There is growing interest in hydrogen (H2) as an energy carrier and fuel. Since H2 is a secondary or intermediate energy carrier, it is mainly produced from primary fossil fuels. To overcome the challenges of traditional reforming methods (such as high energy demands and CO2 emissions), this study investigates an alternative method, called tri-reforming, which combines the steam reforming of methane (SRM) and dry reforming of methane (DRM) with partial oxidation of methane (POM) in the same reactor. The energy requirement for this method is low since POM is an exothermic process that supplies the thermal energy for the endothermic SRM and DRM processes. Furthermore, the method can also potentially produce the desired quality of syngas (high H2/CO ratio) with low susceptibility to coking and high catalyst stability. A process model of a methane tri-reforming reactor is developed in Aspen Plus by employing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. In this study, we investigate the effect of the H2O/CO2/O2 feed ratio together with CH4 as fuel and find their optimum value to produce blue hydrogen (through an optimized H2/CO ratio) at different temperature conditions. The results present the specific O2/CH4 ratios at different temperatures (125–925°C), which would support the CO2/H2O conversion and achieve lower CO2 emissions (molCO2e/molCH4) with lower heat demand for producing hydrogen than the corresponding SRM and DRM processes.
{"title":"Performance Assessment of Tri-Reforming of Methane","authors":"Azharuddin Farooqui, T. Shamim","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-89324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-89324","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is growing interest in hydrogen (H2) as an energy carrier and fuel. Since H2 is a secondary or intermediate energy carrier, it is mainly produced from primary fossil fuels. To overcome the challenges of traditional reforming methods (such as high energy demands and CO2 emissions), this study investigates an alternative method, called tri-reforming, which combines the steam reforming of methane (SRM) and dry reforming of methane (DRM) with partial oxidation of methane (POM) in the same reactor. The energy requirement for this method is low since POM is an exothermic process that supplies the thermal energy for the endothermic SRM and DRM processes. Furthermore, the method can also potentially produce the desired quality of syngas (high H2/CO ratio) with low susceptibility to coking and high catalyst stability. A process model of a methane tri-reforming reactor is developed in Aspen Plus by employing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. In this study, we investigate the effect of the H2O/CO2/O2 feed ratio together with CH4 as fuel and find their optimum value to produce blue hydrogen (through an optimized H2/CO ratio) at different temperature conditions. The results present the specific O2/CH4 ratios at different temperatures (125–925°C), which would support the CO2/H2O conversion and achieve lower CO2 emissions (molCO2e/molCH4) with lower heat demand for producing hydrogen than the corresponding SRM and DRM processes.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84109477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a computationally efficient time-domain model capable of simulating parametric resonances in a floating body in waves. The model assumes all wave forces to be linear, but the inertia and restoring forces acting on the body are expanded to second order in body motions. The simulation speed on a standard computer is approximately 40 times faster than real time. The model is applied to a soft-moored floating axisymmetric body which absorbs energy through heave, but is otherwise free to move in six degrees of freedom. Under certain conditions, we show that the body undergoes parametric resonance with large amplitudes not only in surge and pitch, but also in sway, roll, and yaw, provided it is given some small initial displacement in one of these out-of-plane modes. The predictions are confirmed by simulations using state-of-the-art nonlinear Froude-Krylov and computational fluid dynamics models.
{"title":"An Efficient Time-Domain Model to Simulate Parametric Resonances in a Floating Body Free to Move in Six Degrees of Freedom","authors":"A. Kurniawan, T. Tran, Yi-Hsiang Yu","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94502","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We present a computationally efficient time-domain model capable of simulating parametric resonances in a floating body in waves. The model assumes all wave forces to be linear, but the inertia and restoring forces acting on the body are expanded to second order in body motions. The simulation speed on a standard computer is approximately 40 times faster than real time. The model is applied to a soft-moored floating axisymmetric body which absorbs energy through heave, but is otherwise free to move in six degrees of freedom. Under certain conditions, we show that the body undergoes parametric resonance with large amplitudes not only in surge and pitch, but also in sway, roll, and yaw, provided it is given some small initial displacement in one of these out-of-plane modes. The predictions are confirmed by simulations using state-of-the-art nonlinear Froude-Krylov and computational fluid dynamics models.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88548819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The number of people living and working in a building is one of the key inputs to the load calculation and energy modeling software for buildings HVAC system design. The number of occupants in a building not only has a considerable effect on the internal load/ energy consumption of the building, but also directly affects the required building quantity of outdoor air. Load associated to the number of occupants and quantity of required outdoor air for these people contributes close to one-third of the total load/ energy consumption of a building [1]. In addition, number of the occupants will affect the associated equipment load/ consumed energy by the people as well. HVAC engineers select the number of the people living and working in the buildings based on the design architect’s intention, type of application, and the engineering standards and guidelines recommendations. Design engineers based on the recommendations of these guidelines, and their own experience/judgement and architect input, set the design value for the number of occupants in the calculating software. As the result of design engineer assumption/ judgement which generally tends to give some diversity allowance for the design number of occupants, the load and energy consumption of the buildings will be reduced uniformly throughout the year depending how much allowance each engineer assumes. In this research authors will use agent-based modeling simulation to model occupants’ behavior when selecting their time on-off hours throughout the year. Using this modeling helps the researchers to evaluate if it is possible to justify engineers’ judgement for uniformly reduction of the number of people and their associated equipment when performing load calculation and energy modeling. The model will also contribute to developing a better occupant scheduling when running load calculation/ energy modeling programs.
{"title":"Modeling Effects of Occupants’ Time-Off Behavior in Buildings on Load Calculation and Energy Modeling","authors":"Lakshmi Prasanna Pedarla, Javad Khazaii","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94363","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The number of people living and working in a building is one of the key inputs to the load calculation and energy modeling software for buildings HVAC system design. The number of occupants in a building not only has a considerable effect on the internal load/ energy consumption of the building, but also directly affects the required building quantity of outdoor air. Load associated to the number of occupants and quantity of required outdoor air for these people contributes close to one-third of the total load/ energy consumption of a building [1]. In addition, number of the occupants will affect the associated equipment load/ consumed energy by the people as well. HVAC engineers select the number of the people living and working in the buildings based on the design architect’s intention, type of application, and the engineering standards and guidelines recommendations. Design engineers based on the recommendations of these guidelines, and their own experience/judgement and architect input, set the design value for the number of occupants in the calculating software. As the result of design engineer assumption/ judgement which generally tends to give some diversity allowance for the design number of occupants, the load and energy consumption of the buildings will be reduced uniformly throughout the year depending how much allowance each engineer assumes. In this research authors will use agent-based modeling simulation to model occupants’ behavior when selecting their time on-off hours throughout the year. Using this modeling helps the researchers to evaluate if it is possible to justify engineers’ judgement for uniformly reduction of the number of people and their associated equipment when performing load calculation and energy modeling. The model will also contribute to developing a better occupant scheduling when running load calculation/ energy modeling programs.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"688 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76282033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the combustion of solid biomass in a grate-fired boiler, each particle experiences a sequence of processes which include heating, drying, devolatilization, and char combustion. Furthermore, in the gas phase, products may react with oxygen. As it is impossible to maintain repeatable and fully controlled environments, and to monitor all the dynamics involved in field-scale experiments, it becomes necessary to perform investigations at a small scale. This should be sufficient to provide a controlled environment, and large enough to define realistic conditions. In this way, to evaluate the thermal behavior of biomass particles under an oxidative atmosphere and determine the composition of the flue gas released into the atmosphere, a small-scale reactor was developed and presented in this paper. The results of the different mass loss profiles at different combustion conditions and with samples with different size are presented. Additionally, the composition of the gases released over the devolatilization period was determined using a gas chromatograph and they are here correlated with the reactor temperature. This work proved to be very useful since it is important for the computational modeling of industrial boilers and is required for the design and operation of biomass combustion equipment. In the future, this study will be very valuable to develop a computational tool to analyze the combustion process inside an industrial grate-fired boiler.
{"title":"An Experimental Setup to Study the Fundamental Phenomena Associated With Biomass Combustion","authors":"J. Silva, S. Teixeira, J. C. Teixeira","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95945","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the combustion of solid biomass in a grate-fired boiler, each particle experiences a sequence of processes which include heating, drying, devolatilization, and char combustion. Furthermore, in the gas phase, products may react with oxygen. As it is impossible to maintain repeatable and fully controlled environments, and to monitor all the dynamics involved in field-scale experiments, it becomes necessary to perform investigations at a small scale. This should be sufficient to provide a controlled environment, and large enough to define realistic conditions. In this way, to evaluate the thermal behavior of biomass particles under an oxidative atmosphere and determine the composition of the flue gas released into the atmosphere, a small-scale reactor was developed and presented in this paper. The results of the different mass loss profiles at different combustion conditions and with samples with different size are presented. Additionally, the composition of the gases released over the devolatilization period was determined using a gas chromatograph and they are here correlated with the reactor temperature. This work proved to be very useful since it is important for the computational modeling of industrial boilers and is required for the design and operation of biomass combustion equipment. In the future, this study will be very valuable to develop a computational tool to analyze the combustion process inside an industrial grate-fired boiler.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78746620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Jaramillo-Cobos, E. Delgado- Plaza, Galo Durazno-Palacios, J. Peralta-Jaramillo
To ensure long-term energetic security and stability, it is necessary to work and develop in diversification, availability, profitability, and accessibility to several energy sources, which can be directly applied to all strategic sectors of the society, for example, the agricultural sector. Solar concentrators are devices designed to harness solar energy and convert the solar radiation into heat that can be used by solar dryers. The solar dryer is a technology that can be easily deployed and adopted in rural areas due to its energy efficiency and minimal environmental footprint. This paper develops a simulation model and parametric studies of a linear-Fresnel-solar-concentrator using air as HTF for agricultural drying applications, specifically to dry mango in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Parametric analyses are performed to evaluate the thermal behavior of the linear-Fresnel-concentrator based in inlet-solar-radiation, the number of primary reflective mirrors, length of the receptive cavity and HTF mass-flux. These studies have shown that the model reaches an equilibrium point with 14 primary reflective mirrors with a length of 7 meters each. Additionally, when there is a flux increase in the HTF, a linear correlation between mass-flux and temperature appears, and for inlet-solar-radiation there is a quadratic correlation.
{"title":"Simulation and Parametric Studies of a Linear Fresnel Solar Concentrator Using Air As HTF for Agricultural Drying Applications","authors":"Daniela Jaramillo-Cobos, E. Delgado- Plaza, Galo Durazno-Palacios, J. Peralta-Jaramillo","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95231","url":null,"abstract":"To ensure long-term energetic security and stability, it is necessary to work and develop in diversification, availability, profitability, and accessibility to several energy sources, which can be directly applied to all strategic sectors of the society, for example, the agricultural sector. Solar concentrators are devices designed to harness solar energy and convert the solar radiation into heat that can be used by solar dryers. The solar dryer is a technology that can be easily deployed and adopted in rural areas due to its energy efficiency and minimal environmental footprint. This paper develops a simulation model and parametric studies of a linear-Fresnel-solar-concentrator using air as HTF for agricultural drying applications, specifically to dry mango in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Parametric analyses are performed to evaluate the thermal behavior of the linear-Fresnel-concentrator based in inlet-solar-radiation, the number of primary reflective mirrors, length of the receptive cavity and HTF mass-flux. These studies have shown that the model reaches an equilibrium point with 14 primary reflective mirrors with a length of 7 meters each. Additionally, when there is a flux increase in the HTF, a linear correlation between mass-flux and temperature appears, and for inlet-solar-radiation there is a quadratic correlation.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"40 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83657136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Pandit, Daniel Nevius, Vibhav Srivaths, M. Diaconeasa
The Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) project lifecycle consists of multiple organizations, private and public, that work together to carry out the licensing and regulation, commissioning, construction, supply chain management, decommissioning, and non-proliferation of nuclear power plants. Each stage of the lifecycle generates a considerable amount of documentation that needs to be archived and made available on request. In this paper, we examined the current frameworks employed by the stakeholders of nuclear power plant lifecycles for data generation, classification, archival, and exchange and we evaluated the use of distributed ledger technology for data management. We further demonstrated the implementation of distributed ledger technology to capturing and immutable recording nuclear supply chain structure, production, and failure data. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) promises to address the current bottlenecks in the lifecycle management of nuclear power plants with faster data exchange times, lower processing cost of documents, bridging the gap between perceived and actual risk, faster decisions, customizable transparency in job tasks being executed, improved cash flow, instant validation of job completion, reduction in logistical friction, and sped up supply chain decisions for clients. We gave a comprehensive review of distributed ledger technology, its properties and an open-source permissioned distributed ledger system called Hyperledger Fabric. Each sector of the nuclear power plant lifecycle was analyzed for data management bottlenecks and building on our discussion of employing distributed ledger technology we discussed the pathway in which Hyperledger Fabric can be employed to address the data management bottlenecks in each stage of the lifecycle including, licensing and regulation, commissioning, construction, supply chain management, decommissioning, and non-proliferation.
{"title":"Assessing the Potential for Implementation of Distributed Ledger Technology in the Nuclear Power Plant Lifecycle","authors":"P. Pandit, Daniel Nevius, Vibhav Srivaths, M. Diaconeasa","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95225","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) project lifecycle consists of multiple organizations, private and public, that work together to carry out the licensing and regulation, commissioning, construction, supply chain management, decommissioning, and non-proliferation of nuclear power plants. Each stage of the lifecycle generates a considerable amount of documentation that needs to be archived and made available on request. In this paper, we examined the current frameworks employed by the stakeholders of nuclear power plant lifecycles for data generation, classification, archival, and exchange and we evaluated the use of distributed ledger technology for data management. We further demonstrated the implementation of distributed ledger technology to capturing and immutable recording nuclear supply chain structure, production, and failure data.\u0000 Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) promises to address the current bottlenecks in the lifecycle management of nuclear power plants with faster data exchange times, lower processing cost of documents, bridging the gap between perceived and actual risk, faster decisions, customizable transparency in job tasks being executed, improved cash flow, instant validation of job completion, reduction in logistical friction, and sped up supply chain decisions for clients. We gave a comprehensive review of distributed ledger technology, its properties and an open-source permissioned distributed ledger system called Hyperledger Fabric.\u0000 Each sector of the nuclear power plant lifecycle was analyzed for data management bottlenecks and building on our discussion of employing distributed ledger technology we discussed the pathway in which Hyperledger Fabric can be employed to address the data management bottlenecks in each stage of the lifecycle including, licensing and regulation, commissioning, construction, supply chain management, decommissioning, and non-proliferation.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84358383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With rising numbers of electric vehicles to curb greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating strain on the electrical grid from EV charging, specifically fast-charging applications, has become a significant challenge, especially since adapting grid infrastructure is not only complex but costly. Long service life, high power charge capacity, and the ability to mitigate peak loads to the electrical grid are some of the requirements for energy storage systems (ESS) to support electric vehicle fast charging. In this context, interest in flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) has been growing in recent years due to the favorable power characteristics and lack of cycle aging that FESS offer over electrochemical ESS such as second-life batteries. Typically, flywheel design has focused on small-scale transportation and large-scale grid frequency regulation applications. The present paper presents design strategies for FESS in fast-charging applications, which signifies a promising and innovative approach for reducing the strain that fast EV charging imposes on the electrical grid. This study considers design strategies to achieve low material and fabrication costs, a high safety standard, and operational advantages.
{"title":"Design Strategies for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems in EV Fast Charging","authors":"Francisco Basaure, P. Mertiny","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94653","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With rising numbers of electric vehicles to curb greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating strain on the electrical grid from EV charging, specifically fast-charging applications, has become a significant challenge, especially since adapting grid infrastructure is not only complex but costly. Long service life, high power charge capacity, and the ability to mitigate peak loads to the electrical grid are some of the requirements for energy storage systems (ESS) to support electric vehicle fast charging. In this context, interest in flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) has been growing in recent years due to the favorable power characteristics and lack of cycle aging that FESS offer over electrochemical ESS such as second-life batteries. Typically, flywheel design has focused on small-scale transportation and large-scale grid frequency regulation applications. The present paper presents design strategies for FESS in fast-charging applications, which signifies a promising and innovative approach for reducing the strain that fast EV charging imposes on the electrical grid. This study considers design strategies to achieve low material and fabrication costs, a high safety standard, and operational advantages.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82622937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The data-driven approach prioritises operational data and does not require in-depth knowledge of system background; nevertheless, it requires considerable amounts of data. Obtaining faulty building data is a significant challenge for researchers. As a result, employing simulated data can be beneficial in data-driven faults detection and diagnosis (FDD) analysis because it is inexpensive and can run multiple sorts of faults with varying severities and time periods. The predominant implementation of FDD techniques within the building sector is done at the system level. However, as useful as system-level analysis is, typical buildings are comprised of multiple systems with their peculiar characteristics. Also, individualised system level-based analysis makes it challenging and sometimes impossible to visualise system-to-system interactions. However, there is a glaring underrepresentation of literatures that explore the development of whole building models that diagnose faults over the entire building energy performance sphere. Therefore, this paper presents a work to detect and diagnose building systems (HVAC, lighting, exhaust fan) faults in whole building energy performance within hot climate areas, using energy consumption and weather data. The detection process on the main building meter was conducted using LSTM-Autoencoders, and different multi-class classification methods were compared for the diagnosis phase. Moreover, feature extraction approaches were included in the comparison to quantify their performance in improving the diagnosis.
{"title":"Development of a Holistic Data-Driven Detection and Diagnosis Approach for Operational Faults in Public Buildings","authors":"Ashraf Alghanmi, A. Yunusa‐Kaltungo, R. Edwards","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94599","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The data-driven approach prioritises operational data and does not require in-depth knowledge of system background; nevertheless, it requires considerable amounts of data. Obtaining faulty building data is a significant challenge for researchers. As a result, employing simulated data can be beneficial in data-driven faults detection and diagnosis (FDD) analysis because it is inexpensive and can run multiple sorts of faults with varying severities and time periods. The predominant implementation of FDD techniques within the building sector is done at the system level. However, as useful as system-level analysis is, typical buildings are comprised of multiple systems with their peculiar characteristics. Also, individualised system level-based analysis makes it challenging and sometimes impossible to visualise system-to-system interactions. However, there is a glaring underrepresentation of literatures that explore the development of whole building models that diagnose faults over the entire building energy performance sphere. Therefore, this paper presents a work to detect and diagnose building systems (HVAC, lighting, exhaust fan) faults in whole building energy performance within hot climate areas, using energy consumption and weather data. The detection process on the main building meter was conducted using LSTM-Autoencoders, and different multi-class classification methods were compared for the diagnosis phase. Moreover, feature extraction approaches were included in the comparison to quantify their performance in improving the diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76139567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohiodin Nazemi, Aysan Safavi, Eyja Camille P. Bonthonneau, Christiaan Richter, R. Unnþórsson
Hay, invasive lupine plants, wood chips, and seaweed are the four abundant biogenic fuel options in Iceland. These four biomass types are potential renewable fuel feedstock as they can be converted into syngas or high-value fuels using thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis and gasification. In this study, we focus on biomass pelletizing, which is a major process for preparing various kinds of feed for either gasification or controlled combustion as in powerplants and heat applications. Pelletizing is producing a low-humid, dense, and uniform shape of feedstock, which is appropriate for the continuous and efficient performance of the gasifier. The pellets need to be dense enough not to collapse in the hopper while being fed to the reactor. The challenge in this study is to produce high-quality pellets with high energy content, high strength, and optimized moisture level from abundant biomass types in Iceland that can be gasified efficiently and continuously in the gasifier. To address this challenge, we pelletized blends of hay, wood chips, and seaweed with different percentages. In this study, we focus on the strength of the pellets. The experiments suggest that up to a hay fraction of 20 wt.% a higher hay content results in a stronger pellet. Based on our experiments, pellets made only from wood are typically not strong enough for gasification. It was observed that after running several pelletizing experiments continuously, the temperature of the discharged pellets increased, and this parameter influenced the strength of the pellets.
{"title":"Producing High-Strength Pellets From Seaweed, Sawdust, and Hay for Gasification","authors":"Mohiodin Nazemi, Aysan Safavi, Eyja Camille P. Bonthonneau, Christiaan Richter, R. Unnþórsson","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94528","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hay, invasive lupine plants, wood chips, and seaweed are the four abundant biogenic fuel options in Iceland. These four biomass types are potential renewable fuel feedstock as they can be converted into syngas or high-value fuels using thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis and gasification. In this study, we focus on biomass pelletizing, which is a major process for preparing various kinds of feed for either gasification or controlled combustion as in powerplants and heat applications. Pelletizing is producing a low-humid, dense, and uniform shape of feedstock, which is appropriate for the continuous and efficient performance of the gasifier. The pellets need to be dense enough not to collapse in the hopper while being fed to the reactor. The challenge in this study is to produce high-quality pellets with high energy content, high strength, and optimized moisture level from abundant biomass types in Iceland that can be gasified efficiently and continuously in the gasifier. To address this challenge, we pelletized blends of hay, wood chips, and seaweed with different percentages. In this study, we focus on the strength of the pellets. The experiments suggest that up to a hay fraction of 20 wt.% a higher hay content results in a stronger pellet. Based on our experiments, pellets made only from wood are typically not strong enough for gasification. It was observed that after running several pelletizing experiments continuously, the temperature of the discharged pellets increased, and this parameter influenced the strength of the pellets.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85624029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feeding the existing 7 billion and ever-growing population around the world urges farmers to adopt alternative ways. Research indicates that the demand for alternative farming will only increase as fertile lands become scarcer each and every year. Emerged from this need, “agritecture,” often called vertical farming, has attracted a great deal of attention recently. Vertical farming is centered around growing plants by adopting methods like hydroponic, aeroponic, or aquaponic and staking the layer vertically up to the sky or going deep in the ground. Lighting is the integral component of the vertical farming systems, which can be natural or artificial and should be provided at a specific intensity and spectrum. The world is already in need of energy to tackle the soaring energy demand due to the rising population and industrialization. Researchers have been trying to utilize alternative sources, and the heat and illumination of the sunlight is always the widespread field of interest. In vertical farming, using hybrid solar lighting can also be an appealing approach. However, the fiber optical cable is one of the critical components of this system, which is used to transmit the light to the luminaire. Since this cable plays a vital role in transmitting the power, the exposure of the surface of the cable to different rays from the directed sunlight is of primary concern to avoid any thermal failure. If not designed properly, the temperatures at the inlet of the fiber optical cable can reach to very high values, resulting in both physical and chemical changes in the cable, and in some cases, local burnings. A literature survey revealed that there are only a few studies that dealt with the thermal management of fiber optical cables. In this study, we analyze the thermal behavior of fiber optical cables for a vertical farming application, which was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture SBIR Phase I program. To do that, we adopted a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based approach. Before carrying out the full simulations, the simulation methodology was verified by replicating an existing study in the literature. Once confirmed, a full parametric sweep analysis was conducted to see the effects of material and geometric properties of the fiber optical cable on the temperature increase at the inlet. This study is novel in the sense that there are no prior studies that targeted the effects of material and geometric properties on the thermal behavior of the fiber optical cables so the users could make the appropriate choices for the cable selection or could custom design their cables for specific lighting conditions. The results were presented and discussed, and future research directions were indicated.
{"title":"Thermal Analysis of a Fiber Optic Cable for a Vertical Farming Application","authors":"S. Cesmeci, Mohammad Towhidul Islam, S. Horowitz","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-96606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96606","url":null,"abstract":"Feeding the existing 7 billion and ever-growing population around the world urges farmers to adopt alternative ways. Research indicates that the demand for alternative farming will only increase as fertile lands become scarcer each and every year. Emerged from this need, “agritecture,” often called vertical farming, has attracted a great deal of attention recently. Vertical farming is centered around growing plants by adopting methods like hydroponic, aeroponic, or aquaponic and staking the layer vertically up to the sky or going deep in the ground. Lighting is the integral component of the vertical farming systems, which can be natural or artificial and should be provided at a specific intensity and spectrum. The world is already in need of energy to tackle the soaring energy demand due to the rising population and industrialization. Researchers have been trying to utilize alternative sources, and the heat and illumination of the sunlight is always the widespread field of interest. In vertical farming, using hybrid solar lighting can also be an appealing approach. However, the fiber optical cable is one of the critical components of this system, which is used to transmit the light to the luminaire. Since this cable plays a vital role in transmitting the power, the exposure of the surface of the cable to different rays from the directed sunlight is of primary concern to avoid any thermal failure. If not designed properly, the temperatures at the inlet of the fiber optical cable can reach to very high values, resulting in both physical and chemical changes in the cable, and in some cases, local burnings. A literature survey revealed that there are only a few studies that dealt with the thermal management of fiber optical cables. In this study, we analyze the thermal behavior of fiber optical cables for a vertical farming application, which was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture SBIR Phase I program. To do that, we adopted a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based approach. Before carrying out the full simulations, the simulation methodology was verified by replicating an existing study in the literature. Once confirmed, a full parametric sweep analysis was conducted to see the effects of material and geometric properties of the fiber optical cable on the temperature increase at the inlet. This study is novel in the sense that there are no prior studies that targeted the effects of material and geometric properties on the thermal behavior of the fiber optical cables so the users could make the appropriate choices for the cable selection or could custom design their cables for specific lighting conditions. The results were presented and discussed, and future research directions were indicated.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85914905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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