Mass customization in modern industries leads to an increased complexity in product line engineering due to the high level of variability. Real-world industry-sized product lines can easily end up with thousands of features and constraints. Using sophisticated information visualization techniques is one important component in handling this complexity successfully as they provide a higher level of cognitive support and make the comprehension of the underlying structures easier and faster. However, it is still an unresolved problem to handle the occurring variability in a satisfactory way. This means that we need visualization mechanisms able to cope with the requirements of engineers as well as with the needs of the responsible managers. This paper addresses the issue of visualizing large product lines and discusses different techniques which can be used towards an efficient visualization of variability. Furthermore, it presents alternative methods to visualize complex constraints and group cardinalities. These techniques will then be illustrated with the help of a prototypical implementation.
{"title":"Visualization of Variability in Complex Development Structures","authors":"J. Ommen, Georg Rock","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701324","url":null,"abstract":"Mass customization in modern industries leads to an increased complexity in product line engineering due to the high level of variability. Real-world industry-sized product lines can easily end up with thousands of features and constraints. Using sophisticated information visualization techniques is one important component in handling this complexity successfully as they provide a higher level of cognitive support and make the comprehension of the underlying structures easier and faster. However, it is still an unresolved problem to handle the occurring variability in a satisfactory way. This means that we need visualization mechanisms able to cope with the requirements of engineers as well as with the needs of the responsible managers. This paper addresses the issue of visualizing large product lines and discusses different techniques which can be used towards an efficient visualization of variability. Furthermore, it presents alternative methods to visualize complex constraints and group cardinalities. These techniques will then be illustrated with the help of a prototypical implementation.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"5 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126118177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Felfernig, Stefan Reiterer, Martin Stettinger, J. Tiihonen
Automated testing and debugging of knowledge bases (such as configuration knowledge bases and feature models) is an important contribution to manage knowledge evolution efficiently. However, existing approaches rely on the assumption of consistent test suites which are always kept up-to-date within the scope of different knowledge base maintenance cycles. In this paper we introduce diagnosis techniques that actively guide stakeholders (knowledge engineers and domain experts) in the process of testing and debugging knowledge bases. These techniques take into account faulty test cases and constraints and recommend diagnoses which are the source of a given inconsistency.
{"title":"Intelligent Techniques for Configuration Knowledge Evolution","authors":"A. Felfernig, Stefan Reiterer, Martin Stettinger, J. Tiihonen","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701320","url":null,"abstract":"Automated testing and debugging of knowledge bases (such as configuration knowledge bases and feature models) is an important contribution to manage knowledge evolution efficiently. However, existing approaches rely on the assumption of consistent test suites which are always kept up-to-date within the scope of different knowledge base maintenance cycles. In this paper we introduce diagnosis techniques that actively guide stakeholders (knowledge engineers and domain experts) in the process of testing and debugging knowledge bases. These techniques take into account faulty test cases and constraints and recommend diagnoses which are the source of a given inconsistency.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127640915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) emerges for software organizations interested in customized products at reasonable costs. Based on the selection of features, stakeholders can derive programs satisfying a range of functional properties and non-functional ones. The explicit definition of Non-Functional Properties (NFP) during software configuration has been considered a challenging task. Dealing with them is not well established yet, neither in theory nor in practice. In this sense, we present a framework to specify NFP for SPLE and we also propose a reuse approach that promotes the reuse of NFP values during the product configuration. We discuss the results of a case study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the proposed work.
{"title":"Non-Functional Properties in Software Product Lines: A Reuse Approach","authors":"L. Soares, I. Machado, E. Almeida","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701326","url":null,"abstract":"Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) emerges for software organizations interested in customized products at reasonable costs. Based on the selection of features, stakeholders can derive programs satisfying a range of functional properties and non-functional ones. The explicit definition of Non-Functional Properties (NFP) during software configuration has been considered a challenging task. Dealing with them is not well established yet, neither in theory nor in practice. In this sense, we present a framework to specify NFP for SPLE and we also propose a reuse approach that promotes the reuse of NFP values during the product configuration. We discuss the results of a case study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the proposed work.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132545691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabian Benduhn, Thomas Thüm, Malte Lochau, Thomas Leich, G. Saake
As software product lines are increasingly used for safety-critical systems, researchers have adapted formal verification techniques such as model checking and theorem proving to cope with compiletime variability. While the focus of the ongoing debate lies on the verification mechanisms itself, it becomes increasingly difficult for researchers to maintain an overview about the various accompanying modeling techniques. We survey existing approaches as a first step towards a unifying view on variability mechanisms in formal modeling techniques for product lines. We illustrate the approaches by means of a running example to illustrate their commonalities and differences.
{"title":"A Survey on Modeling Techniques for Formal Behavioral Verification of Software Product Lines","authors":"Fabian Benduhn, Thomas Thüm, Malte Lochau, Thomas Leich, G. Saake","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701332","url":null,"abstract":"As software product lines are increasingly used for safety-critical systems, researchers have adapted formal verification techniques such as model checking and theorem proving to cope with compiletime variability. While the focus of the ongoing debate lies on the verification mechanisms itself, it becomes increasingly difficult for researchers to maintain an overview about the various accompanying modeling techniques. We survey existing approaches as a first step towards a unifying view on variability mechanisms in formal modeling techniques for product lines. We illustrate the approaches by means of a running example to illustrate their commonalities and differences.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134423100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1970s and 1980s many large software systems were developed using macro-based generators that are still in use and thus have to be maintained and adapted to new requirements. Reverse engineering of these generators provides the basis for planning their modernization. We propose the concept of complementary architecture classes in order to support the documentation of the architecture of generators including their variability using known concepts of architecture documentation. We show how legacy generators can be documented using these architecture classes.
{"title":"Documentation of Recovered Architecture for Variability in Legacy Generator Systems","authors":"Christian Bucholdt, Max Lillack","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701323","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1970s and 1980s many large software systems were developed using macro-based generators that are still in use and thus have to be maintained and adapted to new requirements. Reverse engineering of these generators provides the basis for planning their modernization. We propose the concept of complementary architecture classes in order to support the documentation of the architecture of generators including their variability using known concepts of architecture documentation. We show how legacy generators can be documented using these architecture classes.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128509913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillaume Bécan, M. Acher, J. Jézéquel, Thomas Menguy
We relate an original experience concerning a popular online video service that offers to generate variants of an humorous video. To further the understanding of the generator, we have reverse engineered its general behavior, architecture, as well as its variation points and its configuration space. The reverse engineering also allows us to create a new generator and online configurator that proposes 18 variation points -- instead of only 3 as in the original generator. We explain why and how we have collaborated and are collaborating with the original creators of the video generator. We also highlight how our reverse engineering work represents a threat to the original service and call for further investigating variability-aware security mechanisms.
{"title":"On the Variability Secrets of an Online Video Generator","authors":"Guillaume Bécan, M. Acher, J. Jézéquel, Thomas Menguy","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701328","url":null,"abstract":"We relate an original experience concerning a popular online video service that offers to generate variants of an humorous video. To further the understanding of the generator, we have reverse engineered its general behavior, architecture, as well as its variation points and its configuration space. The reverse engineering also allows us to create a new generator and online configurator that proposes 18 variation points -- instead of only 3 as in the original generator. We explain why and how we have collaborated and are collaborating with the original creators of the video generator. We also highlight how our reverse engineering work represents a threat to the original service and call for further investigating variability-aware security mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115903720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many software systems today are systems of systems (SoS), which are difficult to analyze due to their size, complexity, heterogeneity, and variability. For instance, unexpected behavior of SoS is often caused by the complex interactions between the involved systems and their environment at runtime. Monitoring infrastructures (MIs) provide support for engineers and support staff analyzing the behavior of SoS during development and operation. Variability plays an important role in MIs, however, while some approaches exist, managing variability of MIs remains challenging. In this paper, we describe how we applied a variability management approach to support the reconfiguration of a SoS monitoring infrastructure (MI) at runtime. Our approach provides configuration support for setting up the MI to reflect system variability. It also supports runtime reconfiguration of the MI to reflect the different monitoring tasks of users and to support evolution. We motivate our work using the case of monitoring a real-world SoS from the domain of industrial automation and discuss variability-related challenges in four monitoring scenarios. We evaluate the feasibility of our approach by applying it to these scenarios. We also demonstrate that our approach reduces manual reconfiguration effort and helps to reduce the overhead of the MI.
{"title":"Variability Management for a Runtime Monitoring Infrastructure","authors":"Rick Rabiser, Michael Vierhauser, P. Grünbacher","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701330","url":null,"abstract":"Many software systems today are systems of systems (SoS), which are difficult to analyze due to their size, complexity, heterogeneity, and variability. For instance, unexpected behavior of SoS is often caused by the complex interactions between the involved systems and their environment at runtime. Monitoring infrastructures (MIs) provide support for engineers and support staff analyzing the behavior of SoS during development and operation. Variability plays an important role in MIs, however, while some approaches exist, managing variability of MIs remains challenging. In this paper, we describe how we applied a variability management approach to support the reconfiguration of a SoS monitoring infrastructure (MI) at runtime. Our approach provides configuration support for setting up the MI to reflect system variability. It also supports runtime reconfiguration of the MI to reflect the different monitoring tasks of users and to support evolution. We motivate our work using the case of monitoring a real-world SoS from the domain of industrial automation and discuss variability-related challenges in four monitoring scenarios. We evaluate the feasibility of our approach by applying it to these scenarios. We also demonstrate that our approach reduces manual reconfiguration effort and helps to reduce the overhead of the MI.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123189370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xavier Devroey, Gilles Perrouin, Axel Legay, Pierre-Yves Schobbens, P. Heymans
Structural approaches to Software Product Lines (SPL) testing (such as pairwise testing) have gained momentum as they are able to scale to larger SPLs described as feature diagrams (FD). However, these methods are agnostic with respect to behaviour: the sampled configurations have thus no reason to satisfy any given behavioural criterion. In this paper, we investigate the behavioural coverage of two structural testing criteria: pairwise and similarity. To do so, we modelled four SPLs in terms of feature diagrams and associated featured transitions systems (FTSs). We then computed state, action and transition coverage for a set of generated configurations. Preliminary results indicate that for relatively small variability models with few cross-tree constraints, structural coverage-driven tools tend to cover large parts of behaviour with less than 8 configurations. Though structural coverage cannot be used directly as a replacement for behavioural driven SPL test generation, opportunities to mix structural and behavioural coverage for efficient and effective SPL testing do exist.
{"title":"Covering SPL Behaviour with Sampled Configurations: An Initial Assessment","authors":"Xavier Devroey, Gilles Perrouin, Axel Legay, Pierre-Yves Schobbens, P. Heymans","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701325","url":null,"abstract":"Structural approaches to Software Product Lines (SPL) testing (such as pairwise testing) have gained momentum as they are able to scale to larger SPLs described as feature diagrams (FD). However, these methods are agnostic with respect to behaviour: the sampled configurations have thus no reason to satisfy any given behavioural criterion. In this paper, we investigate the behavioural coverage of two structural testing criteria: pairwise and similarity. To do so, we modelled four SPLs in terms of feature diagrams and associated featured transitions systems (FTSs). We then computed state, action and transition coverage for a set of generated configurations. Preliminary results indicate that for relatively small variability models with few cross-tree constraints, structural coverage-driven tools tend to cover large parts of behaviour with less than 8 configurations. Though structural coverage cannot be used directly as a replacement for behavioural driven SPL test generation, opportunities to mix structural and behavioural coverage for efficient and effective SPL testing do exist.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130256119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many domains organizations need to serve a mass market while at the same time customers request highly individual solutions. Companies thus form software ecosystems (SECOs) comprising various related hardware and software product lines (SPLs). Technology changes, internal enhancements, and customer requests drive the evolution of such SECOs. Multiple projects are conducted in parallel to deliver customized solutions to customers. Developers often adhere to a staged configuration process: first, required software components are selected to derive an initial product, which is then evolved by refining features and adapting source code to meet customer requirements. These customer-specific solutions are often created using a clone-and-own approach and typically contain features potentially reusable in other solutions. However, the awareness of developers about such platform extensions is typically low and feedback from products to SPLs is often lacking. In this research-in-progress paper we thus present a publish-subscribe approach fostering the awareness about feature implementations in SECOs. The approach is based on feature feeds and SECO awareness models.
{"title":"Using Feature Feeds to Improve Developer Awareness in Software Ecosystem Evolution","authors":"Daniela Rabiser, P. Grünbacher","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701331","url":null,"abstract":"In many domains organizations need to serve a mass market while at the same time customers request highly individual solutions. Companies thus form software ecosystems (SECOs) comprising various related hardware and software product lines (SPLs). Technology changes, internal enhancements, and customer requests drive the evolution of such SECOs. Multiple projects are conducted in parallel to deliver customized solutions to customers. Developers often adhere to a staged configuration process: first, required software components are selected to derive an initial product, which is then evolved by refining features and adapting source code to meet customer requirements. These customer-specific solutions are often created using a clone-and-own approach and typically contain features potentially reusable in other solutions. However, the awareness of developers about such platform extensions is typically low and feedback from products to SPLs is often lacking. In this research-in-progress paper we thus present a publish-subscribe approach fostering the awareness about feature implementations in SECOs. The approach is based on feature feeds and SECO awareness models.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129468467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Web service composition is the capability to recursively construct a value added service by means of picking up existing services. An important step in the composition process is the selection step, which includes choosing services located in repositories. The selection approaches of Web services need to consider their specifics which raises important challenges as the management of the inherent service variability in functionality and implementation and ensuring correct execution termination between others. To realize reliable service compositions, transactional properties of services must be considered during the selection step. We argue that the transactional properties should be considered at the operation level of each service to be composed. However, modelling transactional services composition at the operation level drastically increment the complexity of service selection. In order to overcome this difficulty, in this paper we report on our research in progress on transactional service selection, which follows a Software Product Line approach considering the set of services that provide the same functionality as part of a service family. We model the variable operations of the service families using Feature Models. In this way, the selection process consists of selecting each service from a service family such that the aggregated transactional property satisfies the user preference.
{"title":"Managing the Variability in the Transactional Services Selection","authors":"N. Gámez, J. E. Haddad, L. Fuentes","doi":"10.1145/2701319.2701335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701319.2701335","url":null,"abstract":"Web service composition is the capability to recursively construct a value added service by means of picking up existing services. An important step in the composition process is the selection step, which includes choosing services located in repositories. The selection approaches of Web services need to consider their specifics which raises important challenges as the management of the inherent service variability in functionality and implementation and ensuring correct execution termination between others. To realize reliable service compositions, transactional properties of services must be considered during the selection step. We argue that the transactional properties should be considered at the operation level of each service to be composed. However, modelling transactional services composition at the operation level drastically increment the complexity of service selection. In order to overcome this difficulty, in this paper we report on our research in progress on transactional service selection, which follows a Software Product Line approach considering the set of services that provide the same functionality as part of a service family. We model the variable operations of the service families using Feature Models. In this way, the selection process consists of selecting each service from a service family such that the aggregated transactional property satisfies the user preference.","PeriodicalId":232045,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems","volume":"347 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134054894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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