Jonathan Cox, Xiaodong Li, Charles Fox, Shaun Coutts
Site-specific weed management (on the scale of a few meters or less) has the potential to greatly reduce pesticide use and its associated environmental and economic costs. A prerequisite for site-specific weed management is the availability of accurate maps of the weed population that can be generated quickly and cheaply. Improvements and cost reductions in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and camera technology mean these tools are now readily available for agricultural use. We used UAVs to collect aerial images captured in both RGB and multispectral formats of twelve cereal fields (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)) across eastern England. This data was used to train machine learning models to generate prediction maps of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) locations, a prolific weed in UK cereal fields. We tested machine learning and data set resampling methods to obtain the most accurate system for predicting the presence and absence of weeds in new out-of-sample fields. The accuracy of the system in predicting the absence of A. myosuroides is 69% and its presence above 5g in weight with 77% accuracy in new out-of-sample fields. This system generates prediction maps that can be used by either agricultural machinery or autonomous robotic platforms for precision weed management. Improvements to the accuracy can be made by increasing the number of fields and samples in the data set and the length of time over which data is collected to gather data over the whole growing season.
{"title":"Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) in cereal multispectral detection by UAV","authors":"Jonathan Cox, Xiaodong Li, Charles Fox, Shaun Coutts","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.41","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Site-specific weed management (on the scale of a few meters or less) has the potential to greatly reduce pesticide use and its associated environmental and economic costs. A prerequisite for site-specific weed management is the availability of accurate maps of the weed population that can be generated quickly and cheaply. Improvements and cost reductions in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and camera technology mean these tools are now readily available for agricultural use. We used UAVs to collect aerial images captured in both RGB and multispectral formats of twelve cereal fields (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)) across eastern England. This data was used to train machine learning models to generate prediction maps of black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) locations, a prolific weed in UK cereal fields. We tested machine learning and data set resampling methods to obtain the most accurate system for predicting the presence and absence of weeds in new out-of-sample fields. The accuracy of the system in predicting the absence of A. myosuroides is 69% and its presence above 5g in weight with 77% accuracy in new out-of-sample fields. This system generates prediction maps that can be used by either agricultural machinery or autonomous robotic platforms for precision weed management. Improvements to the accuracy can be made by increasing the number of fields and samples in the data set and the length of time over which data is collected to gather data over the whole growing season.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45151335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisabeth Russell, C. A. Rutland, Jinesh D. Patel, N. Hall, Bo Bi, Xiao Li, J. S. McElroy
Mitotic-inhibiting herbicides, like prodiamine and dithiopyr, are used to control annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) preemergence in managed turfgrass; however, resistance to mitotic-inhibiting herbicides has evolved due to repeated applications of herbicide from a single mechanism of action. Three suspected resistant populations (R1, R2, and R3) were collected in Alabama and Florida and screened for resistance to prodiamine. Part of the α-tubulin gene was sequenced for known target-site mutations. Target-site mutations were reported in all three R populations, with each of them containing an amino acid substitution at position 239 from threonine to isoleucine (Thr239-Ile). Previous research has indicated that the Thr239-Ile mutation confers resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides in other species. Dose response screens using prodiamine and dithiopyr were conducted and I50 values were calculated for R1, R2, and R3 using regression models based on seedling emergence. For prodiamine, I50 values for R1, R2, and R3 were 35.3, 502.7, and 91.5 g ai ha-1, respectively, resulting in 2.9-, 41.9-, and 7.6-fold resistance, respectively, when compared to a susceptible (S) population. For dithiopyr, I50 values for R1, R2, and R3 were 154.0, 114.2, and 190.1 g ai ha-1, respectively, resulting in 3.6-, 2.7-, and 4.5-fold resistance, respectively, when compared to a S population. When comparing I90 values to the highest labeled use rates, R2 had a 2.9-fold level of resistance to prodiamine and R1, R2, and R3 had a 2.4-, 2.0-, and 3.2-fold level of resistance to dithiopyr, respectively. This is the first report of a variable response in P. annua to prodiamine despite each R population possessing the same mutation.
有丝分裂抑制除草剂，如丙二胺和双硫吡虫啉，用于控制一年生蓝草(Poa annua L.)在管理草坪上的早熟;然而，对有丝分裂抑制除草剂的抗性是由于除草剂的重复施用而从单一的作用机制演变而来的。在阿拉巴马州和佛罗里达州收集了3个疑似耐药种群(R1、R2和R3)，并进行了对丙二胺的耐药性筛选。对部分α-微管蛋白基因进行了已知靶位点突变的测序。在所有三个R群体中都报道了靶位点突变，每个群体的239位都包含一个从苏氨酸到异亮氨酸的氨基酸替换(Thr239-Ile)。先前的研究表明，Thr239-Ile突变使其他物种对二硝基苯胺类除草剂产生抗性。分别使用丙二胺和硫吡菌酯进行剂量反应筛选，并利用基于幼苗出苗的回归模型计算R1、R2和R3的I50值。对于丙二胺，R1、R2和R3的I50值分别为35.3、502.7和91.5 g / ha-1，与易感人群(S)相比，抗性分别为2.9倍、41.9倍和7.6倍。对于吡硫磷，R1、R2和R3的I50值分别为154.0、114.2和190.1 g / ha-1，与S群体相比，抗性分别为3.6倍、2.7倍和4.5倍。当将I90值与最高标记使用率进行比较时，R2对丙二胺的抗性水平为2.9倍，R1, R2和R3对双硫吡菌素的抗性水平分别为2.4倍，2.0倍和3.2倍。尽管每个R种群具有相同的突变，但这是第一次报道P. annua对原丙胺的不同反应。
{"title":"α-tubulin Mutation Thr239-Ile in Poa annua Induces Variable Responses to Prodiamine and Dithiopyr","authors":"Elisabeth Russell, C. A. Rutland, Jinesh D. Patel, N. Hall, Bo Bi, Xiao Li, J. S. McElroy","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.39","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mitotic-inhibiting herbicides, like prodiamine and dithiopyr, are used to control annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) preemergence in managed turfgrass; however, resistance to mitotic-inhibiting herbicides has evolved due to repeated applications of herbicide from a single mechanism of action. Three suspected resistant populations (R1, R2, and R3) were collected in Alabama and Florida and screened for resistance to prodiamine. Part of the α-tubulin gene was sequenced for known target-site mutations. Target-site mutations were reported in all three R populations, with each of them containing an amino acid substitution at position 239 from threonine to isoleucine (Thr239-Ile). Previous research has indicated that the Thr239-Ile mutation confers resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides in other species. Dose response screens using prodiamine and dithiopyr were conducted and I50 values were calculated for R1, R2, and R3 using regression models based on seedling emergence. For prodiamine, I50 values for R1, R2, and R3 were 35.3, 502.7, and 91.5 g ai ha-1, respectively, resulting in 2.9-, 41.9-, and 7.6-fold resistance, respectively, when compared to a susceptible (S) population. For dithiopyr, I50 values for R1, R2, and R3 were 154.0, 114.2, and 190.1 g ai ha-1, respectively, resulting in 3.6-, 2.7-, and 4.5-fold resistance, respectively, when compared to a S population. When comparing I90 values to the highest labeled use rates, R2 had a 2.9-fold level of resistance to prodiamine and R1, R2, and R3 had a 2.4-, 2.0-, and 3.2-fold level of resistance to dithiopyr, respectively. This is the first report of a variable response in P. annua to prodiamine despite each R population possessing the same mutation.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47363189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen L. Young, Stephen L. Young, James V. Anderson, S. Baerson, J. Bajsa-Hirschel, D. Blumenthal, C. Boyd, C. Boyette, E. Brennan, C. Cantrell, W. Chao, J. Chee-Sanford, C. Clements, F. Dray, Stephen O. Duke, K. Eason, R. Fletcher, M. R. Fulcher, J. Gaskin, B. Grewell, E. Hamerlynck, R. Hoagland, D. Horvath, Eugene P. Law, J. Madsen, Daniel E Martin, C. Mattox, S. Mirsky, W. Molin, P. Moran, Rebecca C. Mueller, V. Nandula, B. Newingham, Z. Pan, Lauren M. Porensky, P. Pratt, A. Price, B. Rector, K. N. Reddy, R. L. Sheley, Lincoln Smith, Melissa C. Smith, K. Snyder, Matthew A. Tancos, N. West, G. Wheeler, M. Williams, J. Wolf, C. Wonkka, A. Wright, Jing Xi, Lew H. Ziska
Abstract The U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) has been a leader in weed science research covering topics ranging from the development and use of integrated weed management (IWM) tactics to basic mechanistic studies, including biotic resistance of desirable plant communities and herbicide resistance. ARS weed scientists have worked in agricultural and natural ecosystems, including agronomic and horticultural crops, pastures, forests, wild lands, aquatic habitats, wetlands, and riparian areas. Through strong partnerships with academia, state agencies, private industry, and numerous federal programs, ARS weed scientists have made contributions to discoveries in the newest fields of robotics and genetics, as well as the traditional and fundamental subjects of weed–crop competition and physiology and integration of weed control tactics and practices. Weed science at ARS is often overshadowed by other research topics; thus, few are aware of the long history of ARS weed science and its important contributions. This review is the result of a symposium held at the Weed Science Society of America's 62nd Annual Meeting in 2022 that included 10 separate presentations in a virtual Weed Science Webinar Series. The overarching themes of management tactics (IWM, biological control, and automation), basic mechanisms (competition, invasive plant genetics, and herbicide resistance), and ecosystem impacts (invasive plant spread, climate change, conservation, and restoration) represent core ARS weed science research that is dynamic and efficacious and has been a significant component of the agency's national and international efforts. This review highlights current studies and future directions that exemplify the science and collaborative relationships both within and outside ARS. Given the constraints of weeds and invasive plants on all aspects of food, feed, and fiber systems, there is an acknowledged need to face new challenges, including agriculture and natural resources sustainability, economic resilience and reliability, and societal health and well-being.
{"title":"Agricultural Research Service Weed Science Research: Past, Present, and Future","authors":"Stephen L. Young, Stephen L. Young, James V. Anderson, S. Baerson, J. Bajsa-Hirschel, D. Blumenthal, C. Boyd, C. Boyette, E. Brennan, C. Cantrell, W. Chao, J. Chee-Sanford, C. Clements, F. Dray, Stephen O. Duke, K. Eason, R. Fletcher, M. R. Fulcher, J. Gaskin, B. Grewell, E. Hamerlynck, R. Hoagland, D. Horvath, Eugene P. Law, J. Madsen, Daniel E Martin, C. Mattox, S. Mirsky, W. Molin, P. Moran, Rebecca C. Mueller, V. Nandula, B. Newingham, Z. Pan, Lauren M. Porensky, P. Pratt, A. Price, B. Rector, K. N. Reddy, R. L. Sheley, Lincoln Smith, Melissa C. Smith, K. Snyder, Matthew A. Tancos, N. West, G. Wheeler, M. Williams, J. Wolf, C. Wonkka, A. Wright, Jing Xi, Lew H. Ziska","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.31","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) has been a leader in weed science research covering topics ranging from the development and use of integrated weed management (IWM) tactics to basic mechanistic studies, including biotic resistance of desirable plant communities and herbicide resistance. ARS weed scientists have worked in agricultural and natural ecosystems, including agronomic and horticultural crops, pastures, forests, wild lands, aquatic habitats, wetlands, and riparian areas. Through strong partnerships with academia, state agencies, private industry, and numerous federal programs, ARS weed scientists have made contributions to discoveries in the newest fields of robotics and genetics, as well as the traditional and fundamental subjects of weed–crop competition and physiology and integration of weed control tactics and practices. Weed science at ARS is often overshadowed by other research topics; thus, few are aware of the long history of ARS weed science and its important contributions. This review is the result of a symposium held at the Weed Science Society of America's 62nd Annual Meeting in 2022 that included 10 separate presentations in a virtual Weed Science Webinar Series. The overarching themes of management tactics (IWM, biological control, and automation), basic mechanisms (competition, invasive plant genetics, and herbicide resistance), and ecosystem impacts (invasive plant spread, climate change, conservation, and restoration) represent core ARS weed science research that is dynamic and efficacious and has been a significant component of the agency's national and international efforts. This review highlights current studies and future directions that exemplify the science and collaborative relationships both within and outside ARS. Given the constraints of weeds and invasive plants on all aspects of food, feed, and fiber systems, there is an acknowledged need to face new challenges, including agriculture and natural resources sustainability, economic resilience and reliability, and societal health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49626290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weeds and invasive plants know no borders and have collectively impacted many ecosystems worldwide, including croplands, forests, grasslands, rangelands, wetlands, and riparian areas. Losses continue to mount, affecting yield and productivity, species diversity, and ecosystem services, with both short- and long-term repercussions on the sustainability of plant and animal communities and the livelihoods of many. New and emerging invasive plants, along with many of the most intractable weeds, have undermined even the best control efforts, serving as a reminder of the constant need for improvements in science, application, and technology. One of the main reasons for the success of weeds and invasive plants is their ability to adapt to abiotic and biotic conditions, and research suggests that this will continue with minimal change.
{"title":"Federal Agency Perspectives and Funding Opportunities for Weed and Invasive Plant Research","authors":"Stephen L. Young, J. J. Kells, V. Nandula","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.19","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds and invasive plants know no borders and have collectively impacted many ecosystems worldwide, including croplands, forests, grasslands, rangelands, wetlands, and riparian areas. Losses continue to mount, affecting yield and productivity, species diversity, and ecosystem services, with both short- and long-term repercussions on the sustainability of plant and animal communities and the livelihoods of many. New and emerging invasive plants, along with many of the most intractable weeds, have undermined even the best control efforts, serving as a reminder of the constant need for improvements in science, application, and technology. One of the main reasons for the success of weeds and invasive plants is their ability to adapt to abiotic and biotic conditions, and research suggests that this will continue with minimal change.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47687593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinfeng Wang, Guoqing Chen, Jinyan Ju, T. Lin, Ruidong Wang, Zhentao Wang
Abstract Weeds contribute to biodiversity and a wide range of ecosystem functions. It is crucial to map different weed species and analyze their physiological activities. Remote sensing techniques for plant identification, especially hyperspectral imaging, are being developed using spectral response patterns to vegetation for detection and species identification. A library of hyperspectral images of 40 urban weed species in northeast China was established in this study. A terrestrial hyperspectral camera was used to acquire 435 hyperspectral images. The hyperspectral information for each weed species was extracted and analyzed. The spectral characteristics and vegetation indices of different weeds revealed the differences between weed species in the cities of northeast China and indirectly characterized the growth and physiological activity levels of different species, but could not effectively distinguish different species. Five methods—first derivative spectrum (FDS), second derivative spectrum (SDS), standard normal variate (SNV), moving averages (MA), and Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing—were used to pretreat the spectral curves to maximize the retention of spectral characteristics while removing the influence of noise. We investigated the application of a convolutional neural network (CNN) with terrestrial hyperspectral remote sensing to identify urban weeds in northeast China. A CNN classification model was established to distinguish weeds from the hyperspectral images and demonstrated a test accuracy of 95.32% to 98.15%. The accuracy of the original spectrum was 97.45%; SNV had the best accuracy (98.15%) and SG was the least accurate (95.32%). This provides a baseline for understanding the hyperspectral characteristics of urban weed species and monitoring their growth. It also contributes to the development of a hyperspectral imaging database with global applicability.
{"title":"Characterization and Classification of Urban Weed Species in Northeast China Using Terrestrial Hyperspectral Images","authors":"Jinfeng Wang, Guoqing Chen, Jinyan Ju, T. Lin, Ruidong Wang, Zhentao Wang","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.36","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Weeds contribute to biodiversity and a wide range of ecosystem functions. It is crucial to map different weed species and analyze their physiological activities. Remote sensing techniques for plant identification, especially hyperspectral imaging, are being developed using spectral response patterns to vegetation for detection and species identification. A library of hyperspectral images of 40 urban weed species in northeast China was established in this study. A terrestrial hyperspectral camera was used to acquire 435 hyperspectral images. The hyperspectral information for each weed species was extracted and analyzed. The spectral characteristics and vegetation indices of different weeds revealed the differences between weed species in the cities of northeast China and indirectly characterized the growth and physiological activity levels of different species, but could not effectively distinguish different species. Five methods—first derivative spectrum (FDS), second derivative spectrum (SDS), standard normal variate (SNV), moving averages (MA), and Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing—were used to pretreat the spectral curves to maximize the retention of spectral characteristics while removing the influence of noise. We investigated the application of a convolutional neural network (CNN) with terrestrial hyperspectral remote sensing to identify urban weeds in northeast China. A CNN classification model was established to distinguish weeds from the hyperspectral images and demonstrated a test accuracy of 95.32% to 98.15%. The accuracy of the original spectrum was 97.45%; SNV had the best accuracy (98.15%) and SG was the least accurate (95.32%). This provides a baseline for understanding the hyperspectral characteristics of urban weed species and monitoring their growth. It also contributes to the development of a hyperspectral imaging database with global applicability.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47453555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alyssa I. Essman, M. Loux, A. Lindsey, Anthony F. Dobbels
Abstract Growers have been experimenting with cover crop termination timings to maximize weed suppression and potentially reduce herbicide inputs in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A field study was replicated three times from 2018 through 2021 in South Charleston, OH, to evaluate different management strategies involving a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. The objectives were to determine the effects of cereal rye seeding rate (0, 50, and 100 kg ha–1), management program (preplant, postplant, and delayed), and soybean residual herbicide (flumioxazin + chlorimuron ethyl and no herbicide) on cover crop, weed, and soybean parameters. The preplant program consisted of cereal rye terminated 7 d before planting (DBP) + a postemergence application. The postplant program consisted of cereal rye terminated 7 d after planting (DAP) + a postemergence application. In the delayed program, saflufenacil was applied in April and cereal rye was terminated 21 DAP, and there was no postemergence application. Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) density was reduced by the presence of cereal rye, averaged over other factors, regardless of seeding rate. Cereal rye seeding rate did not affect giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) density. The delayed management program was generally associated with the lowest weed density, but weed density was often similar in the postplant program. Setaria faberi density was lower in treatments that included a residual herbicide. Residual soybean herbicide use did not affect density of A. trifida. Terminating cereal rye after soybean planting resulted in increased soybean yield in 2019 and reduced yield in 2020, compared with preplant rye termination. These data suggest that adjusting the cereal rye management program may have a greater effect on weed suppression than adjustments to seeding rate. Delaying termination of cereal rye can aid in the suppression of weeds, but a comprehensive herbicide program was necessary to provide adequate (>85%) weed control.
{"title":"The Effects of Cereal Rye Cover Crop Seeding Rate, Termination Timing, and Herbicide Inputs on Weed Control and Soybean Yield","authors":"Alyssa I. Essman, M. Loux, A. Lindsey, Anthony F. Dobbels","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.33","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Growers have been experimenting with cover crop termination timings to maximize weed suppression and potentially reduce herbicide inputs in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A field study was replicated three times from 2018 through 2021 in South Charleston, OH, to evaluate different management strategies involving a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. The objectives were to determine the effects of cereal rye seeding rate (0, 50, and 100 kg ha–1), management program (preplant, postplant, and delayed), and soybean residual herbicide (flumioxazin + chlorimuron ethyl and no herbicide) on cover crop, weed, and soybean parameters. The preplant program consisted of cereal rye terminated 7 d before planting (DBP) + a postemergence application. The postplant program consisted of cereal rye terminated 7 d after planting (DAP) + a postemergence application. In the delayed program, saflufenacil was applied in April and cereal rye was terminated 21 DAP, and there was no postemergence application. Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) density was reduced by the presence of cereal rye, averaged over other factors, regardless of seeding rate. Cereal rye seeding rate did not affect giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) density. The delayed management program was generally associated with the lowest weed density, but weed density was often similar in the postplant program. Setaria faberi density was lower in treatments that included a residual herbicide. Residual soybean herbicide use did not affect density of A. trifida. Terminating cereal rye after soybean planting resulted in increased soybean yield in 2019 and reduced yield in 2020, compared with preplant rye termination. These data suggest that adjusting the cereal rye management program may have a greater effect on weed suppression than adjustments to seeding rate. Delaying termination of cereal rye can aid in the suppression of weeds, but a comprehensive herbicide program was necessary to provide adequate (>85%) weed control.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42207845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra R. Ethridge, K. Grieger, Anna M. Locke, W. Everman, D. Jordan, R. León
Abstract Public concern regarding the use of herbicides in urban areas (e.g., golf courses, parks, lawns) is increasing. Thus, there is a need for alternative methods for weed control that are safe for the public, effective against weeds, and yet selective to turfgrass and other desirable species. New molecular tools such as ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) have the potential to meet all those requirements, but before these technologies can be implemented, it is critical to understand the perceptions of key stakeholders to facilitate adoption as well as regulatory processes. With this in mind, turfgrass system managers, such as golf course superintendents and lawn care providers, were surveyed to gain insight into the perception and potential adoption of RNAi technology for weed management. Based on survey results, turfgrass managers believe that cost of weed management and time spent managing weeds are the main challenges faced in their fields. When considering new weed management tools, survey respondents were most concerned about cost, efficacy, and efficiency of a new product. Survey respondents were also optimistic toward RNAi for weed management and would either use this technology in their own fields or be willing to conduct research to develop RNAi herbicides. Although respondents believed that the general public would have some concerns about this technology, they did not believe this to be the most important factor for them when choosing new weed management tools. The need for new herbicides to balance weed control challenges and public demands is a central factor for turfgrass managers' willingness to use RNAi-based weed control in turfgrass systems. They believe their clientele will be accepting of RNAi tools, although further research is needed to investigate how a wider range of stakeholders perceive RNAi tools for turfgrass management more broadly.
{"title":"Views of RNAi Approaches for Weed Management in Turfgrass Systems","authors":"Sandra R. Ethridge, K. Grieger, Anna M. Locke, W. Everman, D. Jordan, R. León","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.37","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Public concern regarding the use of herbicides in urban areas (e.g., golf courses, parks, lawns) is increasing. Thus, there is a need for alternative methods for weed control that are safe for the public, effective against weeds, and yet selective to turfgrass and other desirable species. New molecular tools such as ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) have the potential to meet all those requirements, but before these technologies can be implemented, it is critical to understand the perceptions of key stakeholders to facilitate adoption as well as regulatory processes. With this in mind, turfgrass system managers, such as golf course superintendents and lawn care providers, were surveyed to gain insight into the perception and potential adoption of RNAi technology for weed management. Based on survey results, turfgrass managers believe that cost of weed management and time spent managing weeds are the main challenges faced in their fields. When considering new weed management tools, survey respondents were most concerned about cost, efficacy, and efficiency of a new product. Survey respondents were also optimistic toward RNAi for weed management and would either use this technology in their own fields or be willing to conduct research to develop RNAi herbicides. Although respondents believed that the general public would have some concerns about this technology, they did not believe this to be the most important factor for them when choosing new weed management tools. The need for new herbicides to balance weed control challenges and public demands is a central factor for turfgrass managers' willingness to use RNAi-based weed control in turfgrass systems. They believe their clientele will be accepting of RNAi tools, although further research is needed to investigate how a wider range of stakeholders perceive RNAi tools for turfgrass management more broadly.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44186005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus [Moq.] Sauer) escapes are common in midwestern U.S. soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields due to the continued rise in herbicide-resistant (HR) populations. In a conventional harvesting system, weed seeds are harvested with the crop grain and spread back on to the field. Harvest weed seed control methods such as chaff lining concentrate weed seed-bearing crop and weed chaff into a narrow row (chaff line). These chaff lines (30- to 50-cm wide) are undisturbed the following growing seasons, under the assumption that the chaff line creates an environment less favorable for weed seed germination and survival. Field experiments were conducted in a soybean–corn (Zea mays L.) rotation in 2020 and 2021 in Ames, IA, and Roland, IA, to quantify the effectiveness of chaff lining for managing A. tuberculatus seeds. About 70% of the A. tuberculatus seeds were retained on the mother plant at soybean harvest in 2020. The chaff lining system concentrated more than 99% of the A. tuberculatus seeds exiting the combine into the chaff line. Although A. tuberculatus population density in 2021 was 76% higher inside the chaff line than outside the chaff line, A. tuberculatus aboveground biomass was 63% lower inside the chaff line than outside the chaff line at 12 wk after corn planting. Similarly, A. tuberculatus inside the chaff line had delayed emergence compared with A. tuberculatus outside the chaff line. Application of preemergence herbicides in corn inside the chaff line delayed A. tuberculatus emergence by more than 2 wk compared with A. tuberculatus outside the chaff line. Additionally, a follow-up postemergence herbicide application in corn was needed only inside the chaff line to manage A. tuberculatus, suggesting the possibility of lower overall herbicide use. These results support implementing chaff lining in soybean-based crop systems of the U.S. Midwest to help manage HR A. tuberculatus seedbanks.
{"title":"Using Soybean Chaff Lining to Manage Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) in a Soybean–Corn Rotation","authors":"A. Bennett, R. Yadav, P. Jha","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.34","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus [Moq.] Sauer) escapes are common in midwestern U.S. soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields due to the continued rise in herbicide-resistant (HR) populations. In a conventional harvesting system, weed seeds are harvested with the crop grain and spread back on to the field. Harvest weed seed control methods such as chaff lining concentrate weed seed-bearing crop and weed chaff into a narrow row (chaff line). These chaff lines (30- to 50-cm wide) are undisturbed the following growing seasons, under the assumption that the chaff line creates an environment less favorable for weed seed germination and survival. Field experiments were conducted in a soybean–corn (Zea mays L.) rotation in 2020 and 2021 in Ames, IA, and Roland, IA, to quantify the effectiveness of chaff lining for managing A. tuberculatus seeds. About 70% of the A. tuberculatus seeds were retained on the mother plant at soybean harvest in 2020. The chaff lining system concentrated more than 99% of the A. tuberculatus seeds exiting the combine into the chaff line. Although A. tuberculatus population density in 2021 was 76% higher inside the chaff line than outside the chaff line, A. tuberculatus aboveground biomass was 63% lower inside the chaff line than outside the chaff line at 12 wk after corn planting. Similarly, A. tuberculatus inside the chaff line had delayed emergence compared with A. tuberculatus outside the chaff line. Application of preemergence herbicides in corn inside the chaff line delayed A. tuberculatus emergence by more than 2 wk compared with A. tuberculatus outside the chaff line. Additionally, a follow-up postemergence herbicide application in corn was needed only inside the chaff line to manage A. tuberculatus, suggesting the possibility of lower overall herbicide use. These results support implementing chaff lining in soybean-based crop systems of the U.S. Midwest to help manage HR A. tuberculatus seedbanks.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42344477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Daramola, J. Iboyi, G. MacDonald, Ramdas G. Kanissery, Hardeep Singh, B. Tillman, P. Devkota
Abstract Weed interference is a major factor that reduces peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield in the United States. Peanut growers rely heavily on herbicides for weed control. Although effective, herbicides are not a complete solution to the complex challenge that weeds present. Therefore, the use of nonchemical weed management options is essential. The literature on weed research in peanut in the past 53 yr in the United States was reviewed to assess the achievements and identify current research gaps and prospects for nonchemical weed management for future research. More than half (79%) of the published studies were from the southeastern United States. Most studies (88%) focused on weed management, while fewer studies (12%) addressed weed distribution, ecology, and competitive mechanisms. Broadleaf weeds were the most frequently studied weed species (60%), whereas only 23% and 19% of the published studies were relevant to grasses and Cyperus spp., respectively. Seventy-two percent of the published studies focused on curative measures using herbicides. Nonchemical methods using mechanical (5%) and preventive (13%) measures that influence crop competition and reduce the buildup of the weed seedbank, seedling recruitment, and weed seed production have received less attention. In most studies, the preventive weed management measures provided weed suppression and reduced weed competition but were not effective enough to reduce the need for herbicides to protect peanut yield. Therefore, future research should focus on developing integrated weed management strategies based on multiple preventive measures rather than one preventive measure combined with one or more curative measures. We recommend that research on mechanical weed management should focus on the role of cultivation when integrated with currently available herbicides. For successful weed management with lasting outcomes, the dominant weed communities of specific target locations should be addressed within the context of climate change and emerging constraints rather than focusing on single problematic species.
{"title":"Competing with the Competitors in an Endless Competition: A Systematic Review of Nonchemical Weed Management Research in Peanut (Arachis hypogea) in the United States","authors":"O. Daramola, J. Iboyi, G. MacDonald, Ramdas G. Kanissery, Hardeep Singh, B. Tillman, P. Devkota","doi":"10.1017/wsc.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Weed interference is a major factor that reduces peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield in the United States. Peanut growers rely heavily on herbicides for weed control. Although effective, herbicides are not a complete solution to the complex challenge that weeds present. Therefore, the use of nonchemical weed management options is essential. The literature on weed research in peanut in the past 53 yr in the United States was reviewed to assess the achievements and identify current research gaps and prospects for nonchemical weed management for future research. More than half (79%) of the published studies were from the southeastern United States. Most studies (88%) focused on weed management, while fewer studies (12%) addressed weed distribution, ecology, and competitive mechanisms. Broadleaf weeds were the most frequently studied weed species (60%), whereas only 23% and 19% of the published studies were relevant to grasses and Cyperus spp., respectively. Seventy-two percent of the published studies focused on curative measures using herbicides. Nonchemical methods using mechanical (5%) and preventive (13%) measures that influence crop competition and reduce the buildup of the weed seedbank, seedling recruitment, and weed seed production have received less attention. In most studies, the preventive weed management measures provided weed suppression and reduced weed competition but were not effective enough to reduce the need for herbicides to protect peanut yield. Therefore, future research should focus on developing integrated weed management strategies based on multiple preventive measures rather than one preventive measure combined with one or more curative measures. We recommend that research on mechanical weed management should focus on the role of cultivation when integrated with currently available herbicides. For successful weed management with lasting outcomes, the dominant weed communities of specific target locations should be addressed within the context of climate change and emerging constraints rather than focusing on single problematic species.","PeriodicalId":23688,"journal":{"name":"Weed Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44526087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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