Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

The H10 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), an important zoonotic pathogen, is widely prevalent in host species (wild fowl) and continues to infect humans, imposing a huge threat to public health. Thus, the H10 subtype AIV is considered a potential pandemic strain and has drawn the attention of scholars worldwide. Therefore, a fast, sensitive, and economical detection method for H10 subtype AIV needs to be developed for the surveillance and prevention of this infection. Quantum dot fluorescent microsphere-based immunochromatographic strip (QDFM-ICS) has a great application prospect in the rapid detection of the virus. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (1E8 and 2G9) were generated by immunizing mice with the purified hemagglutinin (HA) protein, and QDFM-ICS was designed to detect the H10 subtype influenza antigen. We illustrated that the limit of detection (LOD) of QDFM-ICS for the HA titer and purified HA protein of the H10 subtype AIV was 0.125 per 80 μL of the sample and 4 ng/mL, respectively. The specificity of QDFM-ICS was 100%, which indicated that mAb 2G9 specifically bound to the H10 subtype influenza antigen without cross-reacting with other subtype AIVs. The method has good reproducibility. Additionally, the results of preliminary tests on clinical samples showed high consistency between QDFM-ICS and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The QDFM-ICS has simple analysis steps and can produce objective results within 15 min. Hence, it can be suggested that QDFM-ICS can be used to monitor and prevent the infection caused by H10 subtype AIVs.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) are primary viral pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea in carnivores. CCoV infection generally induces mild enteritis, whereas infections solely by CPV or coinfections involving both CPV and CCoV frequently result in severe diarrhea and can lead to fatal outcomes in affected animals. This study investigated CPV and CCoV infections in raccoon dogs farmed in China between 2018 and 2023. Among the 133 small intestine tissue samples from raccoon dogs with severe diarrhea, 107 of 133 (80.5%) were CPV nucleic acid positive, involving CPV-2 and CPV-2a subtypes. The CPV-2 amplicons maintained I418T, S927A, and T27S. Moreover, the CPV-2a subtype amplicons possessed G300S, N562V, and Y573F mutations compared to dog-ori CPV-2a. Moreover, 30 of the 133 (22.6%) samples were positive for CCoV, containing the CCoV-IIa and CCoV-IIb subtypes. Of these, 25 of 30 (83.3%) samples were coinfected with CPV and CCoV. In CCoV infection alone, mild inflammatory infiltration was observed in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that CCoV antigens were mainly detected in the crypts of the small intestine. Furthermore, coronavirus-like particles were observed in small intestine samples. Next, we analyzed the detailed binding model for raccoon dog-origin (RD-ori) CCoV-IIa with host aminopeptidase N (APN). The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of RD-ori CCoV-IIa showed robust binding to raccoon dog APN but not to human APN. Our results demonstrated that CPV-2a and CCoV are emerging in farmed raccoon dogs in northern China. Further investigations should be performed to monitor the potential evolution and recombination events of RD-ori CPV and CCoVs.

European badgers are opportunistic animals that could serve as important hosts in the life cycle of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) when entering peri-urban and urban environments. In this study, ticks and spleen samples were collected from badgers (Meles meles) found as roadkill between 2020 and 2021 in peri-urban habitats in Central Europe, Hungary. Altogether, 117 ticks, representing seven species (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes kaiseri, Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes hexagonus, Haemaphysalis concinna, Alloceraea inermis and Dermacentor reticulatus) were removed from 49 badgers. Following assessment of suitability for obtaining spleen samples from the carcasses, DNA was extracted, and conventional or real-time PCRs were used to detect tick-borne pathogens in spleen samples of 38 badgers. Among protozoan parasites, two Babesia species, representing two phylogenetic groups, and Hepatozoon martis were identified. In addition, Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris, a novel Ehrlichia species (provisionally named as Candidatus Ehrlichia transdanubiensis), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were detected in these tissue samples. The presence of these tick-borne pathogens in peri-urban mustelids indicate that they may provide a source for the infection of ixodid ticks which can in turn transmit these pathogens to humans or pet dogs in urban habitats. Thus, badgers pose an important epidemiological risk factor at the interface of sylvatic and synanthropic environments.

Zoonotic diseases not only cause great harm to animal health but also involve the development of animal husbandry, which in turn endangers human life and health and public health safety. Protein ubiquitination and autophagy are important ways for the body to degrade invading pathogens, which correspond to the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagic lysosomal pathway (ALP), respectively, and play an important role in the occurrence and development of diseases. For UPS, the substrate is delivered to the 26S proteasome system via a ubiquitination cascade and subsequently degraded and removed. For ALP, the substrate is encapsulated to form autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to form autophagolysosomes, which are eventually degraded and cleared. However, a variety of zoonotic pathogens can interfere with the protein ubiquitination pathway and autophagy process to promote self-replication and survival, and resist host immune defense. This article reviews the mechanisms by which multiple pathogens interfere with protein degradation pathways, providing a new perspective for the treatment and prevention of zoonotic diseases.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic in China, with swine as the most common reservoir. It poses a zoonotic public health risk to swine workers. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination for this high-risk group in China. A decision tree-Markov model was utilized to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two hepatitis E vaccination strategies, without or following screening, for swine workers aged 16–60 in China from societal perspectives, compared to no vaccination. We calculated HEV-related cases and deaths averted, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) with a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of GDP per capita. A sensitivity analysis was conducted. Additionally, we stimulated the scenarios of fully receiving 3-dose schedule, partially receiving 3-dose schedule, and fully receiving 2-dose schedule. Both hepatitis E vaccination strategies significantly reduced HEV-related cases and deaths compared to no vaccination. ICERs were estimated to be USD 11,428.16 and 9830.71/QALY averted for vaccination without and following screening, respectively, both lower than GDP per capita (USD 12,325.24, 2023). Furthermore, one-way sensitivity analysis identified the discount rate, utility in asymptomatic cases, and probability of symptomatic infection as crucial factors affecting ICER. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) showed a 47.5% cost-effectiveness probability for hepatitis E vaccination following screening, compared to 52.5% for no vaccination. Notably, vaccination following screening was cost-ineffective after age 40 and at a price of USD 138.0/dose. Additionally, fully receiving 2-dose and partially 3-dose schedules were cost-effective, regardless of hepatitis E vaccination without or following screening strategies, while fully receiving 3-dose schedule was cost-ineffective with the vaccination without screening strategy. Hepatitis E vaccination following screening would be optimal for swine workers in China. Vaccination starting at an earlier age and lower vaccine prices can improve the cost-effectiveness. Additionally, 2-dose schedule may be recommended during a hepatitis E outbreak to achieve cost-effectiveness.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant infectious disease impacting the global swine industry. Due to high frequency of viral mutation and recombination, PRRSV exhibits complex genetic diversity; however, its lineage classification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, and spatiotemporal distribution have not been systematically analyzed in China. In this study, we sequenced PRRSV-2 open reading frame (ORF)5 sequences from clinical samples (n = 364) and retrieved all the available PRRSV-2 ORF5 sequences in China in 1991–2023 from GenBank (n = 5773). Systematically analysis revealed that PRRSV-2 strains in China were classified into five lineages (L1, L3, L5, L8, and L9) and eight sublineages (L1A-L1C, L5A, L5B, L8C, L8E, and L9B), the L8E and L1C PRRSV-2 were widely distributed across almost all provinces in China, the L1C and L1A strains were increasing and gradually replacing L8 as dominant epidemic strains, and L1B PRRSV-2 in China was analyzed for the first time. The L3 PRRSV-2 has a trend of spreading gradually from the southern to the northern provinces, which needs to be paid attention to the monitoring and prevention of PRRSV-2. Meanwhile, PRRSV-2 strains in China were classified into 112 different RFLP patterns. RFLP 1-4-4 PRRSVs were detectable in China, which accounted for 12.71% of all Chinese PRRSV-2 strains. Although they are different from the RFLP 1-4-4 L1C variant in the United States, it is necessary to enhance surveillance of the RFLP 1-4-4 L1C PRRSVs. These results contributed the understanding of genetic diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of PRRSV-2 in China and provide important references for future PRRSV-2 monitoring and control in China.

In 2023, the dengue virus (DENV) outbreak infected over 0.3 million cases and 1500 deaths in Bangladesh. Our study conducted serotyping and genomic surveillance in four districts of Southwest Bangladesh between September and October 2023. The surveillance data from 2019 to 2023 extracted from the Directorate General of Health Services in Bangladesh indicated a significant increase of Dengue infections in 2023, particularly during September–November. The two-layered hypothesis examination confirmed that, despite endemic months, 2023 dengue outbreak had a higher morbidity rate compared to previous years (2019–2022) in the southwest of Bangladesh. Serotyping using RT-PCR and E gene sequence analysis of 25 randomly selected positive samples reveals that DENV-2 was the dominant serotype circulating in this region during the study period. Genomic analysis (phylogenetic analysis and classical multidimensional scaling [cMDS]) exposed a new strain of DENV-2, classified under Cosmopolitan genotype within C clade, distinct from previous Bangladeshi strains until 2022. This strain, possibly migrating from India, might have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic years and exhibited higher morbidity rates, thus challenging our existing mitigation strategies. This investigation provides valuable insights for public health interventions and underscores the importance of continuous genomic surveillance in managing dengue outbreaks.

Leishmania spp. is an intracellular obligate protozoan that causes the zoonotic disease leishmaniosis. Although the dog has always been considered the main reservoir, the number of species involved in transmission of the parasite is increasingly numerous and includes both domestic species, such as cats or horses, wildlife species, and livestock such as pigs, sheep, or cows. In the latter, the presence of Leishmania spp. has been detected in some countries of South America, Asia, and Africa. In Europe, and specifically in the Mediterranean region where leishmaniasis is endemic, there are no data in this regard, although cow blood has been detected in sandflies, which act as the vector for this parasite. This study analyzed the seroprevalence of Leishmania spp. in 75 lactating cows of three different cattle breeds (Modicana, Simmental, and Holstein) from Southern Italy, finding an overall seroprevalence of 17.33%. Cytokine serum levels related to immune response were analyzed and the presence of Leishmania spp. infection did not change the levels of cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Interaction between breed and infection was observed, the IL-1β being higher in Modicana breed than in Simmental and Holstein when infection was present. This breed had medium levels of IL-6 without infection, with high levels being observed in Simmental and low levels in Holstein. Furthermore, Simmental cows showed higher levels of IL-6 with infection than without infection. These results suggest that the livestock species could play a relevant role in Leishmania spp. transmission in endemic regions, and with different immune responses depending on the breed. Additional research is required to ascertain the role of livestock species in parasite transmission and evaluate the immune response of autochthonous breeds.

Background: Emerging viral diseases are spreading to new geographic locations, influenced by human activities and climate change. Morbillivirus canis (also known as canine distemper virus, CDV), the etiological agent of CD, is distributed worldwide and shared between wild and domestic animals.

Methods: A systematic review using MeSH terms was carried out from 1985 to 2024, focusing the search on studies (PubMed and WOS) that would detect CDV and sequence it in a known genotype in Carnivora hosts. Articles were reviewed by four researchers, and after quality assessment, we selected 160 published papers for data extraction, analysis, and spatial meta-analysis. Considering species studied, geographical location, and classified genotypes we identify 457 different individual studies (records) from which 332 records CDV was sequenced into a classifiable 17 main genotypes. Spatial meta-analysis was performed using QGIS, revealing distributions of animals in which a CDV lineage has been isolated; geographical lineages overlapping on different hosts have been measured as a density function.

Results: CDV host species belonged to the suborder Caniformia (93.7%) into families such as Canidae (75.2%), Mustelidae (9.7%), and Procyonidae (7.6%). Suborder Feliformia (6.1%) showed wild Felidae (5.1%) as the most represented family. Samples used were brain (13.74%), lung (12.4%), blood (10.8%), and nasal-eye discharges (8.9%; 8.1%). Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) (60.34%) and real-time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (26.57%) detecting H gene (62%) were most used to detect viral ARN. On genotypes, Europe/South America-1 (27.4%), Europe-3/Artic (15.5%), Asia-1 (14.5%), America-1 (11.2%), Europe-2/European Wildlife and Africa (Africa-1 and Africa-2) (7.6%) were the most represented worldwide, being America-1 and Europe/South America-1 the most widely distributed around the world.

Conclusions: The analysis showed the wide multihost capacity and diversity of CDV, with dog (Canis lupus familiaris) as the most frequent (40%) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (30.2%) as the main wild host. Most of the detected lineages can be detected in several wild host families, in addition to the dog, suggesting constant spillover phenomena in shared habitats at the domestic–wild interface. The most cosmopolitan lineages mirror the distribution routes of their hosts, showing that it is difficult to establish a CDV-fixed picture in an interconnected world.

The complete mastitis control program is insufficient for the starting dairy industry country, and therefore it might cause emerging of new mastitis pathogens. This longitudinal study aimed to determine the association of the infected dynamic status of the main pathogens responsible for mastitis with seasonal variations, the proportions of transient and chronic intramammary infection (IMI) episodes, and the duration of IMI. This study was conducted on a training smallholder dairy farm in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from January 2023 to July 2023. Trained veterinarians aseptically collected quarter milk samples from all milking cows (n = 21) every 2 weeks until the end of the study, accounting for 3–16 times of milk collection per cow based on their period of lactation. All collected milk samples (n = 812) were cultured, and subsequently, all bacterial colonies were identified using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. An IMI episode is defined as a sequence of consecutive isolates of a specific bacterium from the same quarter. The duration of an episode is the time between the new IMI and its cure. Two types of IMI were defined as transient IMI and chronic IMI that lasted for 28 days or more. Results of the IMI episodes, distributions of no, single, double-mixed, and 3-mixed IMI were 61.1%, 31.9%, 6.3%, and 0.7%, respectively, in which the mixed IMI accounts for 18% of IMI samples. Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Streptococcus gallolyticus were the main organisms responsible for the mastitis epidemic on this farm. These bacteria had higher ratios of chronic episodes than the other mastitis bacteria found on this farm. In addition, results obtained from Cox’s model showed that S. chromogenes had a longer time to cure than pathogens other than S. uberis and S. gallolyticus, in which S. gallolyticus linked to colon neoplasia in humans. In conclusion, the lack of an optimal mastitis control program, in this case, provides information on the emerging mixed infections, emerging mastitis pathogens, and emerging chronic S. chromogenes infections.