World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering最新文献
In May 2009, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships to address the growing concerns about the environmental, occupational health and safety risks related to ship recycling. The aim of the Hong Kong Convention is to provide a legally binding instrument which ensures that the process of ship recycling does not pose risks to human health, safety and to the environment. In this paper, critical analysis of the Hong Kong Convention has been carried out in order to study the effectiveness of the Convention to meet its objectives. The Convention has been studied in detail including its background, main features, major stakeholders, strengths and weaknesses. The Convention, though having several deficiencies, is a major breakthrough in not only recognizing but also dealing with the ill-practices associated with ship recycling.
{"title":"Critical Analysis of the Hong Kong International Convention on Ship Recycling","authors":"K. Jain, J. Pruyn, J. Hopman","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1088398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1088398","url":null,"abstract":"In May 2009, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships to address the growing concerns about the environmental, occupational health and safety risks related to ship recycling. The aim of the Hong Kong Convention is to provide a legally binding instrument which ensures that the process of ship recycling does not pose risks to human health, safety and to the environment. In this paper, critical analysis of the Hong Kong Convention has been carried out in order to study the effectiveness of the Convention to meet its objectives. The Convention has been studied in detail including its background, main features, major stakeholders, strengths and weaknesses. The Convention, though having several deficiencies, is a major breakthrough in not only recognizing but also dealing with the ill-practices associated with ship recycling.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"36 1","pages":"684-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85303177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A strategy for the creation of a Virtual Interactive Platform (or Networking Platform) to combine the four web-baseness of expert systems on the transfer and diffusion of low-carbon technologies. It used the concept of “Open Innovation” and “Triple Helix” with regard to theories of “Green Growth” and “Carbon Footprint”. Interpreters expert systems operate on the basis of models of the “Predator-Prey” for the process of transfer and diffusion of technologies, taking into account the features caused by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change. Keywords—Climate Change, Expert Systems, Low-Carbon Technology, Open Innovation, Virtual Interactive Platform.
{"title":"The Strategy of Creating a Virtual Interactive Platform for the Low-Carbon Open Innovations Relay","authors":"Mykola S. Shestavin","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1088136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1088136","url":null,"abstract":"A strategy for the creation of a Virtual Interactive Platform (or Networking Platform) to combine the four web-baseness of expert systems on the transfer and diffusion of low-carbon technologies. It used the concept of “Open Innovation” and “Triple Helix” with regard to theories of “Green Growth” and “Carbon Footprint”. Interpreters expert systems operate on the basis of models of the “Predator-Prey” for the process of transfer and diffusion of technologies, taking into account the features caused by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change. Keywords—Climate Change, Expert Systems, Low-Carbon Technology, Open Innovation, Virtual Interactive Platform.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"84 1","pages":"655-660"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90937950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. I. A. Isma, A. R. P. Razreena, R. Omar, A. Idris
This study presents the performance of membrane bioreactor in treating high phosphate wastewater. The laboratory scale MBR was operated at permeate flux of 25 L/m2.h with a hollow fiber membrane (polypropylene, approx. pore size 0.01 - 0.2 μm) at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hrs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy diffusive X-ray (EDX) analyzer were used to characterize the membrane foulants. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, NH3-N and PO4 3- were 93, 98, 80 and 30% respectively. On average 91% of influent soluble microbial products (SMP) were eliminated, with the eliminations of polysaccharides mostly above 80%. The main fouling resistance was cake resistance. It should be noted that SMP were found in major portions of mixed liquor that played a relatively significant role in membrane fouling. SEM and EDX analyses indicated that the foulants covering the membrane surfaces comprises not only organic substances but also inorganic elements including Mg, Ca, Al, K and P.
{"title":"Performance of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) in High Phosphate Wastewater","authors":"M. I. A. Isma, A. R. P. Razreena, R. Omar, A. Idris","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1327814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1327814","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the performance of membrane bioreactor in treating high phosphate wastewater. The laboratory scale MBR was operated at permeate flux of 25 L/m2.h with a hollow fiber membrane (polypropylene, approx. pore size 0.01 - 0.2 μm) at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hrs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy diffusive X-ray (EDX) analyzer were used to characterize the membrane foulants. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, NH3-N and PO4 3- were 93, 98, 80 and 30% respectively. On average 91% of influent soluble microbial products (SMP) were eliminated, with the eliminations of polysaccharides mostly above 80%. The main fouling resistance was cake resistance. It should be noted that SMP were found in major portions of mixed liquor that played a relatively significant role in membrane fouling. SEM and EDX analyses indicated that the foulants covering the membrane surfaces comprises not only organic substances but also inorganic elements including Mg, Ca, Al, K and P.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"70 1","pages":"54-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90792760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamics of Phytoplankton Blooms in the Baltic Sea – Numerical Simulations","authors":"L. Dzierzbicka-Glowacka, M. Janecki","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1075394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1075394","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"53 1","pages":"29-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90820237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses on the use of Spline Interpolation and Mean Square Error (MSE) as tools to process data acquired from the developed simulator that shall replicate sea bed logging environment. Sea bed logging (SBL) is a new technique that uses marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) sounding technique and is proven to be very successful in detecting and characterizing hydrocarbon reservoirs in deep water area by using resistivity contrasts. It uses very low frequency of 0.1Hz to 10 Hz to obtain greater wavelength. In this work the in house built simulator was used and was provided with predefined parameters and the transmitted frequency was varied for sediment thickness of 1000m to 4000m for environment with and without hydrocarbon. From series of simulations, synthetics data were generated. These data were interpolated using Spline interpolation technique (degree of three) and mean square error (MSE) were calculated between original data and interpolated data. Comparisons were made by studying the trends and relationship between frequency and sediment thickness based on the MSE calculated. It was found that the MSE was on increasing trends in the set up that has the presence of hydrocarbon in the setting than the one without. The MSE was also on decreasing trends as sediment thickness was increased and with higher transmitted frequency.
{"title":"Visualization Of Sediment Thickness Variation For Sea Bed Logging Using Spline Interpolation","authors":"H. Daud, N. Yahya, V. Sagayan, M. Talib","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1075090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1075090","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses on the use of Spline Interpolation\u0000and Mean Square Error (MSE) as tools to process data acquired from\u0000the developed simulator that shall replicate sea bed logging environment.\u0000Sea bed logging (SBL) is a new technique that uses marine\u0000controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) sounding technique and is\u0000proven to be very successful in detecting and characterizing hydrocarbon\u0000reservoirs in deep water area by using resistivity contrasts. It uses\u0000very low frequency of 0.1Hz to 10 Hz to obtain greater wavelength.\u0000In this work the in house built simulator was used and was provided\u0000with predefined parameters and the transmitted frequency was varied\u0000for sediment thickness of 1000m to 4000m for environment with and\u0000without hydrocarbon. From series of simulations, synthetics data were\u0000generated. These data were interpolated using Spline interpolation\u0000technique (degree of three) and mean square error (MSE) were\u0000calculated between original data and interpolated data. Comparisons\u0000were made by studying the trends and relationship between frequency\u0000and sediment thickness based on the MSE calculated. It was found\u0000that the MSE was on increasing trends in the set up that has the\u0000presence of hydrocarbon in the setting than the one without. The MSE\u0000was also on decreasing trends as sediment thickness was increased\u0000and with higher transmitted frequency.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"501-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78616009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two short sediment cores collected from mangrove areas of Manori and Thane creeks along Mumbai coast were analysed for sediment composition and metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Zn, Cr and V). The statistical analysis of Pearson correla tion matrix proved that there is a significant relationship between me tal concentration and finer grain size in Manori creek while poor cor relation was observed in Thane creek. Based on the enrichment factor, the present metal to background metal ratios clearly reflected maximum enrichment of Cu and Pb in Manori creek and Mn in Thane creek. Geoaccumulation index calculated indicate that the study area is unpolluted with respect to Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and C r in both the cores while moderately polluted with Cu and Pb in Manori creek. Based on contamination degree, both the core sediments were found to be considerably contaminated with metals.
{"title":"Geochemical Assessment of Metal Concentrations in Mangrove Sediments along Mumbai Coast, India","authors":"L. Fernandes, G. Nayak, D. Ilangovan","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1327840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1327840","url":null,"abstract":"Two short sediment cores collected from mangrove areas of Manori and Thane creeks along Mumbai coast were analysed for sediment composition and metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Zn, Cr and V). The statistical analysis of Pearson correla tion matrix proved that there is a significant relationship between me tal concentration and finer grain size in Manori creek while poor cor relation was observed in Thane creek. Based on the enrichment factor, the present metal to background metal ratios clearly reflected maximum enrichment of Cu and Pb in Manori creek and Mn in Thane creek. Geoaccumulation index calculated indicate that the study area is unpolluted with respect to Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and C r in both the cores while moderately polluted with Cu and Pb in Manori creek. Based on contamination degree, both the core sediments were found to be considerably contaminated with metals.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77952577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study uses GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to conduct an evaluation of the degree of the sufficiency of public green spaces such as parks and urban green areas as an indicator of the density of metropolitan areas, in particular the Chubu metropolitan area, in Japan. To that end, it first grasps the distribution situation of green spaces in the three metropolitan areas in Japan, especially in the Chubu metropolitan area, using GIS digital maps. And based on this result, it conducts a GIS evaluation of the degree of sufficiency of public green spaces and arranges the result for every distance belt from the central part to compare and exam for every distance belt away from the center in the Chubu metropolitan area. Furthermore, after pointing out the insufficient areas of public green spaces based on the result, it also proposes the improvement policy which can be introduced in the Chubu metropolitan area.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Degree of the Sufficiency of Public Green Spaces as an Indicator of Urban Density in the Chubu Metropolitan Area in Japan","authors":"Kayoko Yamamoto","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1059700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1059700","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses GIS (Geographic Information\u0000Systems) to conduct an evaluation of the degree of the sufficiency of\u0000public green spaces such as parks and urban green areas as an\u0000indicator of the density of metropolitan areas, in particular the Chubu\u0000metropolitan area, in Japan. To that end, it first grasps the distribution\u0000situation of green spaces in the three metropolitan areas in Japan,\u0000especially in the Chubu metropolitan area, using GIS digital maps.\u0000And based on this result, it conducts a GIS evaluation of the degree of\u0000sufficiency of public green spaces and arranges the result for every\u0000distance belt from the central part to compare and exam for every\u0000distance belt away from the center in the Chubu metropolitan area.\u0000Furthermore, after pointing out the insufficient areas of public green\u0000spaces based on the result, it also proposes the improvement policy\u0000which can be introduced in the Chubu metropolitan area.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"57 1","pages":"276-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90652858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The African Great Lakes Region refers to the zone around lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, Albert, Edward, Kivu, and Malawi. The main source of electricity in this region is hydropower whose systems are generally characterized by relatively weak, isolated power schemes, poor maintenance and technical deficiencies with limited electricity infrastructures. Most of the hydro sources are rain fed, and as such there is normally a deficiency of water during the dry seasons and extended droughts. In such calamities fossil fuels sources, in particular petroleum products and natural gas, are normally used to rescue the situation but apart from them being nonrenewable, they also release huge amount of green house gases to our environment which in turn accelerates the global warming that has at present reached an amazing stage. Wind power is ample, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and free energy source that does not consume or pollute water. Wind generated electricity is one of the most practical and commercially viable option for grid quality and utility scale electricity production. However, the main shortcoming associated with electric wind power generation is fluctuation in its output both in space and time. Before making a decision to establish a wind park at a site, the wind speed features there should therefore be known thoroughly as well as local demand or transmission capacity. The main objective of this paper is to utilise monthly average wind speed data collected from one prospective site within the African Great Lakes Region to demonstrate that the available wind power there is high enough to generate electricity. The mean monthly values were calculated from records gathered on hourly basis for a period of 5 years (2001 to 2005) from a site in Tanzania. The documentations that were collected at a height of 2 m were projected to a height of 50 m which is the standard hub height of wind turbines. The overall monthly average wind speed was found to be 12.11 m/s whereas June to November was established to be the windy season as the wind speed during the session is above the overall monthly wind speed. The available wind power density corresponding to the overall mean monthly wind speed was evaluated to be 1072 W/m2, a potential that is worthwhile harvesting for the purpose of electric generation.
{"title":"Wind Energy Development In The African Great Lakes Region To Supplement The Hydroelectricity In The Locality: A Case Study From Tanzania","authors":"R. Kainkwa","doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1085233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1085233","url":null,"abstract":"The African Great Lakes Region refers to the zone\u0000around lakes Victoria, Tanganyika, Albert, Edward, Kivu, and\u0000Malawi. The main source of electricity in this region is hydropower\u0000whose systems are generally characterized by relatively weak,\u0000isolated power schemes, poor maintenance and technical deficiencies\u0000with limited electricity infrastructures. Most of the hydro sources are\u0000rain fed, and as such there is normally a deficiency of water during\u0000the dry seasons and extended droughts. In such calamities fossil fuels\u0000sources, in particular petroleum products and natural gas, are\u0000normally used to rescue the situation but apart from them being nonrenewable,\u0000they also release huge amount of green house gases to our\u0000environment which in turn accelerates the global warming that has at\u0000present reached an amazing stage. Wind power is ample, renewable,\u0000widely distributed, clean, and free energy source that does not\u0000consume or pollute water. Wind generated electricity is one of the\u0000most practical and commercially viable option for grid quality and\u0000utility scale electricity production. However, the main shortcoming\u0000associated with electric wind power generation is fluctuation in its\u0000output both in space and time. Before making a decision to establish\u0000a wind park at a site, the wind speed features there should therefore\u0000be known thoroughly as well as local demand or transmission\u0000capacity. The main objective of this paper is to utilise monthly\u0000average wind speed data collected from one prospective site within\u0000the African Great Lakes Region to demonstrate that the available\u0000wind power there is high enough to generate electricity. The mean\u0000monthly values were calculated from records gathered on hourly\u0000basis for a period of 5 years (2001 to 2005) from a site in Tanzania.\u0000The documentations that were collected at a height of 2 m were\u0000projected to a height of 50 m which is the standard hub height of\u0000wind turbines. The overall monthly average wind speed was found to\u0000be 12.11 m/s whereas June to November was established to be the\u0000windy season as the wind speed during the session is above the\u0000overall monthly wind speed. The available wind power density\u0000corresponding to the overall mean monthly wind speed was evaluated\u0000to be 1072 W/m2, a potential that is worthwhile harvesting for the\u0000purpose of electric generation.","PeriodicalId":23826,"journal":{"name":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering","volume":"133 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78185602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering
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