Firms have different choices of using equity issuance and cash flow to save. Empirically, we find three differences between savings from equity issuance and cash flow. First, firms may not increase or decrease the savings rates of equity issuance and cash flow at the same time. Second, the savings rate of equity issuance is higher than that of cash flow. Third, in 1985-2016, the savings rate of equity issuance increases more than that of cash flow. To investigate the differences, we analyze the cash-savings motives from the following perspectives: growth options, financial constraints, and equity overvaluation. Our theory predicts that the savings rate of equity issuance increases in the above three scenarios, whereas the savings rate of cash flow only increases because of financial constraints. Empirical results suggest that the savings motives result in the first difference and the growth of intangible investment causes the second and third differences.
{"title":"Differences Between Savings from Equity Issuance and Savings from Cash Flow","authors":"Yuejiao Duan, F. Song, Xiao Zhang, Pengtao Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3488223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3488223","url":null,"abstract":"Firms have different choices of using equity issuance and cash flow to save. Empirically, we find three differences between savings from equity issuance and cash flow. First, firms may not increase or decrease the savings rates of equity issuance and cash flow at the same time. Second, the savings rate of equity issuance is higher than that of cash flow. Third, in 1985-2016, the savings rate of equity issuance increases more than that of cash flow. To investigate the differences, we analyze the cash-savings motives from the following perspectives: growth options, financial constraints, and equity overvaluation. Our theory predicts that the savings rate of equity issuance increases in the above three scenarios, whereas the savings rate of cash flow only increases because of financial constraints. Empirical results suggest that the savings motives result in the first difference and the growth of intangible investment causes the second and third differences.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127344156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the information content of analyst reports for private firms. Using a novel sample of debt analyst reports for privately-held firms with public debt, I find that the bond market reaction to debt analyst reports is larger for private firms than public firms. Further, in cross-sectional analyses, I find that debt reports with more forward-looking information are associated with larger increases in bond trading volume for private firms. Finally, I find that report quality and optimistic bias are similar across private and public firms. Collectively, my findings document that analysts play an important information role for private firms and shed light on the relation between the existing information environment and the informativeness of analyst reports.
{"title":"Analyst Coverage of Private Firms","authors":"Jacquelyn R. Gillette","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3570179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3570179","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the information content of analyst reports for private firms. Using a novel sample of debt analyst reports for privately-held firms with public debt, I find that the bond market reaction to debt analyst reports is larger for private firms than public firms. Further, in cross-sectional analyses, I find that debt reports with more forward-looking information are associated with larger increases in bond trading volume for private firms. Finally, I find that report quality and optimistic bias are similar across private and public firms. Collectively, my findings document that analysts play an important information role for private firms and shed light on the relation between the existing information environment and the informativeness of analyst reports.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121073684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The real contributions of the MM Proposition are its central assumptions of perfect capital markets and the associated arbitrage argument. In this text, we review the perfect market assumptions and no-arbitrage principle. Then, to explain the evolution of the understanding of arbitrage from a deterministic world into an uncertain world, we restate and comment on the proofs of the MM Proposition in current perspectives. With the no-arbitrage principle in mind, we clearly read the circular justification in the MM Proposition and the misleading concept of cost of equity. From the perspective of the distribution of a corporation's value creation, we find that shareholders prefer a maximum degree of debt. However, we believe that the capital structures are mainly constrained by industry characteristics and the market timing of equity and debt financing.
{"title":"Perfect Market, Arbitrage, and Value Creation in the MM Proposition","authors":"Pharos Abad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3554322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3554322","url":null,"abstract":"The real contributions of the MM Proposition are its central assumptions of perfect capital markets and the associated arbitrage argument. In this text, we review the perfect market assumptions and no-arbitrage principle. Then, to explain the evolution of the understanding of arbitrage from a deterministic world into an uncertain world, we restate and comment on the proofs of the MM Proposition in current perspectives. With the no-arbitrage principle in mind, we clearly read the circular justification in the MM Proposition and the misleading concept of cost of equity. From the perspective of the distribution of a corporation's value creation, we find that shareholders prefer a maximum degree of debt. However, we believe that the capital structures are mainly constrained by industry characteristics and the market timing of equity and debt financing.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124686130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the pricing of project finance (PF) and non-project finance (non-PF) loans and examines the factors that influence the borrower’s choice between project financing and corporate financing. Using a sample of 210,273 syndicated loans closed between 2000 and 2014, we find that PF and Non-PF loans are influenced differently by common pricing characteristics and that PF loans in the U.S. and W.E. are priced in segmented markets. Borrowers choose PF when they seek long-term financing and funding cost reduction. We find that transaction cost considerations, the financial crisis and country risk affect the financing choice. Our results document that publicly traded sponsors who prefer project financing to corporate financing are larger, less profitable, more financially distressed and have a higher asset tangibility. Finally, privately held firms that choose off-balance sheet financing are smaller and less profitable and use PF to raise relatively larger amounts of debt.
{"title":"The Choice between Project Financing and Corporate Financing: Evidence from the Corporate Syndicated Loan Market","authors":"P. Alves, João M. Pinto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2876524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2876524","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the pricing of project finance (PF) and non-project finance (non-PF) loans and examines the factors that influence the borrower’s choice between project financing and corporate financing. Using a sample of 210,273 syndicated loans closed between 2000 and 2014, we find that PF and Non-PF loans are influenced differently by common pricing characteristics and that PF loans in the U.S. and W.E. are priced in segmented markets. Borrowers choose PF when they seek long-term financing and funding cost reduction. We find that transaction cost considerations, the financial crisis and country risk affect the financing choice. Our results document that publicly traded sponsors who prefer project financing to corporate financing are larger, less profitable, more financially distressed and have a higher asset tangibility. Finally, privately held firms that choose off-balance sheet financing are smaller and less profitable and use PF to raise relatively larger amounts of debt.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"94 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128698570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies how financial frictions affect product market decisions. As different products have different production cycles and generate cash-flow at different maturities, companies may adjust product mix in order to alleviate financial constraints. I use the wine sector in Portugal as a laboratory because product mix decisions can be identified and linked to cash-flow maturity. I exploit a banking regulatory shock which impacted negatively on credit availability, and I find that credit constrained firms change their product mix in response to the shock. Firms shift from long cash-flow maturity products to shorter ones. My results suggest that the adverse impact of financial constraints on product markets may be exacerbated with longer, less-flexible, production cycles.
{"title":"Financial Constraints and Product Market Decisions: The Role of Production Cycles","authors":"Diogo Mendes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3596061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3596061","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies how financial frictions affect product market decisions. As different products have different production cycles and generate cash-flow at different maturities, companies may adjust product mix in order to alleviate financial constraints. I use the wine sector in Portugal as a laboratory because product mix decisions can be identified and linked to cash-flow maturity. I exploit a banking regulatory shock which impacted negatively on credit availability, and I find that credit constrained firms change their product mix in response to the shock. Firms shift from long cash-flow maturity products to shorter ones. My results suggest that the adverse impact of financial constraints on product markets may be exacerbated with longer, less-flexible, production cycles.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134403969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Doerr, Dalia. Marin, Davide Suverato, T. Verdier
We develop a novel theory of mis-allocation within firms (rather than between firms) due to managers' empire building. We introduce an internal capital market into a two-factor model of multi-segment firms. We show that more open markets impose discipline on competition for capital within firms, which explains why exporters exhibit a lower conglomerate discount than non-exporters (a fact that we establish). Testing our model with data on US companies, we establish that import competition reduces mis-allocation within firms. A one standard deviation increase in Chinese imports lowers the conglomerate discount by 32% and over-reporting of costs by up to 15%.
{"title":"Mis-allocation Within Firms: Internal Finance and International Trade","authors":"S. Doerr, Dalia. Marin, Davide Suverato, T. Verdier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3542214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3542214","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a novel theory of mis-allocation within firms (rather than between firms) due to managers' empire building. We introduce an internal capital market into a two-factor model of multi-segment firms. We show that more open markets impose discipline on competition for capital within firms, which explains why exporters exhibit a lower conglomerate discount than non-exporters (a fact that we establish). Testing our model with data on US companies, we establish that import competition reduces mis-allocation within firms. A one standard deviation increase in Chinese imports lowers the conglomerate discount by 32% and over-reporting of costs by up to 15%.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115978868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.23895/KDIJEP.2020.42.1.31
Sunjoo Hwang
Does financial development contribute to economic growth? The literature finds that an expansion in financial resources is useful for economic growth if the degree of financial development is under a certain threshold; otherwise, the expansion is detrimental to growth. Almost every published study, however, considers country-panel data. Accordingly, the results are not directly applicable to the Korean economy. By examining Korean time-series data, this paper finds that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between the per capita real GDP growth rate and private credit (as a percentage of nominal GDP)―a well-known measure of quantitative financial development, where the threshold is 171.5%. This paper also finds that private credit is positively associated with economic growth if the share of household credit out of private credit is less than 46.9%; otherwise, private credit is negatively associated with economic growth. As of 2016, the ratio of private credit to GDP and the ratio of household credit to private credit are both higher than the corresponding thresholds, which implies that policymakers should place more emphasis on qualitative financial development than on a quantitative expansion of financial resources.
{"title":"Financial Development and Economic Growth in Korea","authors":"Sunjoo Hwang","doi":"10.23895/KDIJEP.2020.42.1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23895/KDIJEP.2020.42.1.31","url":null,"abstract":"Does financial development contribute to economic growth? The literature finds that an expansion in financial resources is useful for economic growth if the degree of financial development is under a certain threshold; otherwise, the expansion is detrimental to growth. Almost every published study, however, considers country-panel data. Accordingly, the results are not directly applicable to the Korean economy. By examining Korean time-series data, this paper finds that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between the per capita real GDP growth rate and private credit (as a percentage of nominal GDP)―a well-known measure of quantitative financial development, where the threshold is 171.5%. This paper also finds that private credit is positively associated with economic growth if the share of household credit out of private credit is less than 46.9%; otherwise, private credit is negatively associated with economic growth. As of 2016, the ratio of private credit to GDP and the ratio of household credit to private credit are both higher than the corresponding thresholds, which implies that policymakers should place more emphasis on qualitative financial development than on a quantitative expansion of financial resources.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128351969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to the economic crisis of 2008 and the debt crises of some Eurozone countries, central banks began expansionary monetary policies, which became a massive injection of resources through the purchase of assets known as Quantitative Easing. The European Central Bank (ECB) took a step forward with its peers and, in addition to buying sovereign bonds through the Public Sector Purchase Program (PSPP), it also created the Corporate Sector Purchase Program (CSPP) in March 2016 to buy corporate bonds from non-financial companies located in the Eurozone. The CSPP program reduced corporate yields for companies with bonds eligible for purchase and those whose bonds are not purchased by the ECB. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the CSPP program on seasoned equity offerings (SEO) of firms in the Eurozone. We find that post CSPP firms earn even more negative cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) around SEOs than pre CSPP. The results suggest that, even with low corporate yields, investors are demanding higher equity returns.
{"title":"The European Central Bank’s Corporate Debt Purchase Policy and Its Impact on Firm’s Equity Issues","authors":"Rogério Mauad, G. Loureiro, Denis Forte","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3535623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3535623","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the economic crisis of 2008 and the debt crises of some Eurozone countries, central banks began expansionary monetary policies, which became a massive injection of resources through the purchase of assets known as Quantitative Easing. The European Central Bank (ECB) took a step forward with its peers and, in addition to buying sovereign bonds through the Public Sector Purchase Program (PSPP), it also created the Corporate Sector Purchase Program (CSPP) in March 2016 to buy corporate bonds from non-financial companies located in the Eurozone. The CSPP program reduced corporate yields for companies with bonds eligible for purchase and those whose bonds are not purchased by the ECB. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the CSPP program on seasoned equity offerings (SEO) of firms in the Eurozone. We find that post CSPP firms earn even more negative cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) around SEOs than pre CSPP. The results suggest that, even with low corporate yields, investors are demanding higher equity returns.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"428 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131769470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a theoretical model of optimal growth in two-sided markets. The model posits that market output (number of transactions) is a function of the stock of supply and demand. This market output is modeled using a homogeneous production function, which can have increasing or decreasing returns to scale. The supply and demand stock levels follow a growth model in which the rate of growth at each point in time is a function of both the surplus each side of the market receives and the attrition of supply and demand (supply and demand lifetimes). The surplus can be apportioned between the two sides of the market by changing the price paid to sellers and the price charged to buyers, which we assume the platform controls. Through these price levers, the platform can pay subsidies to one or both sides of the market. We investigate the behavior of optimal market growth, including the point at which the market becomes self-sustaining and the long-run optimal size of the market. We characterize the optimal balance between supply and demand as the market size grows and determine optimal subsidy policies that maximize discounted total profit. For the case of both increasing and decreasing returns without price constraints, we show the optimal policy is to grow using an impulse of subsidy spending (a subsidy shock) to move the market immediately to its optimal long-run size. This result is consistent with the race to growth observed in many two-sided markets like ride-sharing. This paper was accepted by Gabriel Weintraub, revenue management.
{"title":"Optimal Growth in Two-Sided Markets","authors":"Zhen Lian, G. V. Ryzin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3310559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3310559","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a theoretical model of optimal growth in two-sided markets. The model posits that market output (number of transactions) is a function of the stock of supply and demand. This market output is modeled using a homogeneous production function, which can have increasing or decreasing returns to scale. The supply and demand stock levels follow a growth model in which the rate of growth at each point in time is a function of both the surplus each side of the market receives and the attrition of supply and demand (supply and demand lifetimes). The surplus can be apportioned between the two sides of the market by changing the price paid to sellers and the price charged to buyers, which we assume the platform controls. Through these price levers, the platform can pay subsidies to one or both sides of the market. We investigate the behavior of optimal market growth, including the point at which the market becomes self-sustaining and the long-run optimal size of the market. We characterize the optimal balance between supply and demand as the market size grows and determine optimal subsidy policies that maximize discounted total profit. For the case of both increasing and decreasing returns without price constraints, we show the optimal policy is to grow using an impulse of subsidy spending (a subsidy shock) to move the market immediately to its optimal long-run size. This result is consistent with the race to growth observed in many two-sided markets like ride-sharing. This paper was accepted by Gabriel Weintraub, revenue management.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123688510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The financial outcomes of research and development (R&D) expenditures are not instantaneous and straightforward. To explore the varied perspectives of these relationships this study employs Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Analyses reveals significant variances in different asset classes and in different sectors, besides finding the evidence of multiple regimes. The findings provide insights in the risk-return paradigm of R&D investment, and the successive return, besides helping the policy makers to settle the priority sector to get the expected result in line with the country’s investment policy.
{"title":"Exploring the Nexus Between Research and Development Expenditures and Corporate Financial Performance: A Sectoral Analysis","authors":"Geoffrey VanderPal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3501939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3501939","url":null,"abstract":"The financial outcomes of research and development (R&D) expenditures are not instantaneous and straightforward. To explore the varied perspectives of these relationships this study employs Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Analyses reveals significant variances in different asset classes and in different sectors, besides finding the evidence of multiple regimes. The findings provide insights in the risk-return paradigm of R&D investment, and the successive return, besides helping the policy makers to settle the priority sector to get the expected result in line with the country’s investment policy.","PeriodicalId":236717,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Microeconomics: Intertemporal Firm Choice & Growth","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123438398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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