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An encrypted traffic classification method based on contrastive learning 基于对比学习的加密流量分类方法
Si Tian, Yating Gao, Guoquan Yuan, Ru Zhang, Jinmeng Zhao, Song Zhang
Network traffic classification has become an important part of network management, which is conducive to realizing intelligent network operation and maintenance, improving network quality of service (QoS), and ensuring network security. With the rapid development of various applications and protocols, more and more encrypted traffic appears in the network. Due to the loss of semantic information after traffic encryption, poor content intelligibility, and difficulty in feature extraction, traditional detection methods are no longer applicable. Existing solutions mainly rely on the powerful feature self-learning ability of end-to-end deep neural networks to identify encrypted traffic. However, such methods are overly dependent on data size, and it has been experimentally proven that it is often difficult to achieve satisfactory results when validating across datasets. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an encrypted traffic identification method based on contrastive learning. First, the clustering method is used to expand the labeled data set. When the encrypted traffic features are difficult to extract, it is only necessary to learn the feature space to achieve discrimination.more suitable for encrypted traffic identification. When validating across datasets, only fine-tuning is required on a small amount of labeled data to achieve good recognition results. Compared with the end-to-end learning method, there is an improvement of about 5%. CCS CONCEPTS • Security and privacy • Network security • Security protocols
网络流分类已成为网络管理的重要组成部分,有利于实现网络运维智能化,提高网络服务质量(QoS),保障网络安全。随着各种应用和协议的快速发展,网络中出现了越来越多的加密流量。由于流量加密后语义信息丢失,内容可理解性差,特征提取困难,传统的检测方法已不再适用。现有的解决方案主要依靠端到端深度神经网络强大的特征自学习能力来识别加密流量。然而,这些方法过于依赖于数据的大小,并且实验证明,在跨数据集验证时,通常很难获得令人满意的结果。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种基于对比学习的加密流量识别方法。首先,采用聚类方法对标记数据集进行扩展。当加密流量特征难以提取时,只需要学习特征空间即可实现判别。更适合加密流量识别。当跨数据集进行验证时,只需要对少量标记数据进行微调就可以获得良好的识别结果。与端到端学习方法相比,提高了约5%。CCS概念•安全和隐私•网络安全•安全协议
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引用次数: 0
A 1D-CNN prediction model for stroke classification based on EEG signal 基于脑电信号的脑卒中分类1D-CNN预测模型
Teng Wang, Fenglian Li, Xueying Zhang, Lixia Huang, Wenhui Jia
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and disability. Computer-aided interventional diagnosis is a necessary measure to improve the efficiency of stroke diagnosis by using modern advanced medical instruments and machine learning methods. Electroencephalogram (EEG) as a diagnostic means, is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the scalp to find changes in brain activity. EEG detection has the advantages of low cost, simple and easy to implement, and no physical harm and psychological stress to patients. Studies have shown that EEG signal might be useful in diagnosing stroke. By using machine learning methods, EEG signals can be used to classify stroke patients and normal subjects, or subtypes. Stroke is generally divided into two types: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. How to classify ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes based on stroke patients’ EEG data by constructing prediction model is the main purpose on this paper. In recent years, researchers have developed many technologies in the field of stroke classification prediction based on EEG signals, using a variety of machine learning methods to ensure the improvement of prediction accuracy. The typical methods usually extract the time domain, frequency domain or spatial domain features of EEG signals before establishing a stroke classification model. However, the quality of the extracted features cannot be guaranteed in stroke patient or subtype classification. In addition, EEG feature extraction is usually computationally expensive. The main goal of this paper is to propose a novel classification prediction model using an end-to-end deep neural network that avoids the process of manual feature extraction. This paper proposes a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) classification model based on stroke EEG signal. The model includes four convolutional blocks, a global average pooling layer, a dropout layer, and a SoftMax layer. Each convolution block consists of two convolution layers and a pool layer for extracting features and reducing the number of parameters. A one-dimensional convolution kernel is used in order to match the characteristics of EEG one-dimensional time domain signal. The model can automatically extract the features of stroke EEG signal for classifying stroke by using convolutional layers. The EEG data of clinical stroke patients collected from the neurology department of a hospital are used in the experiments. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model is also used as a benchmark to achieve end-to-end prediction for verifying the proposed model performance. The experimental results show that the proposed 1D-CNN prediction model has good prediction performance, with an accuracy of 90.53%, a precision of 87.90%, a sensitivity of 91.60%, and a specificity of 89.65%. It is much higher than the prediction result of LSTM model.
脑卒中是一种死亡率高、致残率高的急性脑血管疾病。计算机辅助介入诊断是利用现代先进医疗仪器和机器学习方法提高脑卒中诊断效率的必要措施。脑电图(EEG)作为一种诊断手段,是一种通过连接在头皮上的电极来测量大脑电活动的测试,以发现大脑活动的变化。脑电图检测具有成本低、简单易实现、对患者无身体伤害和心理压力等优点。研究表明脑电图信号可能对中风的诊断有用。通过使用机器学习方法,脑电图信号可以用来区分中风患者和正常受试者,或亚型。中风一般分为两种:缺血性中风和出血性中风。如何根据脑卒中患者的脑电图数据构建预测模型,对缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中进行分类是本文研究的主要目的。近年来,研究人员在基于脑电信号的脑卒中分类预测领域开发了许多技术,使用多种机器学习方法来保证预测精度的提高。典型的方法通常是提取脑电信号的时域、频域或空间特征,然后建立脑卒中分类模型。然而,在脑卒中患者或亚型分类中,提取的特征的质量不能得到保证。此外,脑电信号特征提取通常是计算昂贵的。本文的主要目标是提出一种新的基于端到端深度神经网络的分类预测模型,避免了人工特征提取的过程。提出了一种基于脑卒中脑电信号的一维卷积神经网络(1D-CNN)分类模型。该模型包括四个卷积块、一个全局平均池化层、一个dropout层和一个SoftMax层。每个卷积块由两个卷积层和一个用于提取特征和减少参数数量的池层组成。为了匹配脑电信号的一维时域特征,采用了一维卷积核。该模型利用卷积层自动提取脑电信号特征,对脑卒中进行分类。实验采用某医院神经内科临床脑卒中患者的脑电图数据。长短期记忆(LSTM)模型也被用作基准来实现端到端预测,以验证所提出的模型的性能。实验结果表明,本文提出的1D-CNN预测模型具有良好的预测性能,准确率为90.53%,精密度为87.90%,灵敏度为91.60%,特异性为89.65%。这比LSTM模型的预测结果要高得多。
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引用次数: 3
Multi-modal Variational Auto-Encoder Model for Micro-video Popularity Prediction 微视频流行度预测的多模态变分自编码器模型
Zhuoran Zhang, Shibiao Xu, Li Guo, Wenke Lian
Popularity prediction of micro videos on multimedia is a hotly studied topic due to the widespread use of video upload sharing services. It’s also a challenging task because popular pattern is affected by multiple factors and is hard to be modeled. The goal of this paper is to use feature extraction techniques and variation auto-encoder (VAE) framework to predict the popularity of online micro-videos. First, we identify four declarable modalities that are important for adaptability and expansibility. Then, we design a multi-modal based VAE regression model (MASSL) to exploit the domestic and foreign information extracted from heterogeneous features. The model can be applied to large-scale multimedia platforms, even the modality absence scenarios. With extensive experiments conducted on the dataset, which was originally generated from the most popular video-sharing website in China, the result demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed model by comparing with baseline approaches.
随着视频上传分享服务的广泛使用,多媒体微视频的流行度预测成为一个研究热点。这也是一项具有挑战性的任务,因为流行模式受到多种因素的影响,很难建模。本文的目标是利用特征提取技术和变化自编码器(VAE)框架来预测网络微视频的流行程度。首先,我们确定了四种可声明的模式,它们对于适应性和可扩展性非常重要。然后,我们设计了一个基于多模态的VAE回归模型(MASSL)来利用从异构特征中提取的国内外信息。该模型可以应用于大型多媒体平台,甚至是模态缺失场景。通过对中国最受欢迎的视频分享网站生成的数据集进行广泛的实验,结果通过与基线方法的比较证明了我们提出的模型的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Multi-view 3D Human Physique Dataset Construction For Robust Digital Human Modeling of Natural Scenes 面向自然场景数字人体建模的多视图三维人体数据集构建
Weitao Lin, Jiguang Zhang, Zhaohui Zhang, Shibiao Xu, Hao Xu, Xiaopeng Zhang
A large number of diverse data sets are necessary for networks to predict human body parameters and reconstruct 3D body models from images. Due to the high cost of motion capture and body scanning, high precision pose and body shape parameters are difficult to obtain. Meanwhile, existing datasets cannot meet the requirements in terms of diversity, size, and data accuracy for practical applications. Inspired by the construction schemes of various datasets, we design and construct a large multi-view 3D human body reconstruction dataset (3DMVHumanBP) with more types of supervised data. By recording the different poses of 25 women and 25 men in a green screen laboratory from six perspectives, we constructed a complete large multi-view 3D body posture dataset containing 340, 000 images. It is worth noting that, we innovatively propose a body dimension prior to the constrained human parametric model construction strategy to provide high-precision ground truth parameters of the human body SMPL models. In addition, we also designed a dense UV data generation method based on human body boundary and mask mapping to provide high-quality dense UV data, which more closely fits the features of the human images. It makes up for the defect that few existing data sets can only provide sparse UV data. In the experiment, the effectiveness and advantages of the data set constructed by us in network training are verified. Compared with the training of existing datasets, the mainstream network models trained on our datasets can significantly improve their prediction accuracy and robustness, thanks to the monitoring data of multiple kinds of high-precision human model parameters provided by 3DMVHumanBP. We hope that the human body dataset construction scheme we designed can provide ideas for building large-scale high precision human body datasets in the future.
网络需要大量不同的数据集来预测人体参数并从图像中重建三维人体模型。由于运动捕捉和身体扫描的高成本,难以获得高精度的姿态和身体形状参数。同时,现有的数据集在多样性、规模、数据精度等方面都不能满足实际应用的要求。受各种数据集构建方案的启发,我们设计并构建了具有更多监督数据类型的大型多视图三维人体重建数据集(3DMVHumanBP)。通过从六个角度记录绿屏实验室中25名女性和25名男性的不同姿势,我们构建了一个包含34万张图像的完整的大型多视图3D身体姿势数据集。值得注意的是,我们创新性地提出了在约束人体参数化模型构建策略之前的身体维度,为人体SMPL模型提供高精度的地面真值参数。此外,我们还设计了一种基于人体边界和掩模映射的密集UV数据生成方法,以提供更贴近人体图像特征的高质量密集UV数据。它弥补了现有数据集很少,只能提供稀疏UV数据的缺陷。实验验证了我们构建的数据集在网络训练中的有效性和优越性。与现有数据集的训练相比,在我们的数据集上训练的主流网络模型可以显著提高其预测精度和鲁棒性,这得益于3DMVHumanBP提供的多种高精度人体模型参数监测数据。我们希望我们设计的人体数据集构建方案能够为未来大规模高精度人体数据集的构建提供思路。
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引用次数: 0
Traffic Steering in Large-scale Public Cloud 大规模公有云中的流量导向
Zhangfeng Hu, Siqing Sun, Ping Yin, Yanjun Li, Qiuzheng Ren, Baozhu Li, Xiong Li
More and more complex services composed of a series of sequentially arranged middleboxes which are mainly used to meet the requirements of advanced services such as security services, auditing services, monitoring services, personalized enterprise services, and so forth, are increasingly deployed in cloud data centers of public cloud. SFC (Service Function Chaining) is a technique that facilitates the enforcement of complex services and differentiated traffic forwarding policies, dynamically steering the traffic through an ordered list of service functions. Flow table-based traffic steering scheme is commonly adopted in SDN-enabled scenarios, which consumes too many flow entries and is unsuitable for large-scale public clouds in steering traffic between VNFs (Virtual Network Function) inside of VPC (Virtual Private Cloud). Legacy PBR (Policy-based Routing) based schemes which are widely used in traditional physical networks cannot fulfill the requirements of fully distributed routing architectures of large-scale public clouds. In this paper, we present a PBR and unsymmetrical NAT (Network Address Translation) converged scheme to structure SFC in a fully distributed routing architecture. The scheme uses distributed PBR rules to steer traffic between an ordered list of VNFs located on different nodes while performing NAT on different nodes for ingress/egress traffic of a specific flow to avoid asymmetry of packet headers which may lead to failures of communication. The proposed scheme brings no overhead in data transmission, eliminates extra configurations on each middle box of the chain, and is scalable to support the scenarios of large-scale public cloud.
越来越多由一系列顺序排列的中间件组成的复杂服务,主要用于满足安全服务、审计服务、监控服务、个性化企业服务等高级服务的需求,部署在公有云的云数据中心中。SFC (Service Function chains)是一种便于实施复杂业务和差异化流量转发策略的技术,通过有序的业务功能列表对流量进行动态引导。基于流表的流量引导方案一般用于支持sdn的场景,在VPC (Virtual Private Cloud)内部的VNFs (Virtual Network Function)之间进行流量引导时,流表占用的流量过多,不适合大规模公有云使用。传统物理网络中广泛使用的基于策略路由(Policy-based Routing, PBR)的传统路由方案已经不能满足大规模公有云的全分布式路由架构的要求。在本文中,我们提出了一种聚合策略路由和非对称NAT (Network Address Translation)的方案来构建全分布式路由架构下的SFC。该方案使用分布式策略路由规则在不同节点的VNFs有序列表之间引导流量,同时对特定流的进出流量在不同节点上执行NAT,以避免报文头不对称导致通信失败。该方案没有数据传输开销,消除了链中每个中间节点的额外配置,具有可扩展性,可支持大规模公共云场景。
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引用次数: 0
An Identity-based Group Signature Approach on Decentralized System and Chinese Cryptographic SM2 一种基于身份的分散系统群签名方法及中文密码SM2
Jiaxi Liu, Tianyu Kang, LingNa Guo
While reducing costs and improving data security, the new generation of informatics technologies such as blockchain also face problems of operation efficiency and privacy leakage, which have attracted extensive attention from researchers. Digital signature is one of the key technologies to solve the above problems. The group signature algorithm has the dual characteristics of protecting the privacy of signer identity and tracing effectively when disputes occur. The scheme we proposed can simultaneously solve the low efficiency of signature verification caused by the high time-consuming bilinear pairwise operation in existing group signature algorithms and the privacy leakage of signers caused by the vulnerability of single group administrators to malicious attacks. Compared with the SM2 digital signature algorithm of Chinese cryptographic standard, the proposed scheme increases the signature anonymization while maintaining the same signature and verification efficiency as the SM2 signature algorithm. Compared with Yang et al. 's scheme, the main computation overhead and communication bandwidth of the proposed protocol are significantly reduced. Therefore, the design scheme in this paper has stronger practicability and is more suitable for scenarios that require both efficiency and strong privacy protection, such as blockchain, anonymous certificate, electronic cash and electronic voting.
区块链等新一代信息技术在降低成本、提高数据安全性的同时,也面临着运营效率和隐私泄露等问题,引起了研究人员的广泛关注。数字签名是解决上述问题的关键技术之一。群签名算法具有保护签名者身份隐私和在发生争议时有效追踪的双重特性。我们提出的方案可以同时解决现有群签名算法中双线性配对运算耗时长导致签名验证效率低的问题和单个组管理员易受恶意攻击导致签名者隐私泄露的问题。与中国密码标准的SM2数字签名算法相比,该方案在保持与SM2签名算法相同的签名和验证效率的同时,提高了签名的匿名化程度。与Yang等人比较。采用该方案,大大降低了协议的主计算开销和通信带宽。因此,本文的设计方案具有更强的实用性,更适合于区块链、匿名证书、电子现金、电子投票等既需要效率又需要强隐私保护的场景。
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引用次数: 0
Recognition of Non-cooperative Radio Communication Relationships Based on Transformer 基于变压器的非合作无线电通信关系识别
Dejun He, Xinrong Wu, Lu Yu, Tianchi Wang
The recognition of communication relationships under Non-cooperative conditions is significant for understanding the network composition of unknown targets, inferring network topology, and identifying key nodes, which is a prerequisite and basis for conducting efficient electronic countermeasures. However, under Non-cooperative conditions, for prior knowledge related to the target network is difficult to obtain, the communication relationships recognition faces enormous challenges. To address this issue, we construct a system model, analyze the mechanism of wireless communication interaction, extract feature series of signals from spectrum monitoring data, and propose a Transformer-based algorithm for recognizing target network communication relationships. This paper conducts simulation experiments in different scenarios to compare the Transformer-based communication relation recognition algorithm with the other four methods, such as SVM, CNN-based recognition algorithm, ResNet-based recognition algorithm, and LSTM-based recognition algorithm, respectively. And results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm shows high recognition accuracy, good anti-interference performance, and robustness.
非合作条件下通信关系的识别对于了解未知目标的网络构成、推断网络拓扑结构、识别关键节点具有重要意义,是进行有效电子对抗的前提和基础。然而,在非合作条件下,由于难以获得与目标网络相关的先验知识,通信关系识别面临巨大挑战。为了解决这一问题,我们构建了系统模型,分析了无线通信交互机制,从频谱监测数据中提取信号特征序列,提出了一种基于transformer的目标网络通信关系识别算法。本文通过不同场景的仿真实验,将基于transformer的通信关系识别算法与SVM、基于cnn的识别算法、基于resnet的识别算法、基于lstm的识别算法等四种方法进行对比。实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的识别精度、良好的抗干扰性和鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial spectrum estimation algorithm of polarization sensitive array based on compensating spatial domain manifold matrix 基于补偿空间域流形矩阵的极化敏感阵列空间频谱估计算法
Chi Jiang, Li Xiao Zhang, Wu Yong Zhao, Jie Shu Lei, Wei Zhi Huang
Aiming at the uniform circular array model of conformal antenna array, we proposed a spatial spectrum estimation algorithm of polarization sensitive array based on compensating spatial domain manifold matrix. Because the conformal antenna is highly sensitive to the polarization information of the incident signal, traditional spatial spectrum direction-finding algorithm is not suitable. Meanwhile, when the classical polarization sensitive array spatial spectrum estimation algorithm is adopted, the interference generated by the anti-radiation detection system in the case of multipath, signal refraction and diffraction will be directly introduced into the model of the polarization sensitive array spatial spectrum finding theory, and then, resulting in a large estimation error of direction of arrival (DOA) and polarization parameters. The algorithm compensates the spatial domain components of the spatial domain array manifold matrix, which combine with the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) DOA estimation algorithm to construct a four-dimensional polarization sensitive array spatial spectrum function. And then, applying the reducing dimension spectral peak search to achieve the two-dimensional DOA and polarization parameters estimation of the target signal. Compared with the classical polarization sensitive array MUSIC direction-finding algorithm, the algorithm we explored can suppress the front-end error of the system, avoid the mismatch between the spatial domain components and the theoretical model of the algorithm, and realize the high precision direction-finding and tracking of the target signal.
针对共形天线阵的均匀圆阵模型,提出了一种基于补偿空间域流形矩阵的极化敏感阵列空间频谱估计算法。由于共形天线对入射信号的极化信息高度敏感,传统的空间频谱测向算法已不适用。同时,采用经典的极化敏感阵列空间波谱估计算法时,将反辐射探测系统在多径、信号折射和衍射情况下产生的干扰直接引入到极化敏感阵列空间波谱寻找理论模型中,从而导致到达方向(DOA)和偏振参数的估计误差较大。该算法对空间域阵列流形矩阵的空间域分量进行补偿,并结合多信号分类(MUSIC) DOA估计算法构建四维极化敏感阵列空间频谱函数。然后,应用降维谱峰搜索实现目标信号的二维DOA和极化参数估计。与经典的极化敏感阵列MUSIC测向算法相比,所探索的算法能够抑制系统前端误差,避免空间域分量与算法理论模型不匹配,实现对目标信号的高精度测向与跟踪。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Communication and Information Processing
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