Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673783
D. K. Neitzel
The subject of electrical hazards analysis has been recognized by a small segment of the electrical industry for many years. The petrochemical industry and many government institutions have performed research on this subject for over twenty years. For the most part however, the electrical industry, at least at the user level, has largely ignored the subject, essentially reacting to catastrophic accidents, rather than proactively trying to predict and prevent them. Recent changes in consensus standards, along with a better general understanding of the seriousness of electrical hazards have resulted in a renewal of interest in the subject. As the awareness of electrical hazards increase many are puzzled by phrases like; "limited", "restricted", and "prohibited approach boundary", and "flash protection boundary". Understanding these terms is important to understanding shock and arc-flash hazard protection. NFPA 70E-2004, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace requires that an electrical hazards analysis be performed prior to working on or near exposed energized electrical conductors and circuit part operating at 50-volts or more. This is especially critical if the circuits have not been placed in an electrically safe work condition. This paper addresses the requirements to perform the "shock hazard analysis" and the "flash hazard analysis" required by NFPA 70E-2004, Section 110.8(B)(1), "electrical hazard analysis" as well as the "blast hazard analysis" and personal protective equipment requirements
{"title":"Electrical Hazards Analysis","authors":"D. K. Neitzel","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673783","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of electrical hazards analysis has been recognized by a small segment of the electrical industry for many years. The petrochemical industry and many government institutions have performed research on this subject for over twenty years. For the most part however, the electrical industry, at least at the user level, has largely ignored the subject, essentially reacting to catastrophic accidents, rather than proactively trying to predict and prevent them. Recent changes in consensus standards, along with a better general understanding of the seriousness of electrical hazards have resulted in a renewal of interest in the subject. As the awareness of electrical hazards increase many are puzzled by phrases like; \"limited\", \"restricted\", and \"prohibited approach boundary\", and \"flash protection boundary\". Understanding these terms is important to understanding shock and arc-flash hazard protection. NFPA 70E-2004, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace requires that an electrical hazards analysis be performed prior to working on or near exposed energized electrical conductors and circuit part operating at 50-volts or more. This is especially critical if the circuits have not been placed in an electrically safe work condition. This paper addresses the requirements to perform the \"shock hazard analysis\" and the \"flash hazard analysis\" required by NFPA 70E-2004, Section 110.8(B)(1), \"electrical hazard analysis\" as well as the \"blast hazard analysis\" and personal protective equipment requirements","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123060712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673770
E. J. Bartolucci, G. Matto
Continuously corrugated armored type cables are being specified and used to supply electrical power from pulse-width modulated (PWM) style inverters to motors, pumps, fans, etc. The proper installation of these cables is important to the operation of the inverter-motor system. This paper reviewed the proper methods to be used when installing continuously corrugated armored cable including termination and grounding of the sheath
{"title":"Proper Cable Installation Practices for AC Drives","authors":"E. J. Bartolucci, G. Matto","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673770","url":null,"abstract":"Continuously corrugated armored type cables are being specified and used to supply electrical power from pulse-width modulated (PWM) style inverters to motors, pumps, fans, etc. The proper installation of these cables is important to the operation of the inverter-motor system. This paper reviewed the proper methods to be used when installing continuously corrugated armored cable including termination and grounding of the sheath","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127188889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673782
J. Malinowski, J. Aue, J. Medo, W. Tunnessen
This panel discusses energy incentives, strategies and programs available to the pulp and paper industry from motors to corporate management. At the process level, US Department of Energy surveys indicate that within process industries, electric usage by motors and drives accounts for as much as two-thirds of all electric usage. By adopting best practices, electric usage for motor driven equipment may be reduced by over 50%. When supported with a strong plant and corporate energy management additional facility-wide savings can be realized. To assist the pulp and paper industry realize these savings, a number of assistance and incentive programs, such as Focus on Energy in Wisconsin, offer state, provincial, and regionally focused support. At the corporate level, national programs like ENERGY STAR provide resources and tool from strategic energy management
{"title":"Energy Incentives and Programs Available to the Pulp & Paper Industry PPIC 2006 Panel","authors":"J. Malinowski, J. Aue, J. Medo, W. Tunnessen","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673782","url":null,"abstract":"This panel discusses energy incentives, strategies and programs available to the pulp and paper industry from motors to corporate management. At the process level, US Department of Energy surveys indicate that within process industries, electric usage by motors and drives accounts for as much as two-thirds of all electric usage. By adopting best practices, electric usage for motor driven equipment may be reduced by over 50%. When supported with a strong plant and corporate energy management additional facility-wide savings can be realized. To assist the pulp and paper industry realize these savings, a number of assistance and incentive programs, such as Focus on Energy in Wisconsin, offer state, provincial, and regionally focused support. At the corporate level, national programs like ENERGY STAR provide resources and tool from strategic energy management","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124038983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673781
José A. Gutiérrez, David B. Durocher, Bin Lu, R. Harley, T. Habetler
Energy evaluation and planning are important in industry for overall energy savings. Traditionally these functions are realized in wired systems formed by communication cables and various types of sensors. However, the installation and maintenance of these cables and sensors is usually much more expensive than the cost of the sensors themselves. Recent advances in wireless communications, micro-electro-mechanical systems, and highly integrated electronics allowed the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSN). A WSN has unique functional characteristics that enables low cost energy evaluation and planning in industrial plants. This paper proposes a closed-loop energy evaluation and planning system with the WSN architecture. The importance of the proposed scheme lies in its nonintrusive, intelligent, and low cost nature. As the focus of this paper, the properties and architecture of the WSN in this application are discussed in detail. The applicability of the proposed system is analyzed and potential challenges are addressed. Finally, a demo system is constructed and experimental results are presented
{"title":"Applying Wireless Sensor Networks in Industrial Plant Energy Evaluation and Planning Systems","authors":"José A. Gutiérrez, David B. Durocher, Bin Lu, R. Harley, T. Habetler","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673781","url":null,"abstract":"Energy evaluation and planning are important in industry for overall energy savings. Traditionally these functions are realized in wired systems formed by communication cables and various types of sensors. However, the installation and maintenance of these cables and sensors is usually much more expensive than the cost of the sensors themselves. Recent advances in wireless communications, micro-electro-mechanical systems, and highly integrated electronics allowed the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSN). A WSN has unique functional characteristics that enables low cost energy evaluation and planning in industrial plants. This paper proposes a closed-loop energy evaluation and planning system with the WSN architecture. The importance of the proposed scheme lies in its nonintrusive, intelligent, and low cost nature. As the focus of this paper, the properties and architecture of the WSN in this application are discussed in detail. The applicability of the proposed system is analyzed and potential challenges are addressed. Finally, a demo system is constructed and experimental results are presented","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129173986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673786
F. Nepveux
The instantaneous trip can be used to reduce arc flash energy levels at 600 volt and 5 kV MCCs by minimizing the time to clear faults. The instantaneous is often not used since coordination with large motor starters can be lost. Which is more important? A digital multifunction relay may be able to use the Fourier transform algorithms for the instantaneous trip function to improve coordination with current limiting fuses in starters
{"title":"Use of Instantaneous Trip Functions and Current Limiting Fuses to Reduce Arc Flash Energy","authors":"F. Nepveux","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673786","url":null,"abstract":"The instantaneous trip can be used to reduce arc flash energy levels at 600 volt and 5 kV MCCs by minimizing the time to clear faults. The instantaneous is often not used since coordination with large motor starters can be lost. Which is more important? A digital multifunction relay may be able to use the Fourier transform algorithms for the instantaneous trip function to improve coordination with current limiting fuses in starters","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115724540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673779
D. Rhodes, M. Zawadzki, W. V. Jones, C.L. Canty
This paper provides documentation of experiences of three PPIC members with various lineshaft driven pulp and/or paper machines. While these experiences can be explained, they may seem to defy nature. Slowdowns, erratic behavior and the like do happen. The paper provides three specific cases that are of interest and do show that while all may seem right with the world, strange things do happen
{"title":"Line Shaft Experience with Partial Sectionalization of a Paper Machine","authors":"D. Rhodes, M. Zawadzki, W. V. Jones, C.L. Canty","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673779","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides documentation of experiences of three PPIC members with various lineshaft driven pulp and/or paper machines. While these experiences can be explained, they may seem to defy nature. Slowdowns, erratic behavior and the like do happen. The paper provides three specific cases that are of interest and do show that while all may seem right with the world, strange things do happen","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115557372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673766
M. Radmehr, S. Farhangi, A. Nasiri
With the increasing of non-linear loads in electric power system, power quality distortion has become a serious issue in recent years. In paper and pulp industries, due to presence of concentrated high power non-linear loads such as electric drives, this problem is a greater concern. In this paper, the impacts of power quality distortions such as voltage sag and swell on the operation of electric devices in Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries (MWPI) are discussed. Using the actual data, the effects of voltage sag on the main production line motor drive is investigated. In addition, the effects of harmonics on the distribution transformers such as increasing their losses and decreasing their life are analyzed
{"title":"Effects of Power Quality Distortions on Electrical Drives and Transformer Life in Paper Industries: Simulations and Real Time Measurements","authors":"M. Radmehr, S. Farhangi, A. Nasiri","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673766","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing of non-linear loads in electric power system, power quality distortion has become a serious issue in recent years. In paper and pulp industries, due to presence of concentrated high power non-linear loads such as electric drives, this problem is a greater concern. In this paper, the impacts of power quality distortions such as voltage sag and swell on the operation of electric devices in Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries (MWPI) are discussed. Using the actual data, the effects of voltage sag on the main production line motor drive is investigated. In addition, the effects of harmonics on the distribution transformers such as increasing their losses and decreasing their life are analyzed","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115211322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673775
D. Smith
Multivariable predictive control, MPC, has been used in the continuous process industry for more than a decade. This strategy relies on a model created with test data from the process. The modeling produces a matrix of relationships between the "manipulated variables" and the "control variables" and "constraint variables". The MPC supervisory control software supplies the DCS, PLC or other regulatory controller with remote setpoints for the manipulated variables that will drive the control and constraint variables to their desired values. The control equations are solved simultaneously on a frequent interval to provide very tight control of the control variables and constraint limits. The technique can be applied to many pulp and paper applications including the waste fuel boilers that are an important part of the energy balance at today's mills. Significant improvements in efficiency have been achieved by optimizing the fuel and air flow to the boilers in order to minimize excess O2 and heat losses
{"title":"Optimizing Waste Fuel Boiler Control with Multivariable Predictive Control","authors":"D. Smith","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673775","url":null,"abstract":"Multivariable predictive control, MPC, has been used in the continuous process industry for more than a decade. This strategy relies on a model created with test data from the process. The modeling produces a matrix of relationships between the \"manipulated variables\" and the \"control variables\" and \"constraint variables\". The MPC supervisory control software supplies the DCS, PLC or other regulatory controller with remote setpoints for the manipulated variables that will drive the control and constraint variables to their desired values. The control equations are solved simultaneously on a frequent interval to provide very tight control of the control variables and constraint limits. The technique can be applied to many pulp and paper applications including the waste fuel boilers that are an important part of the energy balance at today's mills. Significant improvements in efficiency have been achieved by optimizing the fuel and air flow to the boilers in order to minimize excess O2 and heat losses","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131540973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673765
T. Branch
The paper presents a case study to show how Weyerhaeuser, Dryden Operations improved its power distribution system reliability. This paper focused mainly on the changes that were made on the 115 kV and 13.2 kV power distribution systems. The protection and synchronizing schemes were discussed, and the author shows how the addition of circuit switchers provided flexibility to perform maintenance on the incoming 115 kV/13.2 kV power transformers without interrupting mill operations
{"title":"Weyerhaeuser, Dryden Operations Improved Power Distribution System Reliability A Case Study","authors":"T. Branch","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673765","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a case study to show how Weyerhaeuser, Dryden Operations improved its power distribution system reliability. This paper focused mainly on the changes that were made on the 115 kV and 13.2 kV power distribution systems. The protection and synchronizing schemes were discussed, and the author shows how the addition of circuit switchers provided flexibility to perform maintenance on the incoming 115 kV/13.2 kV power transformers without interrupting mill operations","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129484534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-18DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673771
M. Valdes, T. Papallo, B. Premerlani
Low-voltage resistance-grounded systems may provide significant advantages to the facility in terms of system reliability and safety. However, maintenance of these systems is more complex than for solidly grounded wye systems and improper first-fault isolation and lack of timely repair may present a risk to the facility. Identifying the location of ground faults within the distribution system is the main problem. We describe a new way to detect which feeder has been faulted in a lineup of low-voltage switchgear protected via the "single-processor concept for protection and control of circuit breakers in low-voltage switchgear", M.E. Valdes (2004). We describe the detection methodology and how the potential sources of error are addressed
{"title":"Ground Fault Location in Low-Voltage High-Resistance Grounded Systems via the Single-Processor Concept for Circuit Protection","authors":"M. Valdes, T. Papallo, B. Premerlani","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2006.1673771","url":null,"abstract":"Low-voltage resistance-grounded systems may provide significant advantages to the facility in terms of system reliability and safety. However, maintenance of these systems is more complex than for solidly grounded wye systems and improper first-fault isolation and lack of timely repair may present a risk to the facility. Identifying the location of ground faults within the distribution system is the main problem. We describe a new way to detect which feeder has been faulted in a lineup of low-voltage switchgear protected via the \"single-processor concept for protection and control of circuit breakers in low-voltage switchgear\", M.E. Valdes (2004). We describe the detection methodology and how the potential sources of error are addressed","PeriodicalId":231751,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2006 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129497906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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