Xenobiotica最新文献

1. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) is one of the surfactants used worldwide in detergents which, due to high residual discharges, has great potential to cause ecotoxicological impacts. Therefore, the sublethal effects of SDBS on the gills and skin of male Danio rerio fish were investigated.

2. The fish were distributed into three groups: GC (control), GT1 (0.25 mg/L of SDBS), and GT2 (0.5 mg/L of SDBS) and exposed for 21 days. After the experiment, histopathological analyses of the gills, histochemical analyses (counting of mucous cells), and biochemical analyses (antioxidant defense enzyme analysis, SOD, and CAT) were conducted.

3. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the incidence of circulatory disorders, progressive, and regressive alterations occurred in the GT1 and GT2 groups. Due to these changes, the total histopathological index of the gills was higher in these groups. Mucous cells in the gills and skin increased. There was an increase in SOD activity and a reduction in CAT activity in these groups. Haematology revealed neutrophilia and lymphocytosis in the blood of GT1 and GT2.

4. The results clearly demonstrate that a 21-day exposure to SDBS causes severe morphophysiological damage to the gills, skin, and blood of D. rerio fish.

Nivasorexant was the first orexin-1 selective receptor antagonist entering clinical development. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence in animal models, a proof-of-concept trial in binge-eating patients recently failed to demonstrate its clinical utility in this population.Across species, nivasorexant clearance was driven by metabolism along seven distinct pathways, five of which were hydroxylation reactions in various locations of the molecule. The exact sites of metabolism were identified by means of mass spectrometry, the use of deuterated analogues, and finally confirmed by chemical references.CYP3A4 was the main cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in nivasorexant metabolism in vitro and accounting for about 90% of turnover in liver microsomes. Minor roles were taken by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 but individually did not exceed 3-7%.In the rat, nivasorexant was mostly excreted via the bile after extensive metabolism, while urinary excretion was negligible. Only traces of the parent drug were detected in urine, bile, or faeces.

Indirubin is the main component of the traditional Chinese medicine Indigo naturalis (IN), a potent agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). In China, IN is used to treat psoriasis and ulcerative colitis, and indirubin is used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. However, IN and indirubin have adverse reactions, such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and intussusception, and their specific mechanism is unclear.The purpose of our research was to determine the specific mechanism underlying the adverse effects of IN and indirubin. By tracking the modifications in guinea pigs after the intragastric administration of indirubin for 28 days.The results demonstrate that indirubin could accelerate bowel movements and decrease intestinal acetylcholinesterase (AchE) expression. Experiments with NCM460 cells revealed that indirubin significantly reduced the expression of AchE, and the AchE levels were increased after the silencing of AhR and re-exposure to indirubin.This study showed that the inhibition of AchE expression by indirubin plays a key role in the occurrence of adverse reactions to indirubin and that the underlying mechanism is related to AhR-mediated AchE downregulation.

Polymorphisms in genes coding folate-metabolising enzymes might alter the pharmacokinetics and sensitivity for methotrexate "MTX".The aim of the study aimed to investigate the influence of MTHFR C677T, DHFR19 Ins/del, GGH -401 C > T, and MTR A2756G polymorphisms on MTX toxicity and pharmacokinetics in Egyptian patients with Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).Fifty adult Egyptian patients with ALL and NHL, treated with high dose MTX, were prospectively enrolled in the study. Clinical and biochemical data was collected objectively from medical records after each cycle of MTX. Plasma concentrations of MTX were measured after 72 h of initiation of infusion. Genotyping was done with a PCR-ARMS and PCR-RFLP assays.The MTHFR C677T T variants significantly increased the risk of leukopoenia, whereas the genotype MTHFR 677 C > T TT significantly associated with lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaemia. The genotype GGH-401 TT was significantly correlated with anaemia. Plasma MTX level was significantly higher in patients with MTR A2756G G variants.MTHFR polymorphism played the main role in MTX toxicities. The pharmacokinetics of MTX was affected by MTR polymorphism. GGH mutation was mainly concerned with anaemia. Pharmacogenetic testing are recommended to optimise MTX therapy.

In the early stages of drug discovery, adequate evaluation of the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of drug candidates is important. Several CYP3A activators are known to lead to underestimation of DDIs. These compounds affect midazolam 1'-hydroxylation but not midazolam 4-hydroxylation.We used both metabolic reactions of midazolam to evaluate the activation and inhibition of CYP3A activators simultaneously. For our CYP inhibition assay using cocktail probe substrates, simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry monitoring of 1'-hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam for CYP3A was established in addition to monitoring of 4-hydroxydiclofenac and 1'-hydroxybufuralol for CYP2C9 and CYP2D6.The results of our cocktail inhibition assay were well correlated with those of a single inhibition assay, as were the estimated inhibition parameters for typical CYP3A inhibitors. In our assay, a proprietary compound that activated midazolam 1'-hydroxylation and tended to inhibit 4-hydroxylation was evaluated along with known CYP3A activators. All compounds were well characterised by comparison of the results of midazolam 1'- and 4-hydroxylation.In conclusion, our CYP cocktail inhibition assay can detect CYP3A activation and assess the direct and time-dependent inhibition potentials for CYP3A, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6. This method is expected to be very efficient in the early stages of drug discovery.

This study investigated whether Safflower Yellow for injection (SYI) would affect the anticoagulation of warfarin in rats.Wistar male rats were divided into six groups randomly and administered with SYI (9 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) in single-dose and steady-dose warfarin (0.2 mg/kg, oral gavage), respectively. The pharmacodynamic parameters of PT and APTT were measured by a coagulation analyser. R/S-warfarin concentration was measured by UHPLC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using DAS 2.0 software.The single-dose study demonstrated that SYI, alone or co-administered with warfarin, could significantly increase PT, INR, and APTT values (p < 0.01). R-warfarin C_max, AUC, and t_1/2 values increased by 9.25% (p > 0.05), 25.96% (p < 0.01), and 26.17% (p < 0.01), respectively, whereas the CL/F value reduced by 22.22% (p < 0.01) in the presence of SYI. Meanwhile, S-warfarin C_max, AUC, and t_1/2 values increased by 37.41%, 32.11%, and 31.73% (all p < 0.01), respectively, whereas the CL/F value reduced by 33.33% (p < 0.01). The steady-dose study showed that PT, INR, APTT, and the concentrations of R/S-warfarin increased significantly when SYI was co-administered with warfarin (p < 0.01).SYI can enhance warfarin's anticoagulation intensity and decelerate its metabolism in rats.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumour in adults. Available treatments have not markedly improved patient survival in the last twenty years. However, genomic investigations have showed that the PI3K pathway is frequently altered in this glioma, making it a potential therapeutic target.Paxalisib is a brain penetrant PI3K/mTOR inhibitor (mouse Kp,uu 0.31) specifically developed for the treatment of GBM. We characterised the preclinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy of paxalisib and predicted its pharmacokinetics and efficacious dose in humans.Plasma protein binding of paxalisib was low, with the fraction unbound ranging from 0.25 to 0.43 across species. The hepatic clearance of paxalisib was predicted to be low in mice, rats, dogs and humans, and high in monkeys, from hepatocytes incubations. The plasma clearance was low in mice, moderate in rats and high in dogs and monkeys. Oral bioavailability ranged from 6% in monkeys to 76% in rats.The parameters estimated from the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the efficacy in the subcutaneous U87 xenograft model combined with the human pharmacokinetics profile predicted by PBPK modelling suggested that a dose of 56 mg may be efficacious in humans. Paxalisib is currently tested in Phase III clinical trials.

This study assessed the effect of tubeimoside I on CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 to reveal the potential of tubeimoside I to induce drug-drug interaction.The evaluation of cytochromes P450 enzyme (CYP) activity was performed in pooled human liver microsomes with probing substrates of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4. Typical inhibitors were employed as positive controls and the effect of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM tubeimoside I was investigated.The activity of CYP2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 was significantly inhibited by tubeimoside I with the IC₅₀ values of 10.34, 11.58, and 9.74 μM, respectively. The inhibition of CYP2D6 and 2E1 was competitive with the K_i value of 5.66 and 5.29 μM, respectively. While the inhibition of CYP3A4 was non-competitive with the K_i value of 4.87 μM. Moreover, the inhibition of CYP3A4 was time-dependent with the K_I and K_inact values of 0.635 μM^-1 and 0.0373 min^-1, respectively.Tubeimoside I served as a competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6 and 2E1 exerting weak inhibition and a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 exerting moderate inhibition.

LN005 is a peptide-drug conjugate (PDC) targeting glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) to treat several types of cancer, such as breast, colon, and prostate cancer.As a new drug modality, understanding its metabolism and elimination pathways will help us to have a whole picture of it. Currently, there are no metabolic studies on LN005; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the metabolism of LN005, clarify its metabolic profile in the liver S9s of different species, and identify the major metabolic pathways and differences between species.The incubation samples were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS).The results showed that LN005 was metabolised by liver S9s, and four metabolites were identified. The main metabolic pathway of LN005 in liver S9s was oxidative deamination to ketone or hydrolysis. Similar metabolic profiles were observed in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver S9s, indicating no differences between these four animal species and humans.This study provides information for the structural modification and optimisation of LN005 and affords a reference for subsequent animal experiments and human metabolism of other PDCs.