Citizens’ assemblies are a relatively new public planning process in Poland which can be implemented at all levels of administration. This article aims to present the citizens’ assembly as a tool for local development. Citizen consultations carried out in the deliberative formula of citizen assemblies in Polish cities were analysed. This article focuses on the substantive goals and results of the local deliberation process using the citizens’ assembly tool. This research covers all cities in Poland that implemented it. Taking into account the experience of Polish cities, the analysed period is 2013–2023. Of the identified processes, in-depth research covered those whose main theme was climate change. They include (in chronological order): Gdansk, Wroclaw, Warsaw, Krakow, Poznan, Lodz, and Rzeszow.
{"title":"Climate change as the subject of citizens’ assemblies in Polish cities","authors":"Agnieszka Sobol","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2024-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2024-0002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Citizens’ assemblies are a relatively new public planning process in Poland which can be implemented at all levels of administration. This article aims to present the citizens’ assembly as a tool for local development. Citizen consultations carried out in the deliberative formula of citizen assemblies in Polish cities were analysed. This article focuses on the substantive goals and results of the local deliberation process using the citizens’ assembly tool. This research covers all cities in Poland that implemented it. Taking into account the experience of Polish cities, the analysed period is 2013–2023. Of the identified processes, in-depth research covered those whose main theme was climate change. They include (in chronological order): Gdansk, Wroclaw, Warsaw, Krakow, Poznan, Lodz, and Rzeszow.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"6 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research was to learn the possibility of using the selected indicator method to assess the local adaptation to climate change by using city green infrastructure (GI). Close access to the public green areas from a place of residence has been recognized as a potential measure to achieve more just and equitable adaptation to climate change within the city. The rationale for adopting this approach is the significant impact of GI on improving the quality of life of residents. In the case study of the cities of Łomża and Siedlce, the method of assessing the availability of GI was analysed in two variants differing in the resources of green areas included. The accessibility of GI was determined using indicators describing the share of the city’s population having their residences in a designated walking distance zone from these areas; the degree of provision of GI areas within walking distance from homes; the degree of provision of green areas to the inhabitants throughout the city. In addition, analyses of the access structure for residents of GI within 300 meters were carried out in terms of the number and category of this type of places. The research results indicate the possibility of using presented accessibility indicators to assess actions related to GI at the stage of planning and monitoring the implementation of the urban adaptation strategy to climate change.
本研究的目的是了解使用选定指标方法评估当地利用城市绿色基础设施（GI）适应气候变化的可能性。从居住地近距离进入公共绿地已被认为是在城市中实现更加公正和公平地适应气候变化的潜在措施。采用这种方法的理由是，绿色基础设施对提高居民生活质量具有重大影响。在对Łomża 和 Siedlce 这两个城市的案例研究中，我们分析了两种不同的绿色区域资源评估方法。使用以下指标来确定 GI 的可达性：居住地与这些区域的步行距离在指定范围内的城市人口比例；居住地与步行距离内 GI 区域的提供程度；整个城市为居民提供绿地的程度。此外，还从这类场所的数量和类别方面分析了 300 米范围内居民使用 GI 的结构。研究结果表明，在规划和监测城市适应气候变化战略的实施阶段，可以使用所提出的可达性指标来评估与 GI 相关的行动。
{"title":"Accessibility of green infrastructure at the city scale on the example of Łomża and Siedlce","authors":"Anna Romańczak, Jakub Bratkowski, Maciej Sadowski","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2024-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of this research was to learn the possibility of using the selected indicator method to assess the local adaptation to climate change by using city green infrastructure (GI). Close access to the public green areas from a place of residence has been recognized as a potential measure to achieve more just and equitable adaptation to climate change within the city. The rationale for adopting this approach is the significant impact of GI on improving the quality of life of residents. In the case study of the cities of Łomża and Siedlce, the method of assessing the availability of GI was analysed in two variants differing in the resources of green areas included. The accessibility of GI was determined using indicators describing the share of the city’s population having their residences in a designated walking distance zone from these areas; the degree of provision of GI areas within walking distance from homes; the degree of provision of green areas to the inhabitants throughout the city. In addition, analyses of the access structure for residents of GI within 300 meters were carried out in terms of the number and category of this type of places. The research results indicate the possibility of using presented accessibility indicators to assess actions related to GI at the stage of planning and monitoring the implementation of the urban adaptation strategy to climate change.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"93 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141797972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Halecki, T. Sionkowski, Krzysztof Chmielowski, Agnieszka Kowalczyk, K. Kalarus
A comparative analysis was conducted on raw and treated wastewater and the concentrations of heavy metals in sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The research aimed to demonstrate improved efficiency in reducing heavy metal levels as a part of municipal and industrial waste management, with a specific emphasis on minimising the overall environmental impact. In this study, we presented the results of a repeated measures analysis of variance and assessed compliance with heavy metal content standards in sewage sludge from municipal treatment using a one-sample t-test against a reference norm. The analysis included measurements conducted between 2004 and 2015. We conducted an analysis of heavy metals, including zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg). High Zn concentration that we observed in pre-treatment wastewater raised important questions. Leakages in sewage networks can result in contaminants infiltrating the wastewater, thereby increasing pollutant concentrations. Elevated concentrations can stem from industrial activities, where Zn and pollutants are discharged into wastewater as byproducts of industrial operations. The study illustrated the attainment of the highest sanitary standards, ensuring that treatment processes effectively eliminate harmful toxic substances, ultimately guaranteeing that the final product is safe for further reclamation processes.
对废水处理厂（WWTP）的原废水和处理过的废水以及污水污泥中的重金属浓度进行了比较分析。这项研究旨在证明，作为城市和工业废物管理的一部分，降低重金属含量的效率有所提高，重点是最大限度地减少对环境的总体影响。在这项研究中，我们展示了重复测量方差分析的结果，并使用单样本 t 检验法对照参考标准，评估了市政处理污水污泥中重金属含量是否符合标准。该分析包括 2004 年至 2015 年期间进行的测量。我们对重金属进行了分析，包括锌（Zn）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、锰（Mn）和汞（Hg）。我们在预处理废水中观察到的高浓度锌引发了一些重要问题。污水管网的渗漏会导致污染物渗入废水，从而增加污染物浓度。浓度升高可能源于工业活动，在这些活动中，锌和污染物作为工业生产的副产品被排放到废水中。这项研究说明，要达到最高卫生标准，确保处理过程有效消除有害有毒物质，最终保证最终产品可安全用于进一步的再生过程。
{"title":"Municipal Wastewater Quality Control: Heavy Metal Comparative Analysis—Case Study","authors":"W. Halecki, T. Sionkowski, Krzysztof Chmielowski, Agnieszka Kowalczyk, K. Kalarus","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A comparative analysis was conducted on raw and treated wastewater and the concentrations of heavy metals in sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The research aimed to demonstrate improved efficiency in reducing heavy metal levels as a part of municipal and industrial waste management, with a specific emphasis on minimising the overall environmental impact. In this study, we presented the results of a repeated measures analysis of variance and assessed compliance with heavy metal content standards in sewage sludge from municipal treatment using a one-sample t-test against a reference norm. The analysis included measurements conducted between 2004 and 2015. We conducted an analysis of heavy metals, including zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg). High Zn concentration that we observed in pre-treatment wastewater raised important questions. Leakages in sewage networks can result in contaminants infiltrating the wastewater, thereby increasing pollutant concentrations. Elevated concentrations can stem from industrial activities, where Zn and pollutants are discharged into wastewater as byproducts of industrial operations. The study illustrated the attainment of the highest sanitary standards, ensuring that treatment processes effectively eliminate harmful toxic substances, ultimately guaranteeing that the final product is safe for further reclamation processes.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"79 3‐4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the research was to assess the quality of topsoils and stream sediments in the districts of the Katowice City of southern Poland in the Upper Silesian Industrial Agglomeration, influenced primarily by the exploitation of hard coal deposits and metallurgy. The task was carried out using indicators used to assess anthropogenic soil contamination (contamination factor CF and the Igeo geoaccumulation index), as well as ecotoxicological indicators used to determine the quality of stream sediments (Threshold Effect Concentration TEC and Probable Effect Concentration PEC). In order to indicate the most polluted areas, geochemical maps of selected elements in soil and stream sediments were developed. The material comes from the top layer of soil (0.0–0.3 m) and stream sediments located in the districts of the Katowice City. The work took into account selected potentially harmful elements (PHEs). The concentrations of elements were measured using the ICP-AES method, except for Hg (the CV-AAS method). The values of the CF and Igeo indicators allowed for the indication of high concentrations of most metals, arsenic, and sulfur in the topsoil layer, significantly exceeding the geochemical background values caused by the historical exploitation of Zn-Pb and zinc ores and ferrous metallurgy. The values of the TEC and PEC indicators classify the sediments into categories that may threaten the environment and living organisms.
{"title":"Potentially Harmful Elements Content in Soil and Stream Sediments in Southwestern Districts of Katowice (Southern Poland) – Geochemical Record of Historical Industrial Plants’ Activity","authors":"W. Nadłonek, A. Pasieczna, Sylwia Skreczko","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of the research was to assess the quality of topsoils and stream sediments in the districts of the Katowice City of southern Poland in the Upper Silesian Industrial Agglomeration, influenced primarily by the exploitation of hard coal deposits and metallurgy. The task was carried out using indicators used to assess anthropogenic soil contamination (contamination factor CF and the Igeo geoaccumulation index), as well as ecotoxicological indicators used to determine the quality of stream sediments (Threshold Effect Concentration TEC and Probable Effect Concentration PEC). In order to indicate the most polluted areas, geochemical maps of selected elements in soil and stream sediments were developed. The material comes from the top layer of soil (0.0–0.3 m) and stream sediments located in the districts of the Katowice City. The work took into account selected potentially harmful elements (PHEs). The concentrations of elements were measured using the ICP-AES method, except for Hg (the CV-AAS method). The values of the CF and Igeo indicators allowed for the indication of high concentrations of most metals, arsenic, and sulfur in the topsoil layer, significantly exceeding the geochemical background values caused by the historical exploitation of Zn-Pb and zinc ores and ferrous metallurgy. The values of the TEC and PEC indicators classify the sediments into categories that may threaten the environment and living organisms.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of processed biomass, derived from agricultural crop residues, as a fuel is becoming increasingly important in the energy sector, which additionally allows for the management of excess waste that is a burden on the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the torrefaction process conditions in a carbon dioxide atmosphere on the chemical structure of biocarbon and the energy parameters of the produced product, which can be a solid biofuel. The biomass chosen for the experimental work was flax shive. Determinations of the heat of combustion of the produced biocarbon samples were carried out using a KL-10 calorimeter, and identification of the molecular structure of the product and the starting biomass was carried out using infrared spectrometry. It was confirmed that increasing the temperature of biomass torrefaction increases the heat of combustion of the product, with this parameter obtaining the most favourable value for biocarbon obtained during torrefaction at 320°C and for 20 to 30 minutes. The heat of combustion of the biocarbon produced during torrefaction at 320°C and for 30 minutes was 25.92 MJ/kg, with a feedstock mass loss of 41%. Such conditions lead to a significant conversion of the chemical structure of the biomass, with no complete destruction of organic structures.
{"title":"Torrefaction of Flax Shives as a Process of Preparation Waste Vegetable Biomass for Energy Purposes","authors":"Jarosław Molenda, Piotr Zacharski, M. Swat","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The use of processed biomass, derived from agricultural crop residues, as a fuel is becoming increasingly important in the energy sector, which additionally allows for the management of excess waste that is a burden on the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the torrefaction process conditions in a carbon dioxide atmosphere on the chemical structure of biocarbon and the energy parameters of the produced product, which can be a solid biofuel. The biomass chosen for the experimental work was flax shive. Determinations of the heat of combustion of the produced biocarbon samples were carried out using a KL-10 calorimeter, and identification of the molecular structure of the product and the starting biomass was carried out using infrared spectrometry. It was confirmed that increasing the temperature of biomass torrefaction increases the heat of combustion of the product, with this parameter obtaining the most favourable value for biocarbon obtained during torrefaction at 320°C and for 20 to 30 minutes. The heat of combustion of the biocarbon produced during torrefaction at 320°C and for 30 minutes was 25.92 MJ/kg, with a feedstock mass loss of 41%. Such conditions lead to a significant conversion of the chemical structure of the biomass, with no complete destruction of organic structures.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140219008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcin Żaczek, Mariusz Walęzak, Anna Olecka, Sylwia Waśniewska, Anna Paczosa
Over the past years, several remote sensing maps of land cover have been produced, but they still exhibit certain differences compared to the real land use that reduce their value for climate and carbon cycle modelling as well as for national estimates of forest carbon stocks and their change. This paper outlines a straightforward framework for evaluating map accuracy and estimating uncertainty in land cover area, specifically for forest-related land cover maps in Poland for the year 2018. The study compares stratified field-based data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) with remote sensing data on forest variables, at the pixel level, in order to identify suitable methods for accuracy and area uncertainty estimation. Additionally, the paper introduces and presents a variety of accuracy metrics applicable to assess overall uncertainties in GHG inventories. The results indicate that the High-Resolution Layer Forest Type (HRL FTY) product (part of the broader Copernicus Land Monitoring Service [CLMS] portfolio), assessed using NFI field-based information, achieved an overall accuracy (OA) of 69.2%. This metric varies among particular nature protection forms, with the highest observed ones in Natura 2000 sites of 70.45%. The primary source of map errors was associated with distinguishing between broad-leaved and coniferous forest areas. Improving future maps necessitates more precise differentiation between species to better support national forest monitoring systems for the purpose of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories where information on the spatial distribution and variability of forests sources, biodiversity assessment, threat prevention, estimation of carbon content is becoming an important part of the associated reporting system.
{"title":"Accuracy of the Copernicus High-Resolution Layer Forest Type (HRL FTY) assessed with domestic NFI sampling plots in Poland","authors":"Marcin Żaczek, Mariusz Walęzak, Anna Olecka, Sylwia Waśniewska, Anna Paczosa","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the past years, several remote sensing maps of land cover have been produced, but they still exhibit certain differences compared to the real land use that reduce their value for climate and carbon cycle modelling as well as for national estimates of forest carbon stocks and their change. This paper outlines a straightforward framework for evaluating map accuracy and estimating uncertainty in land cover area, specifically for forest-related land cover maps in Poland for the year 2018.\u0000 The study compares stratified field-based data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) with remote sensing data on forest variables, at the pixel level, in order to identify suitable methods for accuracy and area uncertainty estimation. Additionally, the paper introduces and presents a variety of accuracy metrics applicable to assess overall uncertainties in GHG inventories.\u0000 The results indicate that the High-Resolution Layer Forest Type (HRL FTY) product (part of the broader Copernicus Land Monitoring Service [CLMS] portfolio), assessed using NFI field-based information, achieved an overall accuracy (OA) of 69.2%. This metric varies among particular nature protection forms, with the highest observed ones in Natura 2000 sites of 70.45%. The primary source of map errors was associated with distinguishing between broad-leaved and coniferous forest areas. Improving future maps necessitates more precise differentiation between species to better support national forest monitoring systems for the purpose of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories where information on the spatial distribution and variability of forests sources, biodiversity assessment, threat prevention, estimation of carbon content is becoming an important part of the associated reporting system.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140221278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Kargulewicz, Zdzisław Chłopek, Sylwia Waśniewska
The topic of this paper concerns energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors from the combustion of gaseous methane fuels. It is a very current subject, as methane fuels, mainly of fossil origin, are one of the primary energy carriers used in industrial and municipal applications for energy purposes. Consequently, the emitted carbon dioxide contributes to the intensification of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. The problem of the quantities characterising emissions from the combustion of methane fuels is complicated by the diversity of these fuels. This paper presents background information on the gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and the composition of the main types of natural gas. The structure of natural gas consumption in Poland, depending on the sectors of application for particular types of natural gas, is presented. On the basis of the existing data, aggregated energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors were estimated and analysed. The analysis was carried out for high-methane natural gas (HM), colliery gas (CG) and nitrified natural gas (N)—for the years 1988–2021. Trends in fuel consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors were determined for the years 1988–2021.
{"title":"Energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors from combustion of gaseous methane fuels","authors":"I. Kargulewicz, Zdzisław Chłopek, Sylwia Waśniewska","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The topic of this paper concerns energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors from the combustion of gaseous methane fuels. It is a very current subject, as methane fuels, mainly of fossil origin, are one of the primary energy carriers used in industrial and municipal applications for energy purposes. Consequently, the emitted carbon dioxide contributes to the intensification of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. The problem of the quantities characterising emissions from the combustion of methane fuels is complicated by the diversity of these fuels. This paper presents background information on the gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and the composition of the main types of natural gas. The structure of natural gas consumption in Poland, depending on the sectors of application for particular types of natural gas, is presented. On the basis of the existing data, aggregated energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors were estimated and analysed. The analysis was carried out for high-methane natural gas (HM), colliery gas (CG) and nitrified natural gas (N)—for the years 1988–2021. Trends in fuel consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide emission factors were determined for the years 1988–2021.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"34 135","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140237072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janusz Wojdalski, Przemysław Ligenza, Marta Postuła, B. Dróżdż, Roman Niżnikowski
The correlations between two groups of factors and energy consumption were analysed in four types of dairy plants with different production profiles. Groups of dairy plants with a similar production profile, as well as individual plants, were compared. Energy consumption was most strongly correlated with technical equipment (r = 0.88 – 0.99); this observation can be used by designers to promote better energy conservation measures during plant operation. Energy consumption was highest in plants producing milk powder. Plants specializing in milk powder may also produce up to 8 other dairy products; however, engineering and production factors can significantly contribute to reducing energy consumption, which suggests that energy is being consumed for non-production purposes at these plants. The variation in energy consumption per unit of end-product was best-explained in small dairy plants producing up to 4 products. In analyses of individual plants, energy consumption per unit of end-product was strongly correlated with both the milk-processing output and the production profile. The equations developed in this study, in particular the regression coefficients, can be used to generate additional information for detailed analyses. The structure and level of detail of the independent variables also means that the presented equations can be applied to reducing power consumption of the operated equipment, and for optimizing overall production profiles. The results of the study can be used to model energy consumption in different types of dairy plants and to evaluate their environmental performance. The international literature was reviewed, and the results of research studies analysing the correlations between energy consumption in dairy plants and their environmental impact were cited in the paper.
{"title":"Determinants of Energy Consumption in the Dairy Industry: A Case Study in Poland","authors":"Janusz Wojdalski, Przemysław Ligenza, Marta Postuła, B. Dróżdż, Roman Niżnikowski","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The correlations between two groups of factors and energy consumption were analysed in four types of dairy plants with different production profiles. Groups of dairy plants with a similar production profile, as well as individual plants, were compared. Energy consumption was most strongly correlated with technical equipment (r = 0.88 – 0.99); this observation can be used by designers to promote better energy conservation measures during plant operation. Energy consumption was highest in plants producing milk powder. Plants specializing in milk powder may also produce up to 8 other dairy products; however, engineering and production factors can significantly contribute to reducing energy consumption, which suggests that energy is being consumed for non-production purposes at these plants.\u0000 The variation in energy consumption per unit of end-product was best-explained in small dairy plants producing up to 4 products. In analyses of individual plants, energy consumption per unit of end-product was strongly correlated with both the milk-processing output and the production profile. The equations developed in this study, in particular the regression coefficients, can be used to generate additional information for detailed analyses. The structure and level of detail of the independent variables also means that the presented equations can be applied to reducing power consumption of the operated equipment, and for optimizing overall production profiles.\u0000 The results of the study can be used to model energy consumption in different types of dairy plants and to evaluate their environmental performance. The international literature was reviewed, and the results of research studies analysing the correlations between energy consumption in dairy plants and their environmental impact were cited in the paper.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140237434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Halecki, Anna Młyńska, T. Sionkowski, Krzysztof Chmielowski
The intricate hydrological processes elucidating the interplay between rainfall and flow manifest through rainwater's traversal along diverse routes, encompassing surface runoff and subsurface flow. While the foundational association between these entities is discernible, the convoluted intricacies characterizing this correlation defy straightforward comprehension. Examining the data between 2019 and 2022, the average daily sewage outflow was 12,518 m3/d, with occasional peaks of up to 50,440 m3/d. The wastewater treatment plant's capacity of 35,000 m3/d was usually not exceeded. Overall, average daily sewage outflows varied between 11,716 m3/d and 13,969 m3/d during the studied period. Comprehending this interrelationship holds pivotal significance for the optimization of water-resource-management strategies. A moderate correlation (r = 0.42) between daily rainfall levels and sewage discharge was found in the dataset covering 2018–2023. When categorizing daily rainfall into groups labelled “A” through “G” and comparing them to sewage flows, a pattern emerged: Rain-free days in group “A” had the lowest average sewage flow (10,996 m3/d), while heavy rain days in group “G”, had the highest average flow (22,112 m3/d). This observation underscores a significant correlation between intensified rainfall and increased volume of sewage discharge. Through a comprehensive analysis of factors such as sewage composition, meteorological dynamics and chronological sequences, we will gain an enhanced ability to prognosticate and govern sewage systems. The significance of this is heightened within the context of evolving climatic dynamics.
{"title":"Linking elevated rainfall with sewage discharge volume","authors":"W. Halecki, Anna Młyńska, T. Sionkowski, Krzysztof Chmielowski","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The intricate hydrological processes elucidating the interplay between rainfall and flow manifest through rainwater's traversal along diverse routes, encompassing surface runoff and subsurface flow. While the foundational association between these entities is discernible, the convoluted intricacies characterizing this correlation defy straightforward comprehension. Examining the data between 2019 and 2022, the average daily sewage outflow was 12,518 m3/d, with occasional peaks of up to 50,440 m3/d. The wastewater treatment plant's capacity of 35,000 m3/d was usually not exceeded. Overall, average daily sewage outflows varied between 11,716 m3/d and 13,969 m3/d during the studied period. Comprehending this interrelationship holds pivotal significance for the optimization of water-resource-management strategies. A moderate correlation (r = 0.42) between daily rainfall levels and sewage discharge was found in the dataset covering 2018–2023. When categorizing daily rainfall into groups labelled “A” through “G” and comparing them to sewage flows, a pattern emerged: Rain-free days in group “A” had the lowest average sewage flow (10,996 m3/d), while heavy rain days in group “G”, had the highest average flow (22,112 m3/d). This observation underscores a significant correlation between intensified rainfall and increased volume of sewage discharge. Through a comprehensive analysis of factors such as sewage composition, meteorological dynamics and chronological sequences, we will gain an enhanced ability to prognosticate and govern sewage systems. The significance of this is heightened within the context of evolving climatic dynamics.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"7 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140239769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Zimakowska-Laskowska, Piotr Laskowski, P. Orliński, Piotr Wiśniowski, M. Wojs
Hydrogen is expected to be one of the most important fuels meeting stringent emission standards shortly. Using hydrogen as a fuel in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is an alternative application to replace hydrocarbon fuels that, when burned, produce harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases. This work provides an overview of the latest research results and future challenges and opportunities related to the use of hydrogen to power ICEs. The article presents the work of various research centres describing the technical use of hydrogen as a fuel in motor vehicles with combustion engines. Specific chemical and physical properties of hydrogen used in combustion engines were presented. The article presents modern research on a hydrogen-powered ICE. First, the basics of hydrogen engines are described, examining the engine-specific properties of hydrogen, followed by a review of the existing literature. Attention was paid to the fundamental importance of optimising the air composition from the point of view of combustion quality, NOx emissions, engine efficiency, and performance. Another issue under consideration is cleaning exhaust gases to meet future emissions regulations for hydrogen-fuelled combustion engines.
{"title":"The use of hydrogen as a fuel in road transport on the Polish path to climate neutrality - a literature review","authors":"M. Zimakowska-Laskowska, Piotr Laskowski, P. Orliński, Piotr Wiśniowski, M. Wojs","doi":"10.2478/oszn-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydrogen is expected to be one of the most important fuels meeting stringent emission standards shortly. Using hydrogen as a fuel in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is an alternative application to replace hydrocarbon fuels that, when burned, produce harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases. This work provides an overview of the latest research results and future challenges and opportunities related to the use of hydrogen to power ICEs. The article presents the work of various research centres describing the technical use of hydrogen as a fuel in motor vehicles with combustion engines. Specific chemical and physical properties of hydrogen used in combustion engines were presented. The article presents modern research on a hydrogen-powered ICE. First, the basics of hydrogen engines are described, examining the engine-specific properties of hydrogen, followed by a review of the existing literature. Attention was paid to the fundamental importance of optimising the air composition from the point of view of combustion quality, NOx emissions, engine efficiency, and performance. Another issue under consideration is cleaning exhaust gases to meet future emissions regulations for hydrogen-fuelled combustion engines.","PeriodicalId":235641,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Protection and Natural Resources","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140440554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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