Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0119
A. Rezaee, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Ronny Brendtsson, V. Singh
Improper utilization of water resources has the potential to result in reduced availability of high-quality water and adverse effects on societal development. In fact, what appears to be a serious gap in comprehensive water resources studies is the lack of a coherent approach that can link different social, economic and environmental parts within the framework of the integrated water management paradigm to extract strategies and operational plans. Comprehensive water resources management (CWRM) is a process that intends to develop and manage water, land and other resources in a way that maximizes the social and economic well-being of human societies, without compromising the integrity and sustainability of vital ecosystems and future benefits. This chapter discusses the definitions of integrated and comprehensive water resources management describing the steps of using integrated management in practical examples.
{"title":"Comprehensive integrated water management","authors":"A. Rezaee, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Ronny Brendtsson, V. Singh","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0119","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Improper utilization of water resources has the potential to result in reduced availability of high-quality water and adverse effects on societal development. In fact, what appears to be a serious gap in comprehensive water resources studies is the lack of a coherent approach that can link different social, economic and environmental parts within the framework of the integrated water management paradigm to extract strategies and operational plans. Comprehensive water resources management (CWRM) is a process that intends to develop and manage water, land and other resources in a way that maximizes the social and economic well-being of human societies, without compromising the integrity and sustainability of vital ecosystems and future benefits. This chapter discusses the definitions of integrated and comprehensive water resources management describing the steps of using integrated management in practical examples.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114405683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0315
Hossein Rezaei, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Vijay P. Singh
Today, developments in science and technology have made people more sensitive to their surroundings, as well as to the problems and challenges that surround them or threaten their lives in the future. This change in the way people look at the problems and big challenges of life today has led them to increasingly use science and technology. Scientific and technological progress has enabled humans to solve challenges that were once thought insoluble. These problems often involve three main limiting factors: cost, time and the need to collect lots of data. Today, in most countries, a solution called ‘citizen science’ is used to solve these big problems and projects. Indeed, the main foundation of citizen science is that it is used to conduct extensive experiments by ‘citizen scientists’ in areas such as sampling and other time-consuming and costly activities. This chapter explains how, after an initial research plan is presented and has been evaluated, the decision is made by scientists whether or not to employ citizen scientists. In the next stages, described below, scientists attract volunteer citizens, then carefully plan the details of the subject and the relevant training and education needed to carry out the various stages of the research proposed. After completing these training courses, citizens scientists enter the stage of conducting experiments and collecting the required data. Finally, scientists analyze the information collected by scientists. The chapter describes this complete process, and supplies suitable examples.
{"title":"Citizen science","authors":"Hossein Rezaei, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Vijay P. Singh","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0315","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Today, developments in science and technology have made people more sensitive to their surroundings, as well as to the problems and challenges that surround them or threaten their lives in the future. This change in the way people look at the problems and big challenges of life today has led them to increasingly use science and technology. Scientific and technological progress has enabled humans to solve challenges that were once thought insoluble. These problems often involve three main limiting factors: cost, time and the need to collect lots of data. Today, in most countries, a solution called ‘citizen science’ is used to solve these big problems and projects. Indeed, the main foundation of citizen science is that it is used to conduct extensive experiments by ‘citizen scientists’ in areas such as sampling and other time-consuming and costly activities. This chapter explains how, after an initial research plan is presented and has been evaluated, the decision is made by scientists whether or not to employ citizen scientists. In the next stages, described below, scientists attract volunteer citizens, then carefully plan the details of the subject and the relevant training and education needed to carry out the various stages of the research proposed. After completing these training courses, citizens scientists enter the stage of conducting experiments and collecting the required data. Finally, scientists analyze the information collected by scientists. The chapter describes this complete process, and supplies suitable examples.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127375324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1002/9781118787472.ch19
M. Delpasand, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, E. Goharian
Uneven water distribution in the world is the main reason today that some countries face problems due to water scarcity. Human activities consume and pollute large amounts of water. Globally, agriculture is the largest water user by volume. However, the water used by industrial and household sectors is still significant. Water consumption and pollution are caused by specific activities such as irrigation, bathing, washing, cleaning, cooling and by various other processes. Little attention has been paid to how much water use and pollution ultimately result from such activities, and how much water is consumed by communities, compared to the attention paid to the structure of the public economy that supplies consumer goods and services. Overall, to mitigate water scarcity problems, there are several approaches that can be made, such as inter-basin water transfer, increasing efficiency of water consumption and also using new concepts such as virtual water and the water footprint. The footprint of a product is the amount of fresh water used to produce it, measured across the complete supply chain. Water footprint is a multidimensional indicator that shows the amount of water consumed by the source as well as the amount and types of contamination.
{"title":"Water footprint","authors":"M. Delpasand, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, E. Goharian","doi":"10.1002/9781118787472.ch19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118787472.ch19","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Uneven water distribution in the world is the main reason today that some countries face problems due to water scarcity. Human activities consume and pollute large amounts of water. Globally, agriculture is the largest water user by volume. However, the water used by industrial and household sectors is still significant. Water consumption and pollution are caused by specific activities such as irrigation, bathing, washing, cleaning, cooling and by various other processes. Little attention has been paid to how much water use and pollution ultimately result from such activities, and how much water is consumed by communities, compared to the attention paid to the structure of the public economy that supplies consumer goods and services. Overall, to mitigate water scarcity problems, there are several approaches that can be made, such as inter-basin water transfer, increasing efficiency of water consumption and also using new concepts such as virtual water and the water footprint. The footprint of a product is the amount of fresh water used to produce it, measured across the complete supply chain. Water footprint is a multidimensional indicator that shows the amount of water consumed by the source as well as the amount and types of contamination.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132534221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0087
O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Mohammad-Reza Rajabi, H. Loáiciga
Land use planning is defined as the regulation of the relationship between space and human activities. Space occupied by human settlements, farmland and forests, parks, fallow land, rivers and lakes, and by transportation networks constitutes a network of areas dedicated to land uses such as agriculture, forestry, rangeland, industry, mining, recreation, and fishing. Land use planning is a comprehensive and long-term approach to planning human relations and their activities in space; it is the task of regulating and coordinating the strategies and general orientations of sectors, and it is the foundation of economies and human activities. The purpose of land use planning is to achieve an optimal distribution of economic and social activities. Land use selection and management are commonly done without regard to the carrying capacity of the land which, when exceeded, results in economic losses and in a reduction of environmental quality. The overall goal of land use planning is to achieve the optimal use of the land within the national interest framework. Accordingly, formulating a successful plan for managing the development of a country requires proper attention to the roles of geography and land use. Creation of a suitable balance between the Earth and its use by human activities can be achieved by proper land management. The increasing importance of environmental issues and human alteration of natural environments calls for sustainable development and land use practices that conserve natural resources while benefiting society and the environment. Nowadays, due to many factors such as climate change, population growth, changing standards of living, poverty, access to education, and mismanagement of natural and water resources, there is a need to diversify food and agricultural production in a variety of ways. Overseas cultivation is one of them, and it has potential for improving agricultural production. The practice of overseas cultivation by a country means planting and harvesting of a variety of agricultural products in other countries to be sold in its domestic market or in foreign markets. There are five basic principles that underline the success of overseas cultivation involving any group of countries: (1) mutual respect for the governance of all countries; (2) making and abiding by agreements between the countries; (3) non-interference in the internal problems of each country and respect for the territorial integrity of all countries; (4) optimal use of human resources and capacities to support agricultural activities and trade; and (5) expanding security and military cooperation.
{"title":"Land use planning and overseas production","authors":"O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Mohammad-Reza Rajabi, H. Loáiciga","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Land use planning is defined as the regulation of the relationship between space and human activities. Space occupied by human settlements, farmland and forests, parks, fallow land, rivers and lakes, and by transportation networks constitutes a network of areas dedicated to land uses such as agriculture, forestry, rangeland, industry, mining, recreation, and fishing. Land use planning is a comprehensive and long-term approach to planning human relations and their activities in space; it is the task of regulating and coordinating the strategies and general orientations of sectors, and it is the foundation of economies and human activities. The purpose of land use planning is to achieve an optimal distribution of economic and social activities. Land use selection and management are commonly done without regard to the carrying capacity of the land which, when exceeded, results in economic losses and in a reduction of environmental quality. The overall goal of land use planning is to achieve the optimal use of the land within the national interest framework. Accordingly, formulating a successful plan for managing the development of a country requires proper attention to the roles of geography and land use. Creation of a suitable balance between the Earth and its use by human activities can be achieved by proper land management. The increasing importance of environmental issues and human alteration of natural environments calls for sustainable development and land use practices that conserve natural resources while benefiting society and the environment. Nowadays, due to many factors such as climate change, population growth, changing standards of living, poverty, access to education, and mismanagement of natural and water resources, there is a need to diversify food and agricultural production in a variety of ways. Overseas cultivation is one of them, and it has potential for improving agricultural production. The practice of overseas cultivation by a country means planting and harvesting of a variety of agricultural products in other countries to be sold in its domestic market or in foreign markets. There are five basic principles that underline the success of overseas cultivation involving any group of countries: (1) mutual respect for the governance of all countries; (2) making and abiding by agreements between the countries; (3) non-interference in the internal problems of each country and respect for the territorial integrity of all countries; (4) optimal use of human resources and capacities to support agricultural activities and trade; and (5) expanding security and military cooperation.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114629460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0001
O. Bozorg‐Haddad, M. Geranmehr, Z. Yaseen, V. Singh
Growing population and increasing water demand, along with limited water resources, pose several challenges to water resources management and planning. Although demand management is one of the critical elements used to reduce water stress, new water resources technologies – such as cloud seeding, fossil water extraction, desalination, extraction of atmospheric water, inter-basin water transfer, and water reuse – can all be effective options to alleviate water scarcity. This chapter discusses and compares each of these technologies with illustrative examples.
{"title":"New water resources technologies","authors":"O. Bozorg‐Haddad, M. Geranmehr, Z. Yaseen, V. Singh","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Growing population and increasing water demand, along with limited water resources, pose several challenges to water resources management and planning. Although demand management is one of the critical elements used to reduce water stress, new water resources technologies – such as cloud seeding, fossil water extraction, desalination, extraction of atmospheric water, inter-basin water transfer, and water reuse – can all be effective options to alleviate water scarcity. This chapter discusses and compares each of these technologies with illustrative examples.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130679523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0063
Melika Mani, S. Bateni, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Amanda Cording
Due to the effects of climate change, urban and suburban expansion, and urban pollutants on runoff quality and quantity, applying contemporary stormwater management approaches in urban areas have become more critical. Low impact development (LID) practices are environmentally friendly stormwater management methods, seeking to replicate the natural hydrologic regimes in urban areas. They have become popular methods to reduce/prevent adverse stormwater runoff impacts in urban catchments, mainly by improving on-site infiltration or harvesting and reusing runoff. This study introduces LID practices and the importance of using them. Thereafter, the structure, benefits, and limitations of common LID practices are explained to help water resource engineers and urban planners have a better understanding of these practices, and choose the most suitable LID practice based on the needs of the project and features of the site.
{"title":"Stormwater management by low impact development practices","authors":"Melika Mani, S. Bateni, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Amanda Cording","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0063","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Due to the effects of climate change, urban and suburban expansion, and urban pollutants on runoff quality and quantity, applying contemporary stormwater management approaches in urban areas have become more critical. Low impact development (LID) practices are environmentally friendly stormwater management methods, seeking to replicate the natural hydrologic regimes in urban areas. They have become popular methods to reduce/prevent adverse stormwater runoff impacts in urban catchments, mainly by improving on-site infiltration or harvesting and reusing runoff. This study introduces LID practices and the importance of using them. Thereafter, the structure, benefits, and limitations of common LID practices are explained to help water resource engineers and urban planners have a better understanding of these practices, and choose the most suitable LID practice based on the needs of the project and features of the site.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115334272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0175
Shima Kheirinejad, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, V. Gude
The water, food and energy nexus is a critical component for sustainable development as global population and industrialization escalate. Agriculture is responsible for the majority of freshwater consumption worldwide, while one quarter of the world's energy is spent on food production and consumption. The connections between such vital areas necessitates a profound and integrated approach to securing the water, food and energy sectors across the world. Such an integrated approach should be based upon understanding the nexus between the three individual sectors, and on coordinating the interactions between them. As the global population is expected to reach 8 billion (8 × 109) by 2030, demands for essential services and higher living standards are becoming prevalent, and the need for conscious protection of vital resources – without which, meeting those demands and desires would be impossible – is more palpable than ever. Considering the impact of water and environmental crises on food and energy security, the integrated management of water, food and energy with the collaboration of all stakeholders could result in a significant check on any detrimental changes. Due to the critical importance of food, water and energy security, policies should be implemented to conserve and protect these essential resources. Therefore, it is very important to understand the logic governing this issue, and, in this chapter, definitions and logical approaches that govern the concept of the water, food and energy nexus, the potential crises ahead, and the effective management solutions, tools, and methods used in this field are all discussed, using case studies and examples.
{"title":"The water, food and energy nexus","authors":"Shima Kheirinejad, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, V. Gude","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0175","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The water, food and energy nexus is a critical component for sustainable development as global population and industrialization escalate. Agriculture is responsible for the majority of freshwater consumption worldwide, while one quarter of the world's energy is spent on food production and consumption. The connections between such vital areas necessitates a profound and integrated approach to securing the water, food and energy sectors across the world. Such an integrated approach should be based upon understanding the nexus between the three individual sectors, and on coordinating the interactions between them. As the global population is expected to reach 8 billion (8 × 109) by 2030, demands for essential services and higher living standards are becoming prevalent, and the need for conscious protection of vital resources – without which, meeting those demands and desires would be impossible – is more palpable than ever. Considering the impact of water and environmental crises on food and energy security, the integrated management of water, food and energy with the collaboration of all stakeholders could result in a significant check on any detrimental changes. Due to the critical importance of food, water and energy security, policies should be implemented to conserve and protect these essential resources. Therefore, it is very important to understand the logic governing this issue, and, in this chapter, definitions and logical approaches that govern the concept of the water, food and energy nexus, the potential crises ahead, and the effective management solutions, tools, and methods used in this field are all discussed, using case studies and examples.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116834939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.4135/9781446247501.n4080
M. Delpasand, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, E. Goharian
In many regions of the world, water scarcity has created numerous problems for the supply of domestic water use, agricultural production, and for the human life cycle in general. Perhaps in the near future water will be synonymous with gold. Over the past two decades, the virtual water concept has become known as a mitigating water scarcity crisis solution which can balance the unequal distribution of world water resources. Virtual water is the amount of water that a product consumes in a production process from start to end. Developers of the virtual water idea believe that by exporting and importing commodities, large volumes of water can be traded which is referred to as virtual water trading. In the theory of virtual water trade, in order to reduce the pressure on water resources, it is recommended that water-scarce countries import products instead of producing them from internal water sources and allocate these water resources for other lucrative business activities. Therefore, in this chapter, the virtual water concept and its specifications and evaluations are fully explained.
{"title":"Virtual water","authors":"M. Delpasand, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, E. Goharian","doi":"10.4135/9781446247501.n4080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247501.n4080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In many regions of the world, water scarcity has created numerous problems for the supply of domestic water use, agricultural production, and for the human life cycle in general. Perhaps in the near future water will be synonymous with gold. Over the past two decades, the virtual water concept has become known as a mitigating water scarcity crisis solution which can balance the unequal distribution of world water resources. Virtual water is the amount of water that a product consumes in a production process from start to end. Developers of the virtual water idea believe that by exporting and importing commodities, large volumes of water can be traded which is referred to as virtual water trading. In the theory of virtual water trade, in order to reduce the pressure on water resources, it is recommended that water-scarce countries import products instead of producing them from internal water sources and allocate these water resources for other lucrative business activities. Therefore, in this chapter, the virtual water concept and its specifications and evaluations are fully explained.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"6 24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123742058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0259
H. A. Alashti, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, D. Bocchiola
Today, both freshwater and wastewater treatment plants are tremendously important for humans and their health. Additionally, water and water systems are sensitive because of their impacts on economic performance. At the same time, economic and population growth, and rising standards of living lead to increased water demand, and freshwater can be scarcely available. The increasing importance of water in modern society has increased the sensitivity and vulnerability of water systems, and the concern about the consequences of any disruption to them, leading to the growing importance of passive defense. Passive defense plays an important role in identifying vulnerability and likely threats, making emergency response plans, and preventing and responding to such threats. Water infrastructures could be physically destroyed, cyber-attacked, or contaminated through the introduction of chemical and biological agents. These threats can have different origins. Some of them may be unintentional and even natural disasters, while others may be due to terrorist attacks, or to regional conflicts and disputes over local water resources. In this chapter, a review of the types of threats pending on water systems is presented, together with a short history of these threats. The vulnerability of water systems is investigated, and approaches to prevent and respond to them is reported.
{"title":"Passive defense in water resources","authors":"H. A. Alashti, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, D. Bocchiola","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0259","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Today, both freshwater and wastewater treatment plants are tremendously important for humans and their health. Additionally, water and water systems are sensitive because of their impacts on economic performance. At the same time, economic and population growth, and rising standards of living lead to increased water demand, and freshwater can be scarcely available. The increasing importance of water in modern society has increased the sensitivity and vulnerability of water systems, and the concern about the consequences of any disruption to them, leading to the growing importance of passive defense. Passive defense plays an important role in identifying vulnerability and likely threats, making emergency response plans, and preventing and responding to such threats. Water infrastructures could be physically destroyed, cyber-attacked, or contaminated through the introduction of chemical and biological agents. These threats can have different origins. Some of them may be unintentional and even natural disasters, while others may be due to terrorist attacks, or to regional conflicts and disputes over local water resources. In this chapter, a review of the types of threats pending on water systems is presented, together with a short history of these threats. The vulnerability of water systems is investigated, and approaches to prevent and respond to them is reported.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121218053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.2166/9781789062144_0235
Shima Kheirinejad, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Vijay P. Singh
Access to enough food to eliminate hunger is a fundamental right of society. Lack of food is an obstacle to social, political, economic, and cultural development of society. Investment in agriculture, support of education, and health development in the community can lead to food security. Water is fundamental to agriculture and hence to food and nutritional security. Water is also vital for plants and livestock. Agriculture has the largest share of water consumption, accounting for about 70% of all freshwater earmarked for human use, and good quality water is needed for production of a wide variety of non-food products, such as cotton, rubber, and industrial oils. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirmed everyone's right to adequate food. However, accessing adequate food in rural areas in many developing countries depends on access to natural resources, including water. On 28 July 2010, the UN General Assembly declared access to clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Significant changes in policy and management across the entire agricultural production chain are necessary to ensure the best use of available water resources to meet the growing need for food and other agricultural products. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) works with countries around the world to improve food security. It has been assisting member states in cooperation with public and private financial institutions since 1964, and has implemented numerous programs to invest in agriculture and rural development. In recent years, emergency aid to meet the urgent needs of people in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) member states has been provided through these programs in times of crises, such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, and avian influenza.
{"title":"Food security from a water perspective","authors":"Shima Kheirinejad, O. Bozorg‐Haddad, Vijay P. Singh","doi":"10.2166/9781789062144_0235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/9781789062144_0235","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Access to enough food to eliminate hunger is a fundamental right of society. Lack of food is an obstacle to social, political, economic, and cultural development of society. Investment in agriculture, support of education, and health development in the community can lead to food security. Water is fundamental to agriculture and hence to food and nutritional security. Water is also vital for plants and livestock. Agriculture has the largest share of water consumption, accounting for about 70% of all freshwater earmarked for human use, and good quality water is needed for production of a wide variety of non-food products, such as cotton, rubber, and industrial oils. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirmed everyone's right to adequate food. However, accessing adequate food in rural areas in many developing countries depends on access to natural resources, including water. On 28 July 2010, the UN General Assembly declared access to clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Significant changes in policy and management across the entire agricultural production chain are necessary to ensure the best use of available water resources to meet the growing need for food and other agricultural products. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) works with countries around the world to improve food security. It has been assisting member states in cooperation with public and private financial institutions since 1964, and has implemented numerous programs to invest in agriculture and rural development. In recent years, emergency aid to meet the urgent needs of people in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) member states has been provided through these programs in times of crises, such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, and avian influenza.","PeriodicalId":234170,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources: Future Perspectives, Challenges, Concepts and Necessities","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116788347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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