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Malaria Vectors and Plasmodium Transmission in Malaria-Endemic Localities of Colombia. 哥伦比亚疟疾流行地区的疟疾病媒和疟原虫传播。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110260
Stefani Piedrahita, Margarita M Correa

Anopheles species composition, abundance, and Plasmodium natural infection are important aspects to assess malaria transmission risk. In this study, these aspects were evaluated in a large number of localities in the most important malaria-endemic regions of Colombia. Mosquitoes were collected from 2012 to 2015 in 55 localities of northwestern and western Colombia. Anopheles species composition, abundance, and Plasmodium infection were estimated. A total of 13,218 Anopheles specimens were evaluated. The highest species richness was detected in the northwest, where the main vectors, An. albimanus (27.8%) and An. nuneztovari (26.7%), were the most abundant species. In the west, An. nuneztovari predominated (51.6%), followed by An. darlingi (29.2%). Six species were infected with Plasmodium, An. darlingi, An. nuneztovari, An. albimanus, An. calderoni, An. triannulatus, and An. braziliensis. Results showed that in these localities the main Colombian vectors are widely spread, which suggests a high malaria risk. Notably, this study is the first to report An. braziliensis from Colombia as being naturally infected with Plasmodium. Infection results for species that are suspected local vectors indicate the importance of conducting further studies to assess their epidemiological importance. This information provides the basis for the application of directed vector control strategies that are species-specific.

按蚊的种类组成、数量和疟原虫自然感染是评估疟疾传播风险的重要方面。本研究在哥伦比亚最重要的疟疾流行地区的大量地点对这些方面进行了评估。从 2012 年到 2015 年,在哥伦比亚西北部和西部的 55 个地方收集了蚊子。对疟蚊的种类组成、数量和疟原虫感染情况进行了估计。共评估了 13,218 份按蚊标本。西北部的按蚊物种丰富度最高,主要的传播媒介是白头按蚊(27.8%)和努涅斯托瓦里按蚊(26.7%)。在西部,主要是 An. nuneztovari(51.6%),其次是 An. darlingi(29.2%)。有 6 个物种感染了疟原虫,分别是 An. darlingi、An. nuneztovari、An. albimanus、An. calderoni、An. triannulatus 和 An. braziliensis。结果表明,在这些地方,哥伦比亚的主要病媒广泛分布,这表明疟疾风险很高。值得注意的是,这项研究首次报告了哥伦比亚的巴西疟蚊自然感染疟原虫的情况。对疑似本地病媒物种的感染结果表明,开展进一步研究以评估其流行病学重要性非常重要。这些信息为应用针对特定物种的定向病媒控制战略提供了依据。
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引用次数: 0
Susceptibility of Leishmania amazonensis Axenic Amastigotes to the Calpain Inhibitor MDL28170. 亚马逊利什曼原体对钙蛋白酶抑制剂 MDL28170 的敏感性
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110259
Simone S C Oliveira, Fernanda A Marinho, Leandro S Sangenito, Sergio H Seabra, Rubem F Menna-Barreto, Claudia M d'Avila, André L S Santos, Marta H Branquinha

Leishmaniasis encompasses a group of neglected diseases caused by flagellated protozoa belonging to the Leishmania genus, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The search for compounds with anti-Leishmania activity that exhibit lower toxicity and can overcome the emergence of resistant strains remains a significant goal. In this context, the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 has previously demonstrated deleterious effects against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, which led us to investigate its role on axenic amastigote forms. The calpain inhibitor MDL28170 was able to decrease the viability of amastigotes in a typically dose-dependent manner. The treatment with the IC50 dose (13.5 μM) for 72 h led to significant amastigote lysis and increased cell-to-cell aggregation. Ultrastructural analysis revealed several cellular alterations, including disruption of the trans-Golgi network and the formation of autophagosomes when treated with MDL28170 at ½ × IC50 dose. Additionally, mitochondrial swelling and the formation of concentric membranous structures inside the mitochondrion were observed after incubation with the IC50 dose. These results reinforce the potential application of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 against L. amazonensis, highlighting its effectiveness and possible mechanism of action against the parasite.

利什曼病是由利什曼属鞭毛原虫引起的一组被忽视的疾病,发病率和死亡率都很高。寻找具有抗利什曼病活性、毒性较低并能克服耐药菌株出现的化合物仍然是一个重要目标。在这种情况下,钙蛋白酶抑制剂 MDL28170 以前曾对亚马逊利什曼原虫形式产生过有害影响,这促使我们研究它对轴丝非原虫形式的作用。钙蛋白酶抑制剂 MDL28170 能够以典型的剂量依赖性方式降低母细胞的活力。用 IC50 剂量(13.5 μM)处理 72 小时后,母细胞显著溶解,细胞间聚集增加。超微结构分析表明,用 1/2×IC50 剂量的 MDL28170 处理时,细胞发生了一些变化,包括跨高尔基体网络的破坏和自噬体的形成。此外,用 IC50 剂量的 MDL28170 培养后,还观察到线粒体肿胀和线粒体内同心膜结构的形成。这些结果加强了钙蛋白酶抑制剂 MDL28170 在抗击亚马逊疟原虫方面的潜在应用,凸显了它对寄生虫的有效性和可能的作用机制。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV Drug Resistance in Zimbabwe: Evidence from Zimbabwe Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (ZIMPHIA) 2020 Survey. 津巴布韦艾滋病毒耐药性的流行与风险因素:2020 年津巴布韦人口艾滋病毒影响评估 (ZIMPHIA) 调查的证据。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110257
Munyaradzi Mapingure, Solomon Mukwenha, Innocent Chingombe, Rutendo Birri Makota, Elliot Mbunge, Enos Moyo, Garikayi Chemhaka, John Batani, Brian Moyo, Godfrey Musuka

(1) Background: HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a significant challenge to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and the overall management of HIVand AIDS. Understanding the predictors of HIVDR is critical for developing strategies to mitigate its impact. The objectives of this study were to identify the predictors of HIVDR among Zimbabwe Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (ZIMPHIA 2020) study participants, a national population-based survey. (2) Methods: Data from people living with HIV who participated in the ZIMPHIA 2020 were used to determine the predictors of HIVDR. (3) Results: The prevalence of HIVDR was 44.9%. Acquired HIVDR was present in 76.1% of people with a virological failure and transmitted resistance is 22.6% in naïve individuals. Factors associated with HIVDR in adjusted analysis were the number of lifetime sexual partners (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06, p = 0.017), each additional year since the first HIV positive result (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09-1.25, p < 0.01), each additional year on ART (aOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.23, p = 0.001), initiating ART before 2014 (aOR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.72-5.49, p = 0.020), ever had switched antiretrovirals (aOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.15-5.29, p = 0.020) or had ever had a viral load test (aOR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.54-4.17, p < 0.001) and a CD4 count < 350 (aOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.48-2.83, p < 0.01), while age ≥ 50 (aOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-0.98, 32 p = 0.04), condom use at last encounter (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.33-0.73, p < 0.001), and not being on ART (aOR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.06-0.13, p < 0.01) were associated with reduced odds of HIVDR. Conclusions: HIVDR was high among the participants. There is a need to address HIVDR and enhance the mechanisms already in place. This study introduces more information that would help in developing targeted interventions to prevent HIVDR and improve patient outcomes.

(1) 背景:艾滋病毒耐药性(HIVDR)对抗逆转录病毒疗法的有效性以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病的整体管理构成了重大挑战。了解 HIVDR 的预测因素对于制定减轻其影响的策略至关重要。本研究的目的是确定津巴布韦基于人口的艾滋病影响评估(ZIMPHIA 2020)研究参与者中 HIVDR 的预测因素,这是一项基于人口的全国性调查。(2) 方法:利用参与 ZIMPHIA 2020 研究的 HIV 感染者的数据来确定 HIVDR 的预测因素。(3)结果:HIVDR 患病率为 44.9%。76.1%的病毒学检测失败者存在获得性 HIVDR,22.6%的新感染者存在传播性耐药性。在调整分析中,与 HIVDR 相关的因素包括终生性伴侣数量(aOR = 1.03,95% CI:1.01-1.06,p = 0.017)、首次 HIV 阳性结果后每增加一年(aOR = 1.17,95% CI:1.09-1.25,p <0.01)、接受抗逆转录病毒疗法每增加一年(aOR = 1.14,95% CI:1.06-1.23,p = 0.001)、2014 年之前开始接受抗逆转录病毒疗法(aOR = 3.08,95% CI:1.72-5.49,p = 0.020)、曾经更换过抗逆转录病毒疗法(aOR = 2.47,95% CI:1.15-5.29,p = 0.020)或曾进行病毒载量检测(aOR = 2.54,95% CI:1.54-4.17,p < 0.001)和 CD4 细胞计数 < 350(aOR = 2.04,95% CI:1.48-2.83,p < 0.01),而年龄≥ 50(aOR = 0.56,95% CI:0.32-0.98,32 p = 0.04)、最后一次接触时使用安全套(OR:0.49,95%CI:0.33-0.73,p <0.001)和未接受抗逆转录病毒疗法(aOR = 0.09,95% CI:0.06-0.13,p <0.01)与 HIVDR 的几率降低有关。结论参与者的 HIVDR 很高。有必要解决 HIVDR 问题并加强现有机制。本研究提供了更多信息,有助于制定有针对性的干预措施,预防 HIVDR 并改善患者预后。
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引用次数: 0
Leishmaniasis in Humans and Animals: A One Health Approach for Surveillance, Prevention and Control in a Changing World. 人类和动物利什曼病:在不断变化的世界中监测、预防和控制利什曼病的统一健康方法》。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110258
Claudia Cosma, Carla Maia, Nushrat Khan, Maria Infantino, Marco Del Riccio

Leishmaniasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted to humans and other animals through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. There are three forms of the disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) manifested by ulcers and scars; systemic or visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated; and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), which can destroy the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Human leishmaniasis is endemic in many countries across Africa, Asia, Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Central and South America. The interconnection of environmental, animal and human health underlies the spread of the Leishmania parasite. Environmental disruptions, such as climate change, deforestation or urbanisation, but also globalisation and migration, significantly affect the distribution and abundance of sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts. Climate change alters the breeding patterns of sandflies and expands their geographic range; deforestation and misuse of large areas disrupt ecosystems, leading to increased human-vector contact; and urbanisation increases the potential for contact between parties, particularly in densely populated areas. Migration of humans and animals, either through natural migration or, for example, the pet trade and breeding, can facilitate the spread of Leishmania parasites. In addition, socio-economic factors, including poverty and lack of access to healthcare, increase the burden of leishmaniasis in vulnerable populations. Due to this multitude of reasons, the geographic distribution of sandflies has expanded to higher latitudes and altitudes in recent years, with a consequent increase in disease burden. Indeed, despite ongoing challenges in the surveillance systems, data from the last available year have shown an increase in many cases in both humans and dogs. This perspective explores the interconnected factors influencing the spread of leishmaniasis worldwide and the epidemiology of the disease. In addition, it illustrates the importance of integrated strategies in a One Health approach: surveillance, prevention and control of vectors, animals and humans.

利什曼病是一种被忽视的热带疾病(NTD),由利什曼属原生动物寄生虫引起,通过被感染的雌性血吸虫沙蝇叮咬传播给人类和其他动物。该病有三种形式:皮肤利什曼病(CL),表现为溃疡和疤痕;全身或内脏利什曼病(VL),如不及时治疗可导致危及生命的并发症;粘膜皮肤利什曼病(MCL),可破坏鼻、口腔和咽喉粘膜。人类利什曼病流行于非洲、亚洲、南欧、中东、中美洲和南美洲的许多国家。环境、动物和人类健康之间的相互联系是利什曼病寄生虫传播的基础。环境破坏,如气候变化、森林砍伐或城市化,以及全球化和移民,都对沙蝇病媒和水库宿主的分布和数量产生了重大影响。气候变化改变了沙蝇的繁殖模式,扩大了它们的地理范围;大面积砍伐森林和滥用森林破坏了生态系统,导致人类与病媒的接触增加;城市化增加了各方接触的可能性,尤其是在人口稠密地区。人类和动物的迁徙,无论是通过自然迁徙还是宠物交易和繁殖等方式,都会促进利什曼病寄生虫的传播。此外,包括贫困和缺乏医疗保健在内的社会经济因素也增加了易感人群的利什曼病负担。由于上述多种原因,近年来沙蝇的地理分布已扩展到更高纬度和海拔地区,疾病负担也随之增加。事实上,尽管监测系统一直面临挑战,但最近一年的数据显示,人类和狗的许多病例都有所增加。本视角探讨了影响利什曼病在全球传播的相互关联因素以及该疾病的流行病学。此外,它还说明了 "一个健康 "方法中综合战略的重要性:对病媒、动物和人类进行监测、预防和控制。
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引用次数: 0
Citizen Science and Multimedia Didactic Resources: Knowledge of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in an Urban Area of Southwestern Colombia. 公民科学和多媒体教学资源:哥伦比亚西南部城市地区的蚊媒疾病知识。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110256
Francisco Javier Bedoya-Rodríguez, Carlos Eduardo Guevara-Fletcher, Jonathan S Pelegrin

Citizen science resources have had great relevance in community educational intervention, fostering interest in ecological research projects. This study investigated the influence of the application of multimedia didactic resources focused on citizen science and analysis of sociodemographic variables to improve the levels of ecological knowledge about mosquito-borne diseases. For this, a probabilistic sample of 172 participants from an urban sector in southwestern Colombia was selected. A multimedia didactic material was designed for the educational intervention and evaluated by means of pretest and posttest. To assess whether the educational intervention was statistically significant, the data were processed with statistical inference to determine the influence of various variables (gender, age, marital status, schooling, and occupation) on each person's ecological knowledge. The findings showed a significant increase in the knowledge levels of the participants. The marital status variable (married and cohabiting) significantly influenced ecological knowledge. These participants are more likely to obtain high knowledge, associated with the prevention of their family environment. This study demonstrated that multimedia didactic strategies are an important factor to take into account in the structuring of environmental education and citizen science projects. For future research, it is suggested to deepen the relationship between sociodemographic variables and ecological knowledge.

公民科学资源在社区教育干预中具有重要意义,可提高人们对生态研究项目的兴趣。本研究调查了应用以公民科学为重点的多媒体教学资源和社会人口变量分析对提高蚊媒疾病生态知识水平的影响。为此,研究人员从哥伦比亚西南部的一个城市地区选取了 172 名参与者作为概率样本。为教育干预设计了多媒体教学材料,并通过前测和后测进行评估。为了评估教育干预措施是否具有统计意义,对数据进行了统计推断处理,以确定各种变量(性别、年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度和职业)对每个人生态知识的影响。结果显示,参与者的知识水平有了明显提高。婚姻状况变量(已婚和同居)对生态知识的影响很大。这些参与者更有可能获得与家庭环境预防相关的高知识。这项研究表明,多媒体教学策略是构建环境教育和公民科学项目时需要考虑的一个重要因素。对于未来的研究,建议深化社会人口变量与生态知识之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Community Mobilisation for Human Sample Collection in Sensitive Communities: Experiences from Granular Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria. 在敏感社区进行人体样本采集的社区动员:尼日利亚西南部埃基蒂州血吸虫病和土壤传播蠕虫的粒状绘图经验。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110255
Temitope Agbana, Omolade Omotade, Moses Aderogba, David Bell, Jacob Solomon, Saheed Animashaun, Peace Alabi, Oladimeji Ajayi, Adebowale Akinwumi, Samuel Popoola, Alex Bunda, Jan-Carel Diehl, Gleb Vdovine, Louise Makau-Barasa

Community mobilisation is a vital process for raising awareness and increasing participation in healthcare interventions, research, and programmes that require human sample collection and mass management. In this report, we present the community mobilisation approach undertaken for the implementation of the operational mapping and assessment of granular schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The mobilisation was conducted in 177 communities/wards of the 16 local government areas. A total of 15,340 urine and stool samples were collected in 34 days. The efficacy and success of the strategy were evaluated through the following three performance metrics: community compliance rate, the participant response rate at the community level, and the overall compliance response rate of the four most sensitive LGAs. Community compliance was 93.7% as sample collection was denied in nine communities and two other communities demanded the return of the collected samples despite our mobilisation effort because of cultural bias and myths that connect the collection of stool and urine samples to ritual activities in the local context. The participant response rate at the community level was 86.7%. Three of the four sensitive LGAs (based on previous assessment programmes) demonstrated satisfactory compliance rates of 100%, while a response rate of 64.0% was computed for one of the LGAs. We believe our approach contributed to effective community mobilisation and awareness and that the developed model has the potential to improve participation rates in large healthcare assessments and intervention programmes.

社区动员是提高人们对医疗保健干预措施、研究和计划的认识并增加参与度的重要过程,这些措施、研究和计划都需要人类样本采集和大规模管理。在本报告中,我们介绍了为在尼日利亚埃基蒂州实施颗粒血吸虫病和土壤传播蠕虫的业务绘图和评估而采取的社区动员方法。动员工作在 16 个地方政府辖区的 177 个社区/选区进行。34 天内共采集了 15,340 份尿液和粪便样本。该策略的有效性和成功性通过以下三个绩效指标进行评估:社区达标率、社区层面的参与者响应率以及四个最敏感的地方政府辖区的总体达标响应率。社区遵守率为 93.7%,因为有九个社区拒绝采集样本,另有两个社区尽管我们进行了动员,但仍要求归还采集的样本,原因是当地存在将采集粪便和尿液样本与仪式活动联系起来的文化偏见和神话。社区一级的参与者回复率为 86.7%。在四个敏感的地方社区中,有三个社区(根据以前的评估计划)的符合率达到了 100%,令人满意,而其中一个社区的符合率为 64.0%。我们相信,我们的方法有助于有效的社区动员和提高认识,而且所开发的模式有可能提高大型医疗保健评估和干预计划的参与率。
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引用次数: 0
Tick-Borne Diseases and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review Evaluating Pregnancy Complications Caused by Tick-Borne Diseases. 蜱传疾病与妊娠:评估蜱媒疾病引起的妊娠并发症的叙述性综述。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110254
Michael W Curtis, Job E Lopez

Ticks are vectors of public health concern because the pathogens they transmit can cause detrimental diseases in humans. Lyme disease, tick-borne relapsing fever, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tick-borne encephalitis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and babesiosis are some of the most common diseases caused by the pathogens transmitted by ticks. The overlap between human activities and tick habitats is growing, contributing to an increase in tick-borne disease cases. Unfortunately, pregnancy as a risk factor for tick-borne diseases is largely ignored. In this narrative review we use case reports, epidemiological studies, and animal studies to evaluate the maternal, pregnancy, and fetal outcomes caused by Lyme disease, tick-borne relapsing fever, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tick-borne encephalitis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and babesiosis during pregnancy.

蜱虫是令人担忧的公共卫生媒介,因为它们传播的病原体会对人类造成有害疾病。莱姆病、蜱传复发热、人类粒细胞无形体病、落基山斑疹热、蜱传脑炎、克里米亚-刚果出血热和巴贝西亚原虫病是由蜱传播的病原体引起的一些最常见疾病。人类活动与蜱虫栖息地之间的重叠越来越多,导致蜱虫传播疾病病例增加。遗憾的是,怀孕作为蜱传疾病的风险因素在很大程度上被忽视了。在这篇叙述性综述中,我们利用病例报告、流行病学研究和动物实验来评估莱姆病、蜱传复发热、人粒细胞无形体病、落基山斑疹热、蜱传脑炎、克里米亚-刚果出血热和巴贝西亚原虫病在妊娠期间对母体、妊娠和胎儿造成的影响。
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引用次数: 0
IgG Antibody Titers Against Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, and Toxocara canis in Venezuelan Patients with Asthma or COPD. 委内瑞拉哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病患者体内针对蛔虫、Strongyloides stercolaris 和 Toxocara canis 的 IgG 抗体滴度。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110253
Juan Bautista De Sanctis, Dolores Moreno, Nancy Larocca, Jenny Valentina Garmendia

It has been suggested that parasitic infections, common in Latin American populations, may amplify the inflammatory response of the airways. There are several reports of atopic and asthmatic patients but few reports of parasitic infection in COPD patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of parasitic infections in COPD patients compared with atopic and asthmatic patients attending the Institute of Immunology outpatient clinics and the pneumology service of the University hospital. A case-control study was conducted compising 100 patients with bronchial asthma, 100 patients with COPD, 100 individuals with atopy without respiratory symptoms, and 100 healthy individuals. Serum-specific IgG antibodies against the parasites Ascaris lumbricoides (Al), Strongyloides stercolaris (Ss), and Toxocara canis (Tc) were measured by ELISA. IgE levels were used as an indirect indicator of atopy. Positive IgG for Al was observed in all groups, predominantly in the atopic cohort; Ss positiveness was recorded only in four COPD patients, and Tc positiveness was observed in all groups except in controls. Significant correlations exist between the values of Al and IgE in controls, atopic, and asthmatic patients without COPD. No correlation was found for Tc. IgE levels and the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) correlate only in atopic and asthmatic patients. Parasitic infections are common in atopic patients and moderate and severe asthmatic and COPD patients. Anti-inflammatory treatment may be responsible for the increased frequency of infection in moderate and severe asthmatic and COPD patients.

有人认为,寄生虫感染在拉丁美洲人群中很常见,可能会加剧气道的炎症反应。关于特应性疾病和哮喘患者的报道很多,但关于慢性阻塞性肺病患者寄生虫感染的报道却很少。本研究旨在确定慢性阻塞性肺病患者的寄生虫感染率,并与免疫学研究所门诊和大学医院肺科就诊的特应性和哮喘患者进行比较。研究人员对 100 名支气管哮喘患者、100 名慢性阻塞性肺病患者、100 名无呼吸道症状的特应性患者和 100 名健康人进行了病例对照研究。通过 ELISA 方法测定了血清中针对寄生虫蛔虫(Al)、Strongyloides stercolaris(Ss)和Toxocara canis(Tc)的特异性 IgG 抗体。IgE 水平被用作过敏症的间接指标。在所有组别中都观察到了 Al IgG 阳性,主要是在特应性人群中;仅在四名慢性阻塞性肺病患者中记录到了 Ss 阳性,除对照组外,在所有组别中都观察到了 Tc 阳性。对照组、特应性患者和无慢性阻塞性肺病的哮喘患者的 Al 值和 IgE 值之间存在显著相关性。但 Tc 和 IgE 之间没有相关性。只有特应性和哮喘患者的 IgE 水平与 1 秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)相关。寄生虫感染在特应性患者、中度和重度哮喘及慢性阻塞性肺病患者中很常见。抗炎治疗可能是中度和重度哮喘及慢性阻塞性肺病患者感染频率增加的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in Cytokine Expression at Baseline and in Response to Mineral Stimulation by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Podoconiosis Cases and Healthy Control Individuals. 足癣患者和健康对照者的外周血单核细胞在基线和矿物质刺激下的细胞因子表达差异。
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9110252
Mikias Negash, Tigist Girma, Menberework Chanyalew, Dawit H Alemayehu, Diana Alcantara, Gail Davey, Rosemary J Boyton, Daniel M Altmann, Melanie J Newport, Rawleigh Howe

Epidemiological, histological, and immunogenetic studies suggest that podoconiosis (a non-infectious tropical lymphoedema affecting approximately 4 million people globally) is an HLA class II-associated inflammatory condition that develops in response to an unknown trigger found in volcanic red clay soils. Silicate particles of the kaolinite and aluminum types have been identified in femoral lymph node biopsy samples from endemic area residents, suggesting a possible role in the pathogenesis of podoconiosis. We measured in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine responses (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) to stimulation with the minerals kaolinite, chlorite, and beryllium sulfate (all at 100 µM) using ELISA. Real time PCR was used to measure gene expression of signature cytokines in fresh whole blood, comparing podoconiosis patients and endemic healthy controls. Our results showed that the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β from in vitro cell cultures were significantly higher in unstimulated samples from patients compared to controls (p = 0.04 and p = 0.005, respectively). The minerals kaolinite and chlorite induced two and three-fold higher levels of IL-1β following 24 h of stimulation in healthy controls compared to patients, respectively. We did not find significant differences in mRNA expression of the cytokine genes assayed, though a slight fold increment in IL-1β and TGF-β was observed. In conclusion, our data suggest that the immune system is in a state of persistent activation in vivo in podoconiosis patients, and additional studies of immune regulation and exhaustion are needed to further characterize immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the disease. A better understanding of the underlying processes could lead to the development of a 'biosignature' detectable in the early reversible stages that could ultimately contribute to the elimination of this preventable, disabling, neglected tropical disease.

流行病学、组织学和免疫遗传学研究表明,足尘病(一种非感染性热带淋巴水肿,全球约有 400 万人受其影响)是一种与 HLA II 类相关的炎症,是对火山红粘土中的一种未知诱因的反应。在地方病流行区居民的股淋巴结活检样本中发现了高岭石和铝类型的硅酸盐颗粒,这表明它们可能在足癣的发病机制中发挥作用。我们使用 ELISA 方法测量了体外外周血单核细胞细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β 和 IFN-γ)对矿物高岭石、绿泥石和硫酸铍(均为 100 µM)刺激的反应。采用实时聚合酶链式反应(Real time PCR)测量新鲜全血中特征细胞因子的基因表达,并对足癣患者和地方病健康对照组进行比较。结果显示,与对照组相比,体外细胞培养的 TNF-α 和 IL-1β 水平在未受刺激的患者样本中明显更高(分别为 p = 0.04 和 p = 0.005)。矿物质高岭石和绿泥石在刺激健康对照组 24 小时后诱导的 IL-1β 水平分别是对照组的 2 倍和 3 倍。虽然 IL-1β 和 TGF-β 的 mRNA 表达量略有增加,但我们并未发现细胞因子基因的 mRNA 表达量有明显差异。总之,我们的数据表明,足癣患者体内的免疫系统处于持续激活状态,需要对免疫调节和衰竭进行更多的研究,以进一步确定疾病发病机制中免疫功能紊乱的特征。如果能更好地了解其基本过程,就有可能开发出一种在早期可逆阶段就能检测到的 "生物特征",最终有助于消除这种可预防的、致残性的、被忽视的热带疾病。
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引用次数: 0
Host Preferences and Impact of Climate on Blood Feeding in Anopheles funestus Group from South Africa. 寄主偏好和气候对南非食血按蚊群体的影响
IF 2.8 4区 医学 Q2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9100251
Tshiama Miriam Mwamba, Yael Dahan-Moss, Givemore Munhenga, Innocent Maposa, Lizette Leonie Koekemoer

Anopheles vaneedeni and Anopheles parensis (members of the An. funestus group) are generally not considered malaria vectors. However, both species were recently identified as potential vectors in South Africa. A critical factor needed to determine their role in malaria transmission is their preference for human blood. The human blood index of An. vaneedeni and An. parensis and their potential role in the ongoing residual malaria transmission in South Africa is unknown. This study aimed to identify host blood meals from the wild-caught An. funestus group in a longitudinal study, and to establish the relationship between temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation on host feeding preferences. Anopheles leesoni, An. parensis, An. vaneedeni, and Anopheles rivulorum were collected, and females mainly fed on cattle. Climatic parameters did not influence the host feeding preferences of these four members of the An. funestus group, but impacted the proportion of females that took a blood meal. Significant changes in feeding proportions were driven by relative humidity, temperature, and precipitation. The role of these species in the ongoing residual malaria transmission in South Africa needs further investigation, as no human blood meals were identified. It is recommended that vector surveillance teams incorporate climatic monitoring and host blood meal identification into their routine activities. This information could provide the malaria vector control programmes with scientific evidence to evaluate the importance of the An. funestus group in residual malaria transmission.

一般不认为 vaneedeni 按蚊和 parensis 按蚊(属于 An. funestus 类)是疟疾病媒。然而,这两个物种最近在南非被确认为潜在的病媒。确定它们在疟疾传播中的作用所需的一个关键因素是它们对人血的偏好。vaneedeni 和 An. parensis 的人血指数及其在南非持续残留疟疾传播中的潜在作用尚不清楚。本研究旨在通过纵向研究确定野生捕获的疟原虫群体的宿主血餐,并确定温度、相对湿度和降水对宿主取食偏好的关系。研究人员采集了疟原虫(Anopheles leesoni)、疟原虫(An. parensis)、疟原虫(An. vaneedeni)和疟原虫(Anopheles rivulorum),雌性疟原虫主要以牛为食。气候参数并不影响这四种疟原虫的摄食偏好,但会影响雌性疟原虫的血食比例。相对湿度、温度和降水会导致取食比例发生显著变化。由于没有发现人类血餐,这些物种在南非持续的残余疟疾传播中的作用还需要进一步调查。建议病媒监测小组将气候监测和宿主血餐鉴定纳入其日常活动中。这些信息可为疟疾病媒控制计划提供科学证据,以评估疟原虫群在残余疟疾传播中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
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