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Implications of Research for Treatment: Ghb Latest Research Findings Adverse Effects 研究对治疗的启示:Ghb最新研究成果
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781107279728.012
Jane C Maxwell
Adverse Effects From Counterfeit Alprazolam Tablets From October 15 to December 31, 2015, the California Poison Control System–San Francisco division identified 8 patients who experienced adverse effects associated with the ingestion of counterfeit alprazolam tablets found to contain fentanyl and, in some cases, etizolam. The identification of these patients resulted in a coordinated response that included state and local public health departments, a toxicology laboratory, and media outlets, and resulted in an investigation by local law enforcement agencies.
γ -羟基丁酸(羟丁酸钠，氧化丁酸钠，GHB)是一种天然存在于哺乳动物体内的脂肪酸，是一种中枢神经系统抑制剂，具有麻醉作用，在足够大的剂量下，具有麻醉特性。它的前体之一，伽马丁内酯(GBL)，在吞咽时转化为GHB。另一种前体是1,4-丁二醇(1,4- bd)，这是一类健康危害，是一种工业溶剂，以吞咽等名义出售给滥用者，它在体内代谢为GBL，然后代谢为GHB[2]。它具有比GHB[3]更高的效力。非法使用GHB的特点是所消耗的剂量缺乏一致性和准确性。据报道，口服剂量为10mg /kg可引起欣快感、健忘症和张力低下;20- 30mg /kg的剂量可在15分钟内导致嗜睡。剂量大于50mg /kg会导致失去意识和昏迷[4,5]。据报道，GHB和酒精一起具有协同效应或加性效应。乙醇和GHB在许多行为效应上的陡峭的剂量反应曲线可能解释了临床上两种药物联合使用时看似“中等”剂量的严重效应，而不是药物联合的任何协同作用。在澳大利亚，一项对76名GHB使用者的研究发现，他们都很稳定，功能良好，受过高等教育。约29%的人在使用GHB时通常会喝5杯以上的酒精饮料，并且他们对与GHB一起使用的一系列其他药物有丰富的经验。但是，即使这些使用者没有长期或广泛的GHB经验，99%的人报告至少有一个负面副作用。在那些使用GHB超过15次的人中，75%的人至少过量一次，三分之一的人过量三次以上;52%的人报告说自己失去了知觉。有限使用这种药物的群体报告的高问题率表明，在多种药物使用的背景下，GHB与使用者的重大风险相关[8,9]。同样，使用GHB和一种抑制剂药物比单独使用任何一种药物都能产生更大的中枢神经系统抑制剂作用。GHB过量最严重的影响是突然昏迷和呼吸抑制。GHB的戒断可能会很复杂，特别是如果涉及到其他药物或酒精。GHB中毒的一个显著特征是病人突然苏醒。
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引用次数: 349
[Prevention of inherited diseases]. [预防遗传疾病]。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
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引用次数: 0
[Bovine virus diarrhea: unclear vision but lots of damage]. 牛病毒性腹泻:视力不清，但损伤大。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
Maria Morselt
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引用次数: 0
[Animal welfare and antibiotic use reduction]. [动物福利和减少抗生素使用]。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
Bart Smit
{"title":"[Animal welfare and antibiotic use reduction].","authors":"Bart Smit","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23099,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde","volume":"139 9","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32711882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Postvaccinal fatal Streptococcus zooepidemicus necrotizing fasciitis in a young dog: a case report]. [接种后致死性动物流行性链球菌坏死性筋膜炎1例报告]。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
S W M Greijdanus-Van Der Putten, J H Vos, J R V Duvekot, R Paillot, R McLean, H J Brokers, A E Heuvelink, N M Meertens, A S Waller

A 2.5-years-old female mongrel dog was routinely subcutaneously vaccinated. A few hours later mental dullness was noticed by the owner progressing into stupor the next day and resulting in a comatose state and death within 48 hours after vaccination. At post mortem examination, which was extended with histology and bacteriology, a necrotizing fasciitis and bacteremia caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus were established. In the isolated Streptococcus strain four different superantigens were demonstrated that appeared to be able to produce exotoxins in vitro. Therefore, it is concluded that the minor skin trauma caused by vaccination enabled this strain to gain access to the subcutaneous tissue and to induce a necrotizing fasciitis. This process was complicated with a bacterial septicemia leading to death of the dog within 48 hours.

一只2.5岁的雌性杂种狗常规皮下接种疫苗。几小时后，主人注意到精神迟钝，第二天进入昏迷状态，在接种疫苗后48小时内死亡。经组织和细菌学检查，尸检结果为马链球菌亚种引起的坏死性筋膜炎和菌血症。建立动物流行病。在分离的链球菌菌株中，证明了四种不同的超抗原似乎能够在体外产生外毒素。因此，结论是由疫苗接种引起的轻微皮肤创伤使该菌株能够进入皮下组织并诱导坏死性筋膜炎。这个过程很复杂，细菌败血症导致狗在48小时内死亡。
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引用次数: 0
[Feed management in horse husbandry]. [马业饲料管理]。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
A V Van Weezel Errens
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引用次数: 0
[Veterinarian cooperation Dactari: ready for the future]. 【兽医合作达克塔利:为未来做好准备】。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
Frieke Haffmans
{"title":"[Veterinarian cooperation Dactari: ready for the future].","authors":"Frieke Haffmans","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23099,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde","volume":"139 9","pages":"48-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32711774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Perception of animal welfare changes constantly]. [对动物福利的看法不断变化]。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
Berrie Kleinswormink
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引用次数: 0
[Court for owners]. [业主法庭]。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
Iaira Boissevain
{"title":"[Court for owners].","authors":"Iaira Boissevain","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23099,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde","volume":"139 9","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32711885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Surveillance]. (监视)。
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
Pub Date : 2014-09-01
Ewout Fanoy
{"title":"[Surveillance].","authors":"Ewout Fanoy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23099,"journal":{"name":"Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde","volume":"139 9","pages":"20-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32711888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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