Veterinary World最新文献

Brucellosis is an infectious disease of animals that can infect humans. The disease causes significant economic losses and threatens human health. A timely and accurate disease diagnosis plays a vital role in the identification of brucellosis. In addition to traditional diagnostic methods, molecular methods allow diagnosis and typing of the causative agent of brucellosis. This review will discuss various methods, such as Bruce-ladder, Suiladder, high-resolution melt analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis, and whole-genome sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphism, for the molecular typing of Brucella and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.

Background and aim: The existing data demonstrate that gut microbiota is involved in regulating mineral metabolism in cattle, although the data are quite contradictory. The study aimed to evaluate Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based probiotic's effects on gut microbiota, systemic metabolism, and dairy cows' essential trace element and mineral body burden.

Materials and methods: Fifteen cows received a daily supplement of a 50 g S. cerevisiae-based probiotic, fortified with methionine, choline, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and Capsicum oleoresin, for a month. 16S metagenomic sequencing was used to evaluate the taxonomic features of fecal microbiota. Serum trace elements and minerals levels were determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results: Supplementation with S. cerevisiae-based probiotic complex significantly increased alpha and beta diversity, as well as the abundance of Mediterranea and Clostridium IV within the Bacillota phylum, whereas that of Bacteroidota and specifically unclassified Bacteroidales and unclassified Oscillospiraceae decreased. Following probiotic supplementation with the S. cerevisiae-based complex, gut microbiota modulation led to a significant boost in circulating levels of calcium, copper, selenium, and zinc. Creatinine levels decreased while total cholesterol levels increased within normal limits in the serum analysis.

Conclusion: The observed improvement in trace elements and minerals in dairy cows might be due to changes in intestinal microflora caused by supplementation. Therefore, probiotic supplementation in cattle may be considered a potential tool for improvement of mineral nutrition in cattle. However, the influence of probiotic treatment and modulation of mineral metabolism on milk productivity and overall performance in cattle is yet to be estimated.

In Saudi Arabia, the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food and livestock represents a major public health hazard. The emergence of livestock-associated MRSA has heightened the risk of human infection with comparable virulence traits. The lack of information about MRSA transmission in our region hinders accurate risk assessment, despite its detection in food animals and retail foods. Adopting a One Health approach is essential for effectively combating MRSA in Saudi Arabia. This method unites actions in the human, animal, and environmental spheres. To combat MRSA contamination, surveillance measures need strengthening; interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and environmental scientists is crucial, and targeted interventions must be implemented in local food chains and animal populations. Through a holistic strategy, public health and sustainable food production in the region are protected. This review aims to improve public health interventions by increasing understanding of MRSA prevalence and related risks in local food chains and animal populations.

Background and aim: Theileria annulata infection in cattle causes major economic losses in livestock production in many Central Asian countries, including the southern region of Kazakhstan. This study aimed to obtain a recombinant T. annulata surface protein (TaSP) and to investigate its possible use as an antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of bovine theileriosis.

Materials and methods: Recombinant TaSP was obtained by cloning a polymorphic region of the TaSP gene, expressing it in Escherichia coli strain BL21, and purifying it by metal chelating chromatography. An indirect ELISA using recombinant TaSP as an antigen was developed and evaluated for the detection of T. annulata-specific antibodies in plasma samples from 69 cows polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive or PCR-negative for T. annulata and/or Theileria orientalis from southern Kazakhstan.

Results: The obtained recombinant protein had a molecular weight of 32 kDa, and mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein identified it as a fragment of the surface protein of T. annulata. Initial testing of 69 field plasma samples from cattle showed that the results of indirect ELISA using TaSP as an antigen agreed substantially with those of T. annulata PCR (κ: 0.78). The relative sensitivity and specificity of indirect ELISA were 88.7% and 100%, respectively, using PCR as a reference. There was no evidence of cross-reaction with T. orientalis.

Conclusion: Initial results using recombinant TaSP as an antigen in indirect ELISA are promising and support the widespread use of this assay for routine diagnosis and T. annulata seroprevalence studies in cattle in Kazakhstan and possibly neighboring countries.

Background and aim: Zinc (Zn) is important for various physiological processes in broiler chickens, including protein and carbohydrate metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The gastrointestinal absorption of Zn in broiler chickens was notably low. One approach that has been explored for enhancing the bioavailability of Zn is the development of Zn nanoparticles (NPs). Zn is required for various physiological processes in broiler chickens, including protein and carbohydrate metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of conventional Zn and Zn NPs on broiler chickens using a meta-analysis methodology.

Materials and methods: A database was built from published literature to evaluate the effects of the addition of Zn NPs and conventional Zn on broiler chicken responses, including the following parameters: production performance; carcass cuts; visceral organ weight; lymphoid organ weight; nutrient digestibility; intestinal villi; mineral Zn, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations; hematology; blood parameters; immunoglobulin; and intestinal bacterial population. Various scientific platforms, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, were used to search for peer-reviewed articles. A database was created from 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The data were then processed for a meta-analysis using a mixed-model methodology. Different types of Zn (NPs versus conventional) were considered fixed effects, different studies were treated as random effects, and p-values were used as model statistics.

Results: Across the parameters observed in this study, the use of Zn NPs was more efficient in Zn utilization than conventional Zn, as evidenced by the average dose of Zn NPs being much lower than that of conventional Zn (79.44 vs. 242.76 mg/kg) yet providing similar (p > 0.05) or even significantly better effects (p < 0.05) compared to conventional Zn usage.

Conclusion: This investigation revealed the beneficial influence of Zn NPs in broiler chickens compared to the conventional utilization of Zn through an all-encompassing meta-analysis. Moreover, Zn NPs have proven to be more effective in Zn utilization when juxtaposed with conventional Zn, as demonstrated by the significantly lower quantity of Zn NPs administered compared to conventional Zn, while yielding comparable or even superior outcomes compared to the traditional utilization of Zn. A limitation of this study is that the Zn NPs used were sourced from inorganic Zn NPs. Therefore, future research should focus on evaluating the efficiency of organic Zn NPs in broiler chicken feed.

Background and aim: Observing lameness in dairy cows is the primary animal-based indicator of their overall welfare and health status. The study evaluated dairy farmworkers' understanding of bovine lameness's causes, risk factors, and clinical symptoms in Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa.

Materials and methods: Eleven dairy farms provided the data through questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of five sections: The first section (A) gathered demographic data (age, gender, experience, level of study), and the second section (B) dealt with farm specifics (size, grazing method). Sections C, D, and E cover farm workers' knowledge of lameness risk factors, clinical signs of lameness, and treatment and management of lameness, respectively.

Results: About 85.5% of horses experience lameness during summer, contrasted to 15% during autumn. The seasonal results were statistically significant (p < 0.05). 93% of respondents identified a decrease in appetite as the most common sign of lameness, while 94% reported reduced milk yield and 90% increased lying time; a significant correlation was found between awareness of clinical signs and localities (p < 0.05). Age, gender, and occupation level (p < 0.05) were identified as contributing factors to the movement problem in the dairy industry, necessitating training for farm workers to enhance their knowledge.

Conclusion: Although there is a satisfactory (81%) understanding of lameness by farm workers. There is still need for improvement, hence, farm worker training and retraining are essential for managing and reducing the instances of bovine lameness.

Background and aim: Heat stress (HS) can negatively impact oocytes by disrupting mitochondrial activity, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, and decreasing antioxidant levels. This study investigated the impact of orange peel (OP) exposure on zebrafish oocytes (ZOs) diameter, survival rate, and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) during HS.

Material and methods: We investigated the antioxidant effect of flavonoids (concentration = 328.58 ppm) derived from OP (Citrus sinensis) added to in vitro maturation (IVM) media of ZOs (Danio rerio) under non-heat stress (NHS) and HS conditions to mimic in vivo HS conditions due to the global warming phenomenon on females. ZO in stage 3 (n = 1080) was treated with 4 μL of OP extract (not treated/control) under HS: 32°C (Heat stress 32°C solution/Heat stress 32°C orange peel [HS32S/HS32O]) and 34°C (Heat stress 34°C solution/Heat stress 34°C orange peel [HS34S/HS34O]); and NHS: 28°C (Non-heat stress solution/Non-heat stress orange peel [NHSS/NHSO]), during maturation. After 24 h of maturation, we observed the oocyte diameter, survival rate, and GVBD rate. The data were analyzed with IBM Statistics 23 software using two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05).

Results: The highest oocyte diameter data were in NHS treated with OP extract (NHSO) group (0.759 ± 0.01; mean ± standard error) compared with HS group using and without OP extract (HS32S [0.583 ± 0.02]; HS32O [0.689 ± 0.02]; HS34S [0.554 ± 0.02]; and HS34O [0.604 ± 0.02]). The survival rate of OP treated group, namely, NHSO (93% ± 3%), HS32O (85% ± 2%), and HS34O (80% ± 2%) was higher than that of the group without treatment (NHSS [83% ± 3%], HS32S [71% ± 6%], and HS34S [63% ± 3%]). ZO treated with OP extract (NHSO [93% ± 3%], HS32O [85% ± 2%], and HS34O [80% ± 2%]) showed a higher GVBD rate than the group without treatment (NHSS [83% ± 3%], HS32S [71% ± 6%], and HS34S [63% ± 3%]).

Conclusion: It revealed that OP can enhance the oocyte diameter, survival rate, and GVBD rate of ZO under NHS and HS. Further investigation should be conducted to determine the effect of OP extract (C. sinensis) on in vivo conditions in females as an alternative treatment to face global warming.

Background and aim: The productivity of sheep in humid tropical plantation areas relies on their ability to adapt. Oil palm plantations serve as potential grazing lands for livestock. This study aimed to identify Garut sheep adaptations in oil palm and rubber plantations of the Garut district, West Java, Indonesia.

Materials and methods: The total number of sheep used was 103 as the object of this study. Each individual of sheep was used for several different observations, including: Physiological assessment using 24 sheep of various ages, molecular analysis of heat stress using 31 sheep, worm egg count using 59 sheep, and for morphological assessment using 98 sheep. A general linear model was employed to analyze rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, number of eggs in each gram of sample feces, body weight (BW), body condition score, and morphometric measurements according to age and sex. Forage was compared between oil palm and rubber plantations during the vegetation analysis.

Results: RT, HR, and panting frequency were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the age and sex of the sheep. The mutation was found in the coding region of the HSP70 gene, which is approximately 232 bp long. Fecal eggs were found in 99% of the fecal samples, consisting of 100% Strongyle eggs and 1.75% Moniezia eggs. BW, body condition score, shoulder height, body length, pelvic height, chest circumference, and number of eggs were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the age and sex of the sheep. The average fresh matter of vegetation under the plantation was 248.69 ± 120.94 g/m² and 718.15 ± 249.93 g/m² for oil palm and rubber plantations, respectively.

Conclusion: Garut sheep were adapted to oil palm and rubber plantations in the humid tropical region. Plantations are potential sources of sheep grazing and roughage. Further research is needed regarding the consumption of forages in oil palm and rubber plantations.

Background and aim: Measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial for identifying potentially damaging changes in the eyes, including diseases as glaucoma and uveitis. This study compared intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in cats using the Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldman's methodology applanation) tonometers.

Materials and methods: 55 healthy cats (108 eyes) were assessed through three distinct studies: An ex vivo experiment (10 eyes of five cats) to correlate IOP manometry and tonometry values and ascertain the correlation coefficient (r2); an in vivo study (10 eyes of five sedated cats) to contrast manometer and tonometer readings; and an outpatient clinical trial (80 eyes of 45 cats) to analyze only tonometer measurements.

Results: The r ² values observed in the ex vivo study were Tonovet (0.923), Tonovet Plus (0.925), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.877), and Kowa HA-2 (0.901). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Manometer (16.1 ± 2.7), Tonovet (21.1 ± 3.6), Tonovet Plus (19.7 ± 7.2), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.6 ± 7.9), and Kowa HA-2 (16.8 ± 2.0). In the outpatient clinical study, the IOP values in mmHg were as follows: Tonovet (19.7 ± 6.6), Tonovet Plus (17.1 ± 5.4), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.3 ± 4.3), and Kowa HA-2 (14.5 ± 2.2).

Conclusion: IOP and manometry readings were strongly correlated by all tonometers. In the clinical setting, the most and least IOP measurements were recorded using Tonovet and Kowa HA-2, respectively, stressing the importance of an IOP reference table for each tonometer in feline practice.