc Sebők, Éva Teiszler","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an initial overview of the failed harvests, food shortages, and famines reported in fourteenth-century sources from the Kingdom of Hungary and also with some reference to the countries of the Hungarian crown. It examines what might have caused these crises and looks for signs of socioeconomic consequences. Following a discussion of the primary sources – including an overview of the terms which contem-porary authors used and of the methodology of interpreting direct and indirect indica-tors – the paper proceeds with a survey of the potential causes of food shortages. These include both those fourteenth-century meteorological and climate-related events (e.g., weather extremes, floods, fires) and biological hazards (e.g., locusts invasions, plague/pestilence) which have been established for this period, as well as some significant social factors (e.g., feudal anarchy and wars). Finally, it discusses those years for which there are indications of bad harvests, food shortages, dearth, and famine as separate cases studies on the 1310s to the early 1320s, the late 1340s to the early 1350s, early to mid-1360s, (1373–)1374, 1381, and the early to mid-1390s. Those periods which experienced food shortages (e.g. the 1310s and 1374) show thought-provoking parallels with some of the food crises that occurred in central and western Europe during this same time.","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131103990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-014
R. Hoffmann
As to be expected in collective volumes organized around a theme like this one, the concluding commentary aims to compare and contextualize the chap-ters. Scales, locations, sources, and methods of the studies vary but two main con-clusions can be drawn: natural events are found to have had significant impacts on fourteenth-century societies; and the likelihood of some linkages among both wide-spread and local natural and cultural phenomena deserves continued purposeful investigation. Analytical concepts of ‘teleconnections’ and ‘crisis’ are explored and critiqued as tools for understanding this historic period. Some directions for further research are indicated.
{"title":"Thoughts on a Connected Fourteenth Century","authors":"R. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-014","url":null,"abstract":"As to be expected in collective volumes organized around a theme like this one, the concluding commentary aims to compare and contextualize the chap-ters. Scales, locations, sources, and methods of the studies vary but two main con-clusions can be drawn: natural events are found to have had significant impacts on fourteenth-century societies; and the likelihood of some linkages among both wide-spread and local natural and cultural phenomena deserves continued purposeful investigation. Analytical concepts of ‘teleconnections’ and ‘crisis’ are explored and critiqued as tools for understanding this historic period. Some directions for further research are indicated.","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132662903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-011
Rainer Schreg
The formation of villages and the introduction of systematic three-field crop rotation transformed the landscape of western central Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These processes have often been seen as an important progress of the medieval agriculture. This paper examines these developments from the per-spective of human ecology. There is some evidence to suggest a connection between village formation and the transformation of the cultural landscape in the High Middle Ages on the one hand and the Black Death in the late Middle Ages on the other. Recent archeological data suggests that these changes to the cultural landscape were in fact major factors in or preconditions for the fourteenth-century crisis.
{"title":"Plague and Desertion – A Consequence of Anthropogenic Landscape Change? Archaeological Studies in Southern Germany","authors":"Rainer Schreg","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-011","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of villages and the introduction of systematic three-field crop rotation transformed the landscape of western central Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These processes have often been seen as an important progress of the medieval agriculture. This paper examines these developments from the per-spective of human ecology. There is some evidence to suggest a connection between village formation and the transformation of the cultural landscape in the High Middle Ages on the one hand and the Black Death in the late Middle Ages on the other. Recent archeological data suggests that these changes to the cultural landscape were in fact major factors in or preconditions for the fourteenth-century crisis.","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"310 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116944886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131405339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-007
Thomas Labbé
This paper assesses the severity of the crisis of 1315–1322 in the Bresse region of France. The economic documentation for this region is exceptionally good during the period in which it was under the control of the Duchy of Savoy. The accounts of many castellanies are continuously preserved from the end of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century, which makes it possible to analyze the potential impact of the Dantean anomaly on the rural economy of this region in full detail.To date, scholars have never studied the impact of the depression of 1315–1322 in this region. This paper presents a classical analysis of four series of manorial rolls (Jasseron, Treffort, Pont d’Ain, and Pont-de-Vaux) for the period of 1300–1330. Par-ticular attention is given to variations in crop yields and vineyard production, as well as to price fluctuations and the indirect demographic evidence that the rolls provide.
{"title":"The Crisis of 1315–1322 in Bresse as Depicted in Manorial Rolls","authors":"Thomas Labbé","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the severity of the crisis of 1315–1322 in the Bresse region of France. The economic documentation for this region is exceptionally good during the period in which it was under the control of the Duchy of Savoy. The accounts of many castellanies are continuously preserved from the end of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century, which makes it possible to analyze the potential impact of the Dantean anomaly on the rural economy of this region in full detail.To date, scholars have never studied the impact of the depression of 1315–1322 in this region. This paper presents a classical analysis of four series of manorial rolls (Jasseron, Treffort, Pont d’Ain, and Pont-de-Vaux) for the period of 1300–1330. Par-ticular attention is given to variations in crop yields and vineyard production, as well as to price fluctuations and the indirect demographic evidence that the rolls provide.","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129085053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-003
C. Camenisch
The fourteenth century is known to have witnessed several significant envi-ronmental and climatological events. This paper analyses Swiss narrative sources to appraise their potential for further study of medieval historical climatology. It exam-ines a number of sources – dating to the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centu-ries – and their references to these fourteenth-century events.These sources mention major historical events including the Great Famine of 1315 to 1322, the Black Death, floods, and an extremely cold winter. Although they describe some extreme weather events at length, not all of the texts examined mention all the major events, and there are errors in the dating, as well. Such sources do not regularly refer to the weather in general. A reconstruction of the climate in the area of modern Switzerland relying solely on these historical documents is therefore impossible, but they do provide valuable information on various aspects of fourteenth-century envi-ronmental and climate history, especially when correlated with other types of climate reconstructions.
{"title":"The Potential of Late Medieval and Early Modern Narrative Sources from the Area of Modern Switzerland for the Climate History of the Fourteenth Century","authors":"C. Camenisch","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-003","url":null,"abstract":"The fourteenth century is known to have witnessed several significant envi-ronmental and climatological events. This paper analyses Swiss narrative sources to appraise their potential for further study of medieval historical climatology. It exam-ines a number of sources – dating to the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centu-ries – and their references to these fourteenth-century events.These sources mention major historical events including the Great Famine of 1315 to 1322, the Black Death, floods, and an extremely cold winter. Although they describe some extreme weather events at length, not all of the texts examined mention all the major events, and there are errors in the dating, as well. Such sources do not regularly refer to the weather in general. A reconstruction of the climate in the area of modern Switzerland relying solely on these historical documents is therefore impossible, but they do provide valuable information on various aspects of fourteenth-century envi-ronmental and climate history, especially when correlated with other types of climate reconstructions.","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132093794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1515/9783110660784-005
Heli Huhtamaa
: This article demonstrates how tree-ring material can be applied to historical research using the climate-driven crises of the fourteenth century as a case study. Medieval northeastern Europe is a promising case study for such a purpose, because climate-sensitive tree-ring data are readily available for this period and region. Whereas large areas of western Europe were affected by continuous heavy rains and bitter winters during the 1310s, this dendrochronological evidence suggests that northeastern Europe was not. Favorable climatic conditions prevailed in northeastern Europe in the late 1310s, and, more generally speaking, during the first half of the fourteenth century, as well. The juxtaposition of this new information from tree-ring analyses with the established understanding of the development of the region challenges the view that the crises of the fourteenth century reached the northeasternmost corner of Europe. The case study demonstrates how teleconnections of climate and society, like the crises of the early fourteenth century, can materialize on a societal level very different ways in different locations.
{"title":"Climate and the Crises of the Early Fourteenth Century in Northeastern Europe","authors":"Heli Huhtamaa","doi":"10.1515/9783110660784-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110660784-005","url":null,"abstract":": This article demonstrates how tree-ring material can be applied to historical research using the climate-driven crises of the fourteenth century as a case study. Medieval northeastern Europe is a promising case study for such a purpose, because climate-sensitive tree-ring data are readily available for this period and region. Whereas large areas of western Europe were affected by continuous heavy rains and bitter winters during the 1310s, this dendrochronological evidence suggests that northeastern Europe was not. Favorable climatic conditions prevailed in northeastern Europe in the late 1310s, and, more generally speaking, during the first half of the fourteenth century, as well. The juxtaposition of this new information from tree-ring analyses with the established understanding of the development of the region challenges the view that the crises of the fourteenth century reached the northeasternmost corner of Europe. The case study demonstrates how teleconnections of climate and society, like the crises of the early fourteenth century, can materialize on a societal level very different ways in different locations.","PeriodicalId":230701,"journal":{"name":"The Crisis of the 14th Century","volume":"21 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130794591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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