Kyle R. Russell, P. Dotray, G. Ritchie, Brendan R. Kelly
With the increase in hectares planted to auxin-resistant cotton, the number of preplant, at-plant, and post plant applications of dicamba and 2,4-D choline to aid in the control of troublesome broadleaf weeds including glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth has increased. More dicamba and 2,4-D choline applications means an increased risk of off-target movement. Field studies were conducted in 2019-2021 at the Texas Tech University New Deal Research Farm to evaluate dicamba-resistant cotton response to various rates of 2,4-D choline when applied at four growth stages [first square (FS) + 2 weeks (wk), first bloom (FB), FB + 2 wk, and FB + 4 wk]. Applications of 2,4-D choline were applied at 1060 (1x), 106 (1/10x), 21 (1/50x), 10.6 (1/100x), 2.1 (1/500x), and 1.06 (1/1000x) g ae ha-1 to Deltapine 1822 XF cotton. Relative to the non-treated control, yield losses were observed in all years at FS + 2 wk and FB from rates of 2,4-D choline ≥ 1/100x. At the FB + 4 wk application, only the 1x rate of 2,4-D choline resulted in a yield reduction in all three years. Micronaire, fiber length, and uniformity were negatively influenced by the 1/10X and 1X rates of 2,4-D choline at various timings in 2019, 2020, and 2021. In addition, short fiber content, neps, and seed coat neps increased where micronaire, fiber length, and uniformity were negatively impacted.
{"title":"Effects of 2,4-D choline on fruiting in sensitive cotton","authors":"Kyle R. Russell, P. Dotray, G. Ritchie, Brendan R. Kelly","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.38","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the increase in hectares planted to auxin-resistant cotton, the number of preplant, at-plant, and post plant applications of dicamba and 2,4-D choline to aid in the control of troublesome broadleaf weeds including glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth has increased. More dicamba and 2,4-D choline applications means an increased risk of off-target movement. Field studies were conducted in 2019-2021 at the Texas Tech University New Deal Research Farm to evaluate dicamba-resistant cotton response to various rates of 2,4-D choline when applied at four growth stages [first square (FS) + 2 weeks (wk), first bloom (FB), FB + 2 wk, and FB + 4 wk]. Applications of 2,4-D choline were applied at 1060 (1x), 106 (1/10x), 21 (1/50x), 10.6 (1/100x), 2.1 (1/500x), and 1.06 (1/1000x) g ae ha-1 to Deltapine 1822 XF cotton. Relative to the non-treated control, yield losses were observed in all years at FS + 2 wk and FB from rates of 2,4-D choline ≥ 1/100x. At the FB + 4 wk application, only the 1x rate of 2,4-D choline resulted in a yield reduction in all three years. Micronaire, fiber length, and uniformity were negatively influenced by the 1/10X and 1X rates of 2,4-D choline at various timings in 2019, 2020, and 2021. In addition, short fiber content, neps, and seed coat neps increased where micronaire, fiber length, and uniformity were negatively impacted.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44407305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Atrazine and S-metolachlor are the herbicides most relied on by growers to control weeds in sweet corn crops grown in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in southern Florida. Alternative weed management programs are needed. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the efficacy of 1) pyroxasulfone (183 and 237 g ha–1) alone or as a premix with carfentrazone-ethyl (13 and 17 g ha–1) or fluthiacet-methyl (6 and 7 g ha–1), S-metolachlor (1,790 g ha–1) alone or in combination with atrazine (3,360 g ha–1) applied preemergence(PRE); 2) mesotrione (105 g ha–1), topramezone (25 g ha–1), and tembotrione (92 g ha–1) applied postemergence alone or in combination with atrazine (560 and 2,240 g ha–1) or bentazon (1,120 g ha–1); and 3) mechanical cultivation alone at the fourth and the fourth followed by the sixth leaf stages of sweet corn. PRE-applied herbicides did not provide acceptable control of fall panicum, common lambsquarters, or common purslane probably due to a lack of incorporation into the soil because of limited rainfall. POST-applied topramezone alone or in combination with atrazine or bentazon resulted in effective fall panicum control (>91%). Topramezone alone provided 83% and 88% control of common lambsquarters and common purslane, respectively, whereas atrazine added to topramezone resulted in >94% control of both weed species. Mesotrione and tembotrione plus atrazine provided excellent control (>93%) of both broadleaf weed species but poor fall panicum control (<72%). Mechanical cultivation alone did not effectively control any weeds. Overall, treatments that contained topramezone resulted in greater sweet corn yield. These results show that a combination of topramezone, mesotrione, and tembotrione with atrazine resulted in improved broadleaf weed control. Fall panicum control was improved only with the combination of topramezone with atrazine, showing that atrazine is an important mixture component of these herbicides to provide effective POST weed control in sweet corn on organic soils of the EAA. Nomenclature: Atrazine; bentazon; mesotrione; pyroxasulfone; S-metolachlor; tembotrione; topramezone; common lambsquarters; Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; common purslane; Portulaca oleracea L. POROL; fall panicum; Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. PANDI; sweet corn; Zea mays spp. saccharata
摘要阿特拉津和S-甲草胺是佛罗里达州南部大沼泽地农业区种植的甜玉米作物中种植者最依赖的除草剂。需要替代杂草管理方案。2021年和2022年进行了实地实验，以评估1）单独或作为预混物的焦恶砜（183和237 g ha–1）与卡芬曲宗-乙基（13和17 g ha–2）或氟噻塞-甲基（6和7 g ha–3）、单独或与阿特拉津（3360 g ha–4）联合应用的催芽效果（PRE）；2） 单独或与阿特拉津（560和2240 g ha–1）或苯达松（1120 g ha–2）联合使用羽化后施用的甲基三酮（105 g ha–3）、托吡酮（25 g ha–4）和替莫替隆（92 g ha–5）；和3）在甜玉米的第四和第四叶期单独进行机械栽培，随后进行第六叶期。PRE应用的除草剂不能提供可接受的秋葵、普通羔羊或普通马齿苋的控制，这可能是因为降雨量有限，没有融入土壤。POST单独或与阿特拉津或本达松联合施用托吡酮可有效控制秋穗（>91%）。单独使用托吡酮可分别对普通羔羊和普通马齿苋进行83%和88%的控制，而在托吡酮中添加阿特拉津可对这两种杂草进行>94%的控制。Mesotrione和tembotrione加上阿特拉津对这两种阔叶杂草都有很好的控制作用（>93%），但对秋葵的控制作用较差（<72%）。单靠机械栽培并不能有效地控制杂草。总的来说，含有topramezone的处理能提高甜玉米产量。这些结果表明，将topramezone、mesometrione和tembotrione与阿特拉津联合使用可以改善对阔叶杂草的控制。只有托吡酮和阿特拉津的组合才能改善秋穗的控制，这表明阿特拉津是这些除草剂的重要混合成分，可以在EAA的有机土壤上对甜玉米进行有效的后期杂草控制。命名法：阿特拉津；苯达松；中三酮；焦恶砜；S-甲草胺；tembotrione；顶框带；普通产羔器；藜属专辑L.CHEAL；普通马齿苋；马齿苋；秋季恐慌；二花圆锥花序。潘迪；甜玉米玉米
{"title":"Preemergence and postemergence weed control in sweet corn on organic soils","authors":"Alex G. Rodriguez, H. Sandhu, A. Wright, D. Odero","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.35","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Atrazine and S-metolachlor are the herbicides most relied on by growers to control weeds in sweet corn crops grown in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in southern Florida. Alternative weed management programs are needed. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the efficacy of 1) pyroxasulfone (183 and 237 g ha–1) alone or as a premix with carfentrazone-ethyl (13 and 17 g ha–1) or fluthiacet-methyl (6 and 7 g ha–1), S-metolachlor (1,790 g ha–1) alone or in combination with atrazine (3,360 g ha–1) applied preemergence(PRE); 2) mesotrione (105 g ha–1), topramezone (25 g ha–1), and tembotrione (92 g ha–1) applied postemergence alone or in combination with atrazine (560 and 2,240 g ha–1) or bentazon (1,120 g ha–1); and 3) mechanical cultivation alone at the fourth and the fourth followed by the sixth leaf stages of sweet corn. PRE-applied herbicides did not provide acceptable control of fall panicum, common lambsquarters, or common purslane probably due to a lack of incorporation into the soil because of limited rainfall. POST-applied topramezone alone or in combination with atrazine or bentazon resulted in effective fall panicum control (>91%). Topramezone alone provided 83% and 88% control of common lambsquarters and common purslane, respectively, whereas atrazine added to topramezone resulted in >94% control of both weed species. Mesotrione and tembotrione plus atrazine provided excellent control (>93%) of both broadleaf weed species but poor fall panicum control (<72%). Mechanical cultivation alone did not effectively control any weeds. Overall, treatments that contained topramezone resulted in greater sweet corn yield. These results show that a combination of topramezone, mesotrione, and tembotrione with atrazine resulted in improved broadleaf weed control. Fall panicum control was improved only with the combination of topramezone with atrazine, showing that atrazine is an important mixture component of these herbicides to provide effective POST weed control in sweet corn on organic soils of the EAA. Nomenclature: Atrazine; bentazon; mesotrione; pyroxasulfone; S-metolachlor; tembotrione; topramezone; common lambsquarters; Chenopodium album L. CHEAL; common purslane; Portulaca oleracea L. POROL; fall panicum; Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. PANDI; sweet corn; Zea mays spp. saccharata","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"287 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49013015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Nunes, N. Arneson, Ryan DeWerff, M. Ruark, S. Conley, Damon L. Smith, R. Werle
Abstract Cereal rye cover crop (cereal rye) and preemergence (PRE) herbicides are becoming common practices for managing herbicide-resistant weeds in soybean production. Adopting these two practices in combination raises concerns regarding herbicide fate in soil, given that the cereal rye biomass can intercept the herbicide spray solution, preventing it from reaching the soil. Delaying cereal rye termination until soybean planting (planting green) optimizes biomass accumulation but might also increase PRE interception. To better understand the dynamics between cereal rye and PRE herbicides, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate two soil management practices (tillage and no-till) and two cereal rye termination practices in the planting-green system (glyphosate [1,260 g ae ha–1] and roller-crimper) on the spray deposition and fate of PRE herbicides and soybean yield. The spray deposition was assessed by placing water-sensitive paper cards on the soil surface before spraying the PRE herbicides (sulfentrazone [153 g ai ha–1] + S-metolachlor [1,379 g ai ha–1]). Herbicide concentration in soil (0 to 7.6 cm) was quantified 25 d after treatment (DAT). The presence of no-till stubble and cereal rye biomass reduced the spray coverage compared to tillage at PRE application, which reflected in a reduction in the concentration of both herbicides in soil 25 DAT. Soybean yield was reduced in all three years when the cereal rye was terminated with a roller-crimper but only reduced in one year when terminated with glyphosate. Our findings indicate that mainly cereal rye biomass reduced the concentration of PRE herbicides in the soil due to the interception of the spray solution during application. Although higher cereal rye biomass accumulation can provide better weed suppression according to the literature, farmers should be aware that the biomass can lower the concentration of PRE herbicides reaching the soil, thus intensifying field scouting to ensure that weed control is not being negatively affected. Nomenclature: sulfentrazone; glyphosate; S-metolachlor; cereal rye, Secale cereale L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
摘要黑麦覆盖作物(谷物黑麦)和孕前除草剂(PRE - emergence除草剂)已成为大豆生产中管理抗除草剂杂草的常用方法。考虑到谷物黑麦生物量可以拦截除草剂喷雾溶液，使其无法到达土壤，将这两种做法结合使用引起了人们对除草剂在土壤中的命运的担忧。延迟谷物黑麦终止至大豆种植(种植绿色)优化了生物量积累，但也可能增加PRE拦截。为了更好地了解小麦黑麦与PRE除草剂之间的动态关系，通过田间试验，评价了两种土壤管理方式(耕作和免耕)和两种小麦黑麦种植-绿色系统终止方式(草甘膦[1,260 g ha-1]和滚轴卷曲剂)对PRE除草剂喷雾沉降和宿命与大豆产量的影响。在喷洒PRE除草剂(磺胺曲酮[153 g ai ha-1] + s -甲草胺[1379 g ai ha-1])之前，在土壤表面放置水敏纸卡来评估喷雾沉降。测定处理后25 d土壤(0 ~ 7.6 cm)除草剂浓度(DAT)。与预耕相比，免耕残茬和黑麦谷物生物量的存在降低了喷雾覆盖率，这反映在土壤中两种除草剂浓度的降低。玉米黑麦终止使用滚轴卷曲剂的3年大豆产量均有下降，但终止使用草甘膦的1年大豆产量有下降。研究结果表明，主要是谷物黑麦生物量降低了土壤中PRE除草剂的浓度，这是由于施用过程中喷雾溶液的拦截。虽然根据文献，较高的谷物黑麦生物量积累可以提供更好的杂草抑制，但农民应该意识到，生物量可以降低PRE除草剂到达土壤的浓度，从而加强田间侦查，以确保杂草控制不受到负面影响。术语:sulfentrazone;草甘膦;S-metolachlor;谷物黑麦;黑麦;大豆甘氨酸max (L.)稳定。
{"title":"Planting into a living cover crop alters preemergence herbicide dynamics and can reduce soybean yield","authors":"J. Nunes, N. Arneson, Ryan DeWerff, M. Ruark, S. Conley, Damon L. Smith, R. Werle","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.41","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cereal rye cover crop (cereal rye) and preemergence (PRE) herbicides are becoming common practices for managing herbicide-resistant weeds in soybean production. Adopting these two practices in combination raises concerns regarding herbicide fate in soil, given that the cereal rye biomass can intercept the herbicide spray solution, preventing it from reaching the soil. Delaying cereal rye termination until soybean planting (planting green) optimizes biomass accumulation but might also increase PRE interception. To better understand the dynamics between cereal rye and PRE herbicides, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate two soil management practices (tillage and no-till) and two cereal rye termination practices in the planting-green system (glyphosate [1,260 g ae ha–1] and roller-crimper) on the spray deposition and fate of PRE herbicides and soybean yield. The spray deposition was assessed by placing water-sensitive paper cards on the soil surface before spraying the PRE herbicides (sulfentrazone [153 g ai ha–1] + S-metolachlor [1,379 g ai ha–1]). Herbicide concentration in soil (0 to 7.6 cm) was quantified 25 d after treatment (DAT). The presence of no-till stubble and cereal rye biomass reduced the spray coverage compared to tillage at PRE application, which reflected in a reduction in the concentration of both herbicides in soil 25 DAT. Soybean yield was reduced in all three years when the cereal rye was terminated with a roller-crimper but only reduced in one year when terminated with glyphosate. Our findings indicate that mainly cereal rye biomass reduced the concentration of PRE herbicides in the soil due to the interception of the spray solution during application. Although higher cereal rye biomass accumulation can provide better weed suppression according to the literature, farmers should be aware that the biomass can lower the concentration of PRE herbicides reaching the soil, thus intensifying field scouting to ensure that weed control is not being negatively affected. Nomenclature: sulfentrazone; glyphosate; S-metolachlor; cereal rye, Secale cereale L.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"226 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41433670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brenda Jarvis-Lowry, K. Harrington, H. Ghanizadeh, A. Robertson
Abstract Old man's beard is a woody liana that has become an invasive weed in many areas of its introduction, through its vigorous spread and negative impacts on the tree hosts it climbs. Control techniques that improve precision and reduce non-target damage are increasingly preferred for weed control yet have not been compared in published research for use against old man's beard. Field experiments in New Zealand were conducted to: (i) assess targeted herbicide techniques for control of this weed's climbing stems when growing among trees and (ii) assess foliar herbicides for control of creeping stems in ruderal sites. For climbing stems, triclopyr in oil was applied around the circumference of woody stems near their base, which was compared with cutting the stems and applying concentrated glyphosate gel (45% ai) to each cut end. Herbicides were applied in autumn directly to individual stem bases of the weed, thereby protecting tree hosts and other non-target vegetation. The basal application of triclopyr to intact stems was highly effective (>95% mortality) with no damage to nearby trees noted. The glyphosate gel applications to cut stems were less effective (56% mortality by 2 yr after treatment). For creeping stems in grass-dominated ruderal sites, selective foliar herbicide sprays had not been previously juxtaposed to compare control of old man's beard. Three selective sprays that do not damage existing grass cover were applied in autumn at their recommended rates: (i) metsulfuron; (ii) triclopyr; and (iii) a mixture of triclopyr, picloram, and aminopyralid. All herbicide treatments provided effective control, although metsulfuron had a negative effect on grass vigor, which might allow new establishment of old man's beard seedlings by competitive release. These results provide effective options that reduce non-target damage for control of both climbing and creeping old man's beard stems. Nomenclature: Aminopyralid; glyphosate; metsulfuron-methyl; picloram; triclopyr butoxyethyl ester; old man's beard, Clematis vitalba L.
{"title":"Efficacy of herbicides for selective control of an invasive liana, old man's beard (Clematis vitalba)","authors":"Brenda Jarvis-Lowry, K. Harrington, H. Ghanizadeh, A. Robertson","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.40","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Old man's beard is a woody liana that has become an invasive weed in many areas of its introduction, through its vigorous spread and negative impacts on the tree hosts it climbs. Control techniques that improve precision and reduce non-target damage are increasingly preferred for weed control yet have not been compared in published research for use against old man's beard. Field experiments in New Zealand were conducted to: (i) assess targeted herbicide techniques for control of this weed's climbing stems when growing among trees and (ii) assess foliar herbicides for control of creeping stems in ruderal sites. For climbing stems, triclopyr in oil was applied around the circumference of woody stems near their base, which was compared with cutting the stems and applying concentrated glyphosate gel (45% ai) to each cut end. Herbicides were applied in autumn directly to individual stem bases of the weed, thereby protecting tree hosts and other non-target vegetation. The basal application of triclopyr to intact stems was highly effective (>95% mortality) with no damage to nearby trees noted. The glyphosate gel applications to cut stems were less effective (56% mortality by 2 yr after treatment). For creeping stems in grass-dominated ruderal sites, selective foliar herbicide sprays had not been previously juxtaposed to compare control of old man's beard. Three selective sprays that do not damage existing grass cover were applied in autumn at their recommended rates: (i) metsulfuron; (ii) triclopyr; and (iii) a mixture of triclopyr, picloram, and aminopyralid. All herbicide treatments provided effective control, although metsulfuron had a negative effect on grass vigor, which might allow new establishment of old man's beard seedlings by competitive release. These results provide effective options that reduce non-target damage for control of both climbing and creeping old man's beard stems. Nomenclature: Aminopyralid; glyphosate; metsulfuron-methyl; picloram; triclopyr butoxyethyl ester; old man's beard, Clematis vitalba L.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"313 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43137101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Rush skeletonweed is an invasive weed in the winter wheat–fallow production regions of the inland Pacific Northwest. The objectives of this study were to determine the dose response of rush skeletonweed to picloram applied in the fall or spring of the fallow year with either a broadcast or weed-sensing sprayer, and to evaluate injury and grain yield in the subsequent winter wheat crop from these fallow treatments. Field studies were conducted between 2019 and 2022. Fall treatments were applied at one site in 2019, and one site in 2020. Spring treatments were applied at two sites in 2021. Four picloram herbicide rates (0, 140, 280, and 560 g ae ha–1), were applied with either a weed-sensing precision applicator or with a standard broadcast spray applicator. Rush skeletonweed densities in the wheat crop following fall-applied treatments declined with increasing picloram rates at both sites. Treatments applied with the weed-sensing sprayer achieved similar efficacy to broadcast treatments with an average of 37% and 26% of the broadcast rate applied. Spring-applied broadcast treatments resulted in reduced rush skeletonweed densities in wheat with increasing picloram rates. Picloram rate had no apparent effect on rush skeletonweed density when applied in the spring with a weed-sensing sprayer; however, the weed-sensing sprayer applied just 16% and 9% of the broadcast rate. Winter wheat grain yields were not reduced by fall picloram applications. Grain yields were not reduced by spring applications of picloram with the weed-sensing sprayer; however, grain yields were reduced by spring broadcast applications of picloram at both locations, and grain yields declined as the picloram rate increased. Applying picloram in the fall of the fallow phase with a weed-sensing sprayer provides effective and economical control of rush skeletonweed with a low risk for crop injury and yield loss in the following winter wheat crop. Nomenclature: Picloram; rush skeletonweed, Chondrilla juncea L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
摘要Rush skeletonweed是太平洋西北部内陆冬小麦休耕生产区的一种入侵杂草。本研究的目的是确定在休耕年的秋季或春季，用广播或杂草感应喷雾器施用刺五加种子对苦草胺的剂量反应，并评估这些休耕处理对随后冬小麦作物的伤害和粮食产量。2019年至2022年期间进行了实地研究。2019年和2020年分别在一个地点进行了秋季治疗。2021年在两个地点进行了春季处理。使用杂草感应精确施用器或标准广播喷雾施用器施用四种苦草胺除草剂（0、140、280和560 g ae ha–1）。秋季施用处理后，小麦作物的Rush skeleton-weed密度随着两个地点的苦花率的增加而下降。用杂草感应喷雾器施用的处理获得了与广播处理相似的效果，平均施用37%和26%的广播率。春季应用广播处理降低了小麦的丛草种子密度，同时提高了苦花率。用杂草感应喷雾器在春季施用时，Picloram速率对灯心草种子密度没有明显影响；然而，杂草感应喷雾器仅应用了16%和9%的广播率。冬小麦产量并未因秋季施用苦草胺而降低。春季使用杂草感应喷雾器施用苦草胺不会降低粮食产量；然而，这两个地区的小麦产量都因春季施用苦草胺而下降，并且随着苦草胺用量的增加，小麦产量下降。在休耕期的秋季，用杂草感应喷雾器施用苦草胺，可以有效、经济地控制草籽，在接下来的冬小麦作物中，作物伤害和产量损失的风险很低。命名法：Picloram；灯心草、芥菜。；小麦，小麦。
{"title":"Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) control and winter wheat injury with picloram applied in fallow","authors":"D. Lyon, M. Thorne","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.37","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rush skeletonweed is an invasive weed in the winter wheat–fallow production regions of the inland Pacific Northwest. The objectives of this study were to determine the dose response of rush skeletonweed to picloram applied in the fall or spring of the fallow year with either a broadcast or weed-sensing sprayer, and to evaluate injury and grain yield in the subsequent winter wheat crop from these fallow treatments. Field studies were conducted between 2019 and 2022. Fall treatments were applied at one site in 2019, and one site in 2020. Spring treatments were applied at two sites in 2021. Four picloram herbicide rates (0, 140, 280, and 560 g ae ha–1), were applied with either a weed-sensing precision applicator or with a standard broadcast spray applicator. Rush skeletonweed densities in the wheat crop following fall-applied treatments declined with increasing picloram rates at both sites. Treatments applied with the weed-sensing sprayer achieved similar efficacy to broadcast treatments with an average of 37% and 26% of the broadcast rate applied. Spring-applied broadcast treatments resulted in reduced rush skeletonweed densities in wheat with increasing picloram rates. Picloram rate had no apparent effect on rush skeletonweed density when applied in the spring with a weed-sensing sprayer; however, the weed-sensing sprayer applied just 16% and 9% of the broadcast rate. Winter wheat grain yields were not reduced by fall picloram applications. Grain yields were not reduced by spring applications of picloram with the weed-sensing sprayer; however, grain yields were reduced by spring broadcast applications of picloram at both locations, and grain yields declined as the picloram rate increased. Applying picloram in the fall of the fallow phase with a weed-sensing sprayer provides effective and economical control of rush skeletonweed with a low risk for crop injury and yield loss in the following winter wheat crop. Nomenclature: Picloram; rush skeletonweed, Chondrilla juncea L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"296 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Indaziflam and oxadiazon are efficacious preemergence herbicides used in warm-season turfgrass because of their persistence and residual activity. It is beneficial to quantify effective concentrations for preemergence control of summer annual weeds and determine whether these concentrations are maintained throughout weed emergence periods. Therefore, greenhouse bioassays were conducted with barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, doveweed, large crabgrass, and purple nutsedge. Treatments included indaziflam at 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, and 37 g ai ha-1 or oxadiazon at 0, 420, 841, 1,260, 1,681, 2,102, 2,354, 2,942, 3,363, and 3,783 g ha-1. Although preemergence herbicides are not used to control perennial weeds, purple nutsedge was included to investigate the effect of selected herbicides on its growth. Herbicide EC50, EC80, and EC90 for seedling emergence inhibition and shoot and root mass reduction were quantified from log-logistic dose–response curves. Herbicide concentration that remains from a preemergence application during the regional species-specific periodicity of emergence was predicted using first-order kinetics equations. Indaziflam and oxadiazon controlled seedling emergence 14 d after treatment (DAT) in the evaluated annual weeds and shoot and root mass in all species 84 DAT. Indaziflam applied in mid-March at 33 g ha-1 may provide up to 90% seedling emergence inhibition in large crabgrass and signalgrass; up to 80% in barnyardgrass; and up to 50% in doveweed. Oxadiazon applied in mid-March at 3,363 g ha-1 may provide up to 80% seedling emergence inhibition in all species. Indaziflam and oxadiazon may control up to 80% shoot mass and up to 50% root mass, respectively, in purple nutsedge and 80% to 90% shoot or root mass in other species. Such information is useful in evaluating adequacy of herbicide management practices for season-long weed control, and it aids turfgrass managers in applying preemergence herbicides at optimal timing based on target weed species. Nomenclature: Indaziflam; oxadiazon; barnyardgrass; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; broadleaf signalgrass; Bracharia platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash; doveweed; Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan; large crabgrass; Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L.
摘要吲哒嗪和恶二唑因其持久性和残留活性，是暖季草坪草中有效的早熟除草剂。量化夏季一年生杂草出苗前控制的有效浓度，并确定这些浓度是否在整个杂草出苗期保持是有益的。因此，对Barnyardrass、阔叶信号草、鸽尾草、大型蟹甲草和紫坚果进行了温室生物测定。治疗包括0、4、8、12、17、21、25、29、33和37 g ai ha-1的吲唑仑或0、420、841、1260、1681、2102、2354、2942、3363和3783 g ha-1的恶二唑仑。尽管没有使用早熟除草剂来控制多年生杂草，但紫坚果边缘被纳入研究，以研究所选除草剂对其生长的影响。除草剂EC50、EC80和EC90用于抑制幼苗出苗和减少地上部和根部质量，通过对数logistic剂量-反应曲线进行量化。使用一阶动力学方程预测了在区域物种特有的出现周期内，从预出现应用中残留的除草剂浓度。Indaziflam和恶二唑控制了处理后14天（DAT）在评估的年度杂草中的幼苗出苗以及所有物种84DAT的茎和根质量。Indaziflam在3月中旬以33 g ha-1的剂量施用，可以对大型蟹甲草和信号草提供高达90%的幼苗出苗抑制；在barnyardgrass中高达80%；在鸽群中高达50%。3月中旬施用3363 g ha-1的恶噻嗪可对所有物种提供高达80%的幼苗出苗抑制作用。Indaziflam和恶二唑酮在紫色坚果中可以分别控制高达80%的茎质量和高达50%的根质量，在其他物种中可以控制80%至90%的茎或根质量。这些信息有助于评估除草剂管理实践对全季杂草控制的充分性，并有助于草坪草管理者根据目标杂草物种在最佳时机施用早熟除草剂。命名法：Indaziflam；恶二唑；barnyardgrass；鹅掌棘球蚴（Echinochloa crus galli（L.）P.Beauv.）。；阔叶信号草；盘叶Bracharia platyphylla（Griseb.）Nash；鸽派；Murdania nudiflora（L.）Brenan；大型蟹甲；血竭。；紫果穗，圆柏。
{"title":"Dose-response of five weed species to indaziflam and oxadiazon","authors":"Shwetha S. Ramanathan, T. Gannon, P. J. Maxwell","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.39","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Indaziflam and oxadiazon are efficacious preemergence herbicides used in warm-season turfgrass because of their persistence and residual activity. It is beneficial to quantify effective concentrations for preemergence control of summer annual weeds and determine whether these concentrations are maintained throughout weed emergence periods. Therefore, greenhouse bioassays were conducted with barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, doveweed, large crabgrass, and purple nutsedge. Treatments included indaziflam at 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, and 37 g ai ha-1 or oxadiazon at 0, 420, 841, 1,260, 1,681, 2,102, 2,354, 2,942, 3,363, and 3,783 g ha-1. Although preemergence herbicides are not used to control perennial weeds, purple nutsedge was included to investigate the effect of selected herbicides on its growth. Herbicide EC50, EC80, and EC90 for seedling emergence inhibition and shoot and root mass reduction were quantified from log-logistic dose–response curves. Herbicide concentration that remains from a preemergence application during the regional species-specific periodicity of emergence was predicted using first-order kinetics equations. Indaziflam and oxadiazon controlled seedling emergence 14 d after treatment (DAT) in the evaluated annual weeds and shoot and root mass in all species 84 DAT. Indaziflam applied in mid-March at 33 g ha-1 may provide up to 90% seedling emergence inhibition in large crabgrass and signalgrass; up to 80% in barnyardgrass; and up to 50% in doveweed. Oxadiazon applied in mid-March at 3,363 g ha-1 may provide up to 80% seedling emergence inhibition in all species. Indaziflam and oxadiazon may control up to 80% shoot mass and up to 50% root mass, respectively, in purple nutsedge and 80% to 90% shoot or root mass in other species. Such information is useful in evaluating adequacy of herbicide management practices for season-long weed control, and it aids turfgrass managers in applying preemergence herbicides at optimal timing based on target weed species. Nomenclature: Indaziflam; oxadiazon; barnyardgrass; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.; broadleaf signalgrass; Bracharia platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash; doveweed; Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan; large crabgrass; Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"303 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43661021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Winter annual weeds begin to germinate as zoysiagrass enters winter dormancy in autumn. These weeds can suppress zoysiagrass shoot development the following spring through competition for sunlight, moisture, and nutrients. Previous research involving winter annual weed control in dormant turfgrass has been conducted primarily on bermudagrass, but less is known about how various herbicides used for this purpose will influence zoysiagrass after dormancy transition. Two field studies were conducted over 7 site-years between 2016 and 2020 to evaluate 17 herbicide treatments that are typically marketed for broadleaf weed control in spring and 18 herbicide treatments that are typically marketed for annual bluegrass control during winter for their effects on a variety of weeds and semidormant ‘Meyer’ and dormant ‘Zeon’ zoysiagrass, respectively. Glufosinate, glyphosate + simazine, and indaziflam + simazine controlled Persian speedwell by more than 90% and control was significantly greater with auxin-type and other herbicide combinations. Dandelion and Persian speedwell were better controlled with a combination of simazine and glyphosate than when glyphosate was applied alone. Glufosinate controlled dandelion, hairy bittercress, and Persian speedwell more effectively than glyphosate. In Meyer zoysiagrass, glyphosate and glufosinate controlled annual bluegrass equivalently, whereas in Zeon zoysiagrass, glyphosate controlled annual bluegrass better than glufosinate did. Foramsulfuron or treatments that contained simazine resulted in >90% control of annual bluegrass. A flumioxazin admixture with diquat, glufosinate, or glyphosate improved annual bluegrass control. Herbicide treatments that contain diquat, glufosinate, glyphosate, and metsulfuron alone or in a tank-mix should not be applied to Meyer zoysiagrass with 5% visual green turf cover due to high injury potential. In both studies, glufosinate was more injurious to Meyer and Zeon zoysiagrass than glyphosate. Overall, several herbicides that control annual bluegrass or broadleaf weeds can be safely applied to Zeon zoysiagrass during dormancy or Meyer zoysiagrass during post-dormancy transition. Nomenclature: Diquat; flumioxazin; foramsulfuron; glufosinate; glyphosate; indaziflam; metsulfuron; simazine; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L.; dandelion, Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.; hairy bittercress, Cardamine hirsute L.; Persian speedwell, Veronica persica Poir.; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L.; ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Stued.; ‘Zeon’ zoysiagrass, Zoysia matrella L. Merr.
{"title":"Zoysiagrass and weed response to herbicides during post-dormancy transition","authors":"J. M. Craft, Navdeep Godara, S. Askew","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.31","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Winter annual weeds begin to germinate as zoysiagrass enters winter dormancy in autumn. These weeds can suppress zoysiagrass shoot development the following spring through competition for sunlight, moisture, and nutrients. Previous research involving winter annual weed control in dormant turfgrass has been conducted primarily on bermudagrass, but less is known about how various herbicides used for this purpose will influence zoysiagrass after dormancy transition. Two field studies were conducted over 7 site-years between 2016 and 2020 to evaluate 17 herbicide treatments that are typically marketed for broadleaf weed control in spring and 18 herbicide treatments that are typically marketed for annual bluegrass control during winter for their effects on a variety of weeds and semidormant ‘Meyer’ and dormant ‘Zeon’ zoysiagrass, respectively. Glufosinate, glyphosate + simazine, and indaziflam + simazine controlled Persian speedwell by more than 90% and control was significantly greater with auxin-type and other herbicide combinations. Dandelion and Persian speedwell were better controlled with a combination of simazine and glyphosate than when glyphosate was applied alone. Glufosinate controlled dandelion, hairy bittercress, and Persian speedwell more effectively than glyphosate. In Meyer zoysiagrass, glyphosate and glufosinate controlled annual bluegrass equivalently, whereas in Zeon zoysiagrass, glyphosate controlled annual bluegrass better than glufosinate did. Foramsulfuron or treatments that contained simazine resulted in >90% control of annual bluegrass. A flumioxazin admixture with diquat, glufosinate, or glyphosate improved annual bluegrass control. Herbicide treatments that contain diquat, glufosinate, glyphosate, and metsulfuron alone or in a tank-mix should not be applied to Meyer zoysiagrass with 5% visual green turf cover due to high injury potential. In both studies, glufosinate was more injurious to Meyer and Zeon zoysiagrass than glyphosate. Overall, several herbicides that control annual bluegrass or broadleaf weeds can be safely applied to Zeon zoysiagrass during dormancy or Meyer zoysiagrass during post-dormancy transition. Nomenclature: Diquat; flumioxazin; foramsulfuron; glufosinate; glyphosate; indaziflam; metsulfuron; simazine; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L.; dandelion, Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.; hairy bittercress, Cardamine hirsute L.; Persian speedwell, Veronica persica Poir.; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L.; ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Stued.; ‘Zeon’ zoysiagrass, Zoysia matrella L. Merr.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"267 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43434270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Howell, R. León, W. Everman, H. Mitásová, S. A. Nelson, R. Richardson
Abstract Unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS) are gaining popularity for weed management to increase applicator safety and to deliver herbicide treatments where treatment sites limit ground-based spray equipment. Several studies have documented UAAS application strategies and procedures for weed control in terrestrial settings, yet literature describing remote spray technology for use in aquatics remains limited. Currently, applicators seek guidance for UAAS deployment for aquatic weed management to overcome site access restrictions, deal with environmental limitations, and improve ground-based applicator safety in hazardous treatment scenarios. In the present case studies, we evaluate a consumer-available UAAS to deliver the herbicide, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, as both foliar and directed in-water spray applications. The first case study showed that the invasive floating-leaved plant, yellow floating heart, was controlled 80% to 99% by 6 wk after treatment (WAT) following UAAS foliar herbicide treatments. The second case study demonstrated that UAAS directed in-water herbicide application reduced variable-leaf watermilfoil visible plant material by 94% at 5 WAT. Likewise, directed in-water applications from UAAS eliminated the need to deploy watercraft, which improved overall operational efficiency. Data from both case studies indicate that UAAS can provide an effective and efficient treatment strategy for floating-leaved and submersed plant control among common herbicide treatment scenarios. Future integration of UAAS in aquatic weed control programs is encouraged, especially among smaller treatment sites (≤4 ha) or where access limits traditional spray operations. Nomenclature: Florpyrauxifen-benzyl; yellow floating heart, Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) Kuntze; variable-leaf watermilfoil, Myriophyllum heterophyllum (Michx.)
{"title":"Performance of unoccupied aerial application systems for aquatic weed management: Two novel case studies","authors":"A. Howell, R. León, W. Everman, H. Mitásová, S. A. Nelson, R. Richardson","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS) are gaining popularity for weed management to increase applicator safety and to deliver herbicide treatments where treatment sites limit ground-based spray equipment. Several studies have documented UAAS application strategies and procedures for weed control in terrestrial settings, yet literature describing remote spray technology for use in aquatics remains limited. Currently, applicators seek guidance for UAAS deployment for aquatic weed management to overcome site access restrictions, deal with environmental limitations, and improve ground-based applicator safety in hazardous treatment scenarios. In the present case studies, we evaluate a consumer-available UAAS to deliver the herbicide, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, as both foliar and directed in-water spray applications. The first case study showed that the invasive floating-leaved plant, yellow floating heart, was controlled 80% to 99% by 6 wk after treatment (WAT) following UAAS foliar herbicide treatments. The second case study demonstrated that UAAS directed in-water herbicide application reduced variable-leaf watermilfoil visible plant material by 94% at 5 WAT. Likewise, directed in-water applications from UAAS eliminated the need to deploy watercraft, which improved overall operational efficiency. Data from both case studies indicate that UAAS can provide an effective and efficient treatment strategy for floating-leaved and submersed plant control among common herbicide treatment scenarios. Future integration of UAAS in aquatic weed control programs is encouraged, especially among smaller treatment sites (≤4 ha) or where access limits traditional spray operations. Nomenclature: Florpyrauxifen-benzyl; yellow floating heart, Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) Kuntze; variable-leaf watermilfoil, Myriophyllum heterophyllum (Michx.)","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"277 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45527885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Navdeep Godara, C. Williamson, Daewon Koo, S. Askew
Abstract The recent decline in pollinator abundance is a cause of concern for sustaining global food production. Several common weeds of managed turfgrass systems attract honeybees and other wild pollinators. As turfgrass often requires treatment with insecticides that harm bees, best practices are needed to prevent bees from visiting weed-infested turf areas that will be treated for insect pests. Weed control tactics can protect pollinator exposure to insecticides by reducing the floral resources afforded to bees from turfgrass weeds. Three field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effect of various herbicides and herbicide formulation constituents on pollinator foraging and white clover floral morphology in managed tall fescue turfgrass. Treatments included a nontreated control; MCPP; 2,4-D; dicamba; Trimec Classic™ (2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba); Speedzone™ (carfentrazone, 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba); and an herbicide-formulation constituent (inert ingredients of Speedzone™). All response variables were evaluated for 8 d, starting from one day before treatment and ending 6 d after treatment (DAT). The herbicide formulation constituent did not alter white clover flower density, floral discoloration, floral quality, or insect visitation compared to nontreated plots. Herbicides reduced flower density and floral quality to the same extent, but MCPP discolored white clover floral tissue 16% per day and less than all other herbicides except dicamba. Floral quality completely declined in approximately 5 d following any herbicide treatment. Bee visitation to white clover–infested turf increased by 3 bees min–1 for every 100 white clover blooms m–2. Honeybees and other insects vacated herbicide-treated areas in less than 2 d, despite minimal effects on floral quality and density at that time. The data suggest that practitioners could apply insecticides 2 d after auxin herbicide treatment and avoid harm to pollinators, but additional work is needed to directly measure pollinator exposure following such treatments. Nomenclature: Carfentrazone; dicamba; MCPP; 2,4-D; white clover, Trifolium repens L.; tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea; honeybee, Apis mellifera L.
{"title":"Effect of herbicides on pollinator foraging behavior and flower morphology in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)–infested turfgrass","authors":"Navdeep Godara, C. Williamson, Daewon Koo, S. Askew","doi":"10.1017/wet.2023.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2023.33","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The recent decline in pollinator abundance is a cause of concern for sustaining global food production. Several common weeds of managed turfgrass systems attract honeybees and other wild pollinators. As turfgrass often requires treatment with insecticides that harm bees, best practices are needed to prevent bees from visiting weed-infested turf areas that will be treated for insect pests. Weed control tactics can protect pollinator exposure to insecticides by reducing the floral resources afforded to bees from turfgrass weeds. Three field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effect of various herbicides and herbicide formulation constituents on pollinator foraging and white clover floral morphology in managed tall fescue turfgrass. Treatments included a nontreated control; MCPP; 2,4-D; dicamba; Trimec Classic™ (2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba); Speedzone™ (carfentrazone, 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba); and an herbicide-formulation constituent (inert ingredients of Speedzone™). All response variables were evaluated for 8 d, starting from one day before treatment and ending 6 d after treatment (DAT). The herbicide formulation constituent did not alter white clover flower density, floral discoloration, floral quality, or insect visitation compared to nontreated plots. Herbicides reduced flower density and floral quality to the same extent, but MCPP discolored white clover floral tissue 16% per day and less than all other herbicides except dicamba. Floral quality completely declined in approximately 5 d following any herbicide treatment. Bee visitation to white clover–infested turf increased by 3 bees min–1 for every 100 white clover blooms m–2. Honeybees and other insects vacated herbicide-treated areas in less than 2 d, despite minimal effects on floral quality and density at that time. The data suggest that practitioners could apply insecticides 2 d after auxin herbicide treatment and avoid harm to pollinators, but additional work is needed to directly measure pollinator exposure following such treatments. Nomenclature: Carfentrazone; dicamba; MCPP; 2,4-D; white clover, Trifolium repens L.; tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea; honeybee, Apis mellifera L.","PeriodicalId":23710,"journal":{"name":"Weed Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"221 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46743997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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