A catalyzing factor for the continuous search to optimize the compression ignition engines is the impact it has on the environment. The compression ignition engines find applications in the transportation sector, agriculture, energy, and construction sectors, and the optimization of its performance will thus not be an effort in futility. Many studies have focused on the optimization of the performance of compression ignition engines. The ones of interest reviewed herein can be broadly categorized as combustion chamber geometry studies, fuel studies, and advanced combustion modes studies. The combustion chamber geometry poses an impact on the in-cylinder fluid motion. This influences the combustion process which in-turn affects the engine performance and emission characteristics. The fuel type is also an influencer of the engine performance and emission characteristics drawing its impact from its properties. The combustion mode also poses an impact on the combustion process and can influence the engine performance and its emission characteristics. While it is difficult to pinpoint a particular intervention means that can completely resolve the challenges created by the use of ignition compression engines, the combustion chamber geometry optimization tends to bring along emission reduction and efficiency boost. A combination of the different methods will however, make a huge impact.
{"title":"Performance Optimization of Compression Ignition Engines: A Review","authors":"O. Towoju","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.63291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.63291","url":null,"abstract":"A catalyzing factor for the continuous search to optimize the compression ignition engines is the impact it has on the environment. The compression ignition engines find applications in the transportation sector, agriculture, energy, and construction sectors, and the optimization of its performance will thus not be an effort in futility. Many studies have focused on the optimization of the performance of compression ignition engines. The ones of interest reviewed herein can be broadly categorized as combustion chamber geometry studies, fuel studies, and advanced combustion modes studies. The combustion chamber geometry poses an impact on the in-cylinder fluid motion. This influences the combustion process which in-turn affects the engine performance and emission characteristics. The fuel type is also an influencer of the engine performance and emission characteristics drawing its impact from its properties. The combustion mode also poses an impact on the combustion process and can influence the engine performance and its emission characteristics. While it is difficult to pinpoint a particular intervention means that can completely resolve the challenges created by the use of ignition compression engines, the combustion chamber geometry optimization tends to bring along emission reduction and efficiency boost. A combination of the different methods will however, make a huge impact.","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"430 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123275885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili, Çağatay Nacak, T. Kocakulak, M. Babagiray
Nowadays optimization is increasing in experiments on the engine tests studies. In this study, the test fuel obtained by mixing isopropanol with n-heptane fuel under various engine conditions in HCCI mode was examined combustion, performance and emissions. The study was carried out both experimentally and statistically. Set as engine parameters, different engine speed, test fuel with isopropanol (IP20-IP40) and excess air ratio for experimental study. Engine speed is 800 rpm - 1200 rpm, excess air ratio is 1.6 and 2.8, and isopropanol ratio in test fuel of 20% and 40%. From the experiment, investigations were made on effective torque, indicated mean effective pressure, indicated thermal efficiency, maximum pressure increase rate, start of combustion (SOC), combustion duration, COVIMEP, HC, CO and NOx. Before the experiments, experimental series were determined with Response Surface Method, Central Compound Design matrix. Experiments were carried out with the experimental series obtained and the data were analysed. Counter charts, ANOVA results and quartic models were obtained by entering the combustion, performance and output of the HCCI engine into the RSM interface. Then, the targeted response parameters were entered and optimization was made to determine the optimum input parameter. Response parameters under optimum operating conditions Effective Torque 11.438 Nm, IMEP 4.366 bar, MPRR 2.747 bar/°CA, COVIMEP 4.364%, CA10 2.315 °CA, CA50 7 °CA, CA10-CA90 36.245 °CA, UHCs 324.562 ppm, CO 0.0118% and NOx 2.549 ppm were determined.
{"title":"Experimental investigation and optimization of HCCI engine fueled by isopropanol and heptane mixture","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili, Çağatay Nacak, T. Kocakulak, M. Babagiray","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.51253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.51253","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays optimization is increasing in experiments on the engine tests studies. In this study, the test fuel obtained by mixing isopropanol with n-heptane fuel under various engine conditions in HCCI mode was examined combustion, performance and emissions. The study was carried out both experimentally and statistically. Set as engine parameters, different engine speed, test fuel with isopropanol (IP20-IP40) and excess air ratio for experimental study. Engine speed is 800 rpm - 1200 rpm, excess air ratio is 1.6 and 2.8, and isopropanol ratio in test fuel of 20% and 40%. From the experiment, investigations were made on effective torque, indicated mean effective pressure, indicated thermal efficiency, maximum pressure increase rate, start of combustion (SOC), combustion duration, COVIMEP, HC, CO and NOx. Before the experiments, experimental series were determined with Response Surface Method, Central Compound Design matrix. Experiments were carried out with the experimental series obtained and the data were analysed. Counter charts, ANOVA results and quartic models were obtained by entering the combustion, performance and output of the HCCI engine into the RSM interface. Then, the targeted response parameters were entered and optimization was made to determine the optimum input parameter. Response parameters under optimum operating conditions Effective Torque 11.438 Nm, IMEP 4.366 bar, MPRR 2.747 bar/°CA, COVIMEP 4.364%, CA10 2.315 °CA, CA50 7 °CA, CA10-CA90 36.245 °CA, UHCs 324.562 ppm, CO 0.0118% and NOx 2.549 ppm were determined.","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114819088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exterior surface attractive appearance of every designed and the fabricated machine includes the vehicles is determined by the type of paint color it has to the one who takes its looks. The well-painted machine is added its value to the customers from its physical outer appearance. High attractive paint color from paint mixing activities plays an important role in the production mechanism of any attractive exterior surfaces have done by the painter industries and auto body repair companies. In some developing countries with a low percentage of industries including Rwanda, finding a standardized auto-body paint mixing machine is very expensive. Then, auto-body repair and painters in different vehicle repair industries and garages try to mix paints by using their hands without other assistance which is known as manual auto-paint mixing operation. However, this manual mixing method has several disadvantages like unattractive paint colors, low painting quality outputs, unresisting paint to solar, and rain which reduce the product’s value. During the mixing operation, their hands' skin being unhealthy because of the chemicals from the paints and respiration system affected by paint smell. This method takes more time during mixing but resulted in a non-uniformity of mixed paint. Therefore, this research aim is to design and implement a paint mixing machine with accurate paint color at an affordable cost. The machine is fabricated using the materials which are available on local markets. This machine will offer more benefits to the vehicle repair companies, vehicle sellers, and dealers such as time reduction taken during vehicle body painting, more customers, the confidentiality of taking the used vehicles to the markets.
{"title":"Development and fabrication of vehicle body paints mixing machine","authors":"Frederic Musabyimana","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.52083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.52083","url":null,"abstract":"The exterior surface attractive appearance of every designed and the fabricated machine includes the vehicles is determined by the type of paint color it has to the one who takes its looks. The well-painted machine is added its value to the customers from its physical outer appearance. High attractive paint color from paint mixing activities plays an important role in the production mechanism of any attractive exterior surfaces have done by the painter industries and auto body repair companies. In some developing countries with a low percentage of industries including Rwanda, finding a standardized auto-body paint mixing machine is very expensive. Then, auto-body repair and painters in different vehicle repair industries and garages try to mix paints by using their hands without other assistance which is known as manual auto-paint mixing operation. However, this manual mixing method has several disadvantages like unattractive paint colors, low painting quality outputs, unresisting paint to solar, and rain which reduce the product’s value. During the mixing operation, their hands' skin being unhealthy because of the chemicals from the paints and respiration system affected by paint smell. This method takes more time during mixing but resulted in a non-uniformity of mixed paint. Therefore, this research aim is to design and implement a paint mixing machine with accurate paint color at an affordable cost. The machine is fabricated using the materials which are available on local markets. This machine will offer more benefits to the vehicle repair companies, vehicle sellers, and dealers such as time reduction taken during vehicle body painting, more customers, the confidentiality of taking the used vehicles to the markets.","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134137599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kocakulak, Venkata Krishna Teja Thallapalli, Ahmet Onur Kıyaklı
{"title":"Modeling of an Electric Tractor and Determining Energy Consumption Values In Different Duties","authors":"T. Kocakulak, Venkata Krishna Teja Thallapalli, Ahmet Onur Kıyaklı","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.51651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.51651","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125761785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Duran, Yasin Coşkun, Derya Kiliç, Ahmet Uyumaz, Batuhan Zengi̇n
{"title":"Determination of the Load Applied to Bale Wrapping Machine Rotary Arm and Performing of Design Optimization","authors":"S. Duran, Yasin Coşkun, Derya Kiliç, Ahmet Uyumaz, Batuhan Zengi̇n","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.55670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.55670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131378548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.29228/SCIPERSPECTIVE.48525
Tuğba Tabanlıgil Calam
selectivity. For this reason, the determination of 2NP made by electrochemical methods are preferred [10-12]. In this study, an alternative detection method for 2NP determination has been developed. The electrochemical behavior of 2NP was examined with the sensor prepared for this purpose. In order to examine the analytical performance of the sensor for 2NP determination, parameters such as linear working range and detection limit were figured out. Finally, the 2NP determination in lake water was successfully carried out to show the applicability of the sensor in real sample. 2NP is among the priority pollutants for the environmental ecosystem and poses a threat to the health of living things by mixing in wastewater. Therefore, the 2NP determination is important. In this study, the glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface was modified with 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (ANSA). The electrochemical behavior and voltammetric determination of 2-nitrophenol (2NP) on the modified surface (ANSA-GC) was performed. Firstly, it was decided that the supporting electrolyte medium suitable for 2NP determination was Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer and the effect of pH change on the reduction peak of 2NP in this environment was investigated. The effect of changing scan rate on the reduction peak of 2NP was examined and this study showed that the reduction process of 2NP on the ANSA-GC modified electrode surface was diffusion controlled process. For 2NP determina-tion,two linear working ranges with two different slopes, 1.19×10 -6 -1.66×10 -4 M and 1.66×10 -4 -1.14×10 -3 M were obtained. LOD and LOQ values were calculated as 0.29 µM and 0.97 µM, respectively. Finally, lake water was used as the real sample, and 2NP was determined in this lake water. The experimental results showed that it can be used with a high accuracy and precision in the determination of 2NP with ANSA-GC modified electrode.
{"title":"Electrochemical Behavior and Voltammetric Determination of 2-Nitrophenol on Glassy Carbon Electrode Surface Modified with 1-Amino-2-Naphthol-4-Sulphonic Acid","authors":"Tuğba Tabanlıgil Calam","doi":"10.29228/SCIPERSPECTIVE.48525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/SCIPERSPECTIVE.48525","url":null,"abstract":"selectivity. For this reason, the determination of 2NP made by electrochemical methods are preferred [10-12]. In this study, an alternative detection method for 2NP determination has been developed. The electrochemical behavior of 2NP was examined with the sensor prepared for this purpose. In order to examine the analytical performance of the sensor for 2NP determination, parameters such as linear working range and detection limit were figured out. Finally, the 2NP determination in lake water was successfully carried out to show the applicability of the sensor in real sample. 2NP is among the priority pollutants for the environmental ecosystem and poses a threat to the health of living things by mixing in wastewater. Therefore, the 2NP determination is important. In this study, the glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface was modified with 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (ANSA). The electrochemical behavior and voltammetric determination of 2-nitrophenol (2NP) on the modified surface (ANSA-GC) was performed. Firstly, it was decided that the supporting electrolyte medium suitable for 2NP determination was Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer and the effect of pH change on the reduction peak of 2NP in this environment was investigated. The effect of changing scan rate on the reduction peak of 2NP was examined and this study showed that the reduction process of 2NP on the ANSA-GC modified electrode surface was diffusion controlled process. For 2NP determina-tion,two linear working ranges with two different slopes, 1.19×10 -6 -1.66×10 -4 M and 1.66×10 -4 -1.14×10 -3 M were obtained. LOD and LOQ values were calculated as 0.29 µM and 0.97 µM, respectively. Finally, lake water was used as the real sample, and 2NP was determined in this lake water. The experimental results showed that it can be used with a high accuracy and precision in the determination of 2NP with ANSA-GC modified electrode.","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134057074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VECTO Review: Reducing CO2 Emissions from Heavy Duty Vehicles","authors":"Fakı Binboğa","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.57703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.57703","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123361711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and optimization of a semi-trailer extendable RUPD according to UNECE R58","authors":"Fakı Binboğa, Ebubekir Hubeyb Şimşek","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.62436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.62436","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132696986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In ballasted railway tracks, one of the important components that supports the rails and distributes wheel/rail loading onto the ballast supporting formation is a railway sleeper. In this paper, the dynamic and fatigue response of prestressed concrete sleepers used along the Ethiopian National Railway lines (Chinese Type II sleeper) is presented. For simulation, a finite element modelling package, ANSYS was employed. Concrete was modelled using a three-dimensional solid element (SOLID 65) and the behavior of prestressing wires was simulated using truss elements (LINK 180). Validation of simulation results was done using existing experimental data of Rikard’s model. To obtain resonance conditions; the harmonic response of the sleeper for the excitation in the range of 0-2000Hz and variation of stress and displacement amplitudes with respect to frequency were studied. It’s observed that the most resonant frequency corresponds to the third bending mode shape. From fatigue life assessment in this study, it is observed that the sleeper fails before attaining its design life of 40 years (11,300,400 cycles). This is due to the development of cracks which are likely to limit the sleeper’s ability to hold the geometry of the line. As a result, the sleeper cannot attain the main technical standards of speed of 120 km/h and axle load of 25 tons. The minimum life of the sleeper is equivalent to about 31.8% of its design life. Moreover, it was observed that at a speed of 80km/h and an axle load of 25 tons, the life of the sleeper was found to be 85%. Thus, to attain the design life of the sleeper, during operational phase, it is recommended to limit the speed of the train to 80km/h.
{"title":"Fatigue and Dynamic Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Sleepers","authors":"Francis Wantono, Abrham Gebre Tarekegn","doi":"10.29228/eng.pers.57791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29228/eng.pers.57791","url":null,"abstract":"In ballasted railway tracks, one of the important components that supports the rails and distributes wheel/rail loading onto the ballast supporting formation is a railway sleeper. In this paper, the dynamic and fatigue response of prestressed concrete sleepers used along the Ethiopian National Railway lines (Chinese Type II sleeper) is presented. For simulation, a finite element modelling package, ANSYS was employed. Concrete was modelled using a three-dimensional solid element (SOLID 65) and the behavior of prestressing wires was simulated using truss elements (LINK 180). Validation of simulation results was done using existing experimental data of Rikard’s model. To obtain resonance conditions; the harmonic response of the sleeper for the excitation in the range of 0-2000Hz and variation of stress and displacement amplitudes with respect to frequency were studied. It’s observed that the most resonant frequency corresponds to the third bending mode shape. From fatigue life assessment in this study, it is observed that the sleeper fails before attaining its design life of 40 years (11,300,400 cycles). This is due to the development of cracks which are likely to limit the sleeper’s ability to hold the geometry of the line. As a result, the sleeper cannot attain the main technical standards of speed of 120 km/h and axle load of 25 tons. The minimum life of the sleeper is equivalent to about 31.8% of its design life. Moreover, it was observed that at a speed of 80km/h and an axle load of 25 tons, the life of the sleeper was found to be 85%. Thus, to attain the design life of the sleeper, during operational phase, it is recommended to limit the speed of the train to 80km/h.","PeriodicalId":234309,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Perspective","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115614945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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