Ana Luísa Barros, Sandra Alcobia, Paula Gonçalves, Darryl I. MacKenzie, Margarida Santos-Reis
Camera-trapping is considered a cost-efficient method to monitor wildlife, but relevant performance constraints remain. We assessed performance and cost-benefit for 2 recent technological innovations: (i) a wireless transmission system where cameras communicate in a network, and (ii) using solar panels as a camera's sole power supply. The maximum distance between cameras that ensured wireless connection varied between 2 km in open habitats and 335 m in forest habitats with dense tree cover. The cost of using the wireless transmission system was lower for surveys run for >45 days and for >15 sampling units (i.e., camera-trap sites). For surveys longer than 15 days, using the wireless transmission system required, on average, 8 fewer days of fieldwork. We measured the performance of the solar panels in terms of capture probability, and the solar-powered cameras (β = −0.015 ± 0.01 in the log scale) outperformed battery-powered cameras (β = −0.103 ± 0.005) as capture rate decreased more slowly, particularly for nighttime events (difference in capture probability of the solar-powered relative to the battery-powered cameras at night, β = 0.09 ± 0.01). We consider that, although camera-traps with wireless transmission can provide a return on investment for a wide range of survey designs, the constraints on maximum distance for transmission are a limitation. Despite the higher cost, we recommend solar-powered camera-traps as they had improved performance with a higher proportion of species events captured than by battery-powered cameras.
{"title":"Assessment of technological developments for camera-traps: a wireless transmission system and solar panels","authors":"Ana Luísa Barros, Sandra Alcobia, Paula Gonçalves, Darryl I. MacKenzie, Margarida Santos-Reis","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1506","url":null,"abstract":"Camera-trapping is considered a cost-efficient method to monitor wildlife, but relevant performance constraints remain. We assessed performance and cost-benefit for 2 recent technological innovations: (i) a wireless transmission system where cameras communicate in a network, and (ii) using solar panels as a camera's sole power supply. The maximum distance between cameras that ensured wireless connection varied between 2 km in open habitats and 335 m in forest habitats with dense tree cover. The cost of using the wireless transmission system was lower for surveys run for >45 days and for >15 sampling units (i.e., camera-trap sites). For surveys longer than 15 days, using the wireless transmission system required, on average, 8 fewer days of fieldwork. We measured the performance of the solar panels in terms of capture probability, and the solar-powered cameras (β = −0.015 ± 0.01 in the log scale) outperformed battery-powered cameras (β = −0.103 ± 0.005) as capture rate decreased more slowly, particularly for nighttime events (difference in capture probability of the solar-powered relative to the battery-powered cameras at night, β = 0.09 ± 0.01). We consider that, although camera-traps with wireless transmission can provide a return on investment for a wide range of survey designs, the constraints on maximum distance for transmission are a limitation. Despite the higher cost, we recommend solar-powered camera-traps as they had improved performance with a higher proportion of species events captured than by battery-powered cameras.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139496589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drew N. Fowler, Jason M. Winiarski, Christopher D. Pollentier, Ronald C. Gatti
Habitat loss and fragmentation have negatively impacted breeding birds across the world. Across guilds, grassland-dependent birds have experienced the largest proportional loss of their breeding population while wetland-dependent birds have realized overall net gains in part due to focused conservation efforts. However, some species within the wetland-dependent guild have a strong dependence on non-wetland land cover types during the annual cycle and therefore may be equally sensitive to reductions in the composition and altered configuration of upland landcover, such as grasslands. We explored the influence of landcover composition and configuration on the number of breeding pairs of a breeding habitat generalist, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and a grassland-dependent breeding species, the blue-winged teal (Spatula discors), in agriculturally-intensive landscapes of Wisconsin, USA. Because of the extensive landscape alteration and habitat fragmentation that has occurred, we expected mallards to have a more utilitarian response to varying landscape composition compared to a grassland nesting obligate like blue-winged teal. We used helicopter surveys conducted across 8 years (2001–2003, 2006–2009, and 2012) and remotely-sensed land cover data to investigate the influence of habitat associations on relative abundance of breeding pairs. Model selection indicated that landscape composition models outperformed landscape configuration and null models for both species. Consistent with our predictions, we found that mallard pair counts were positively influenced by a greater number of land cover covariates compared to blue-winged teal. Both blue-winged teal and mallard breeding pairs were positively related to increased composition of emergent and scrub-shrub wetlands as well as upland grassland. Additionally, we found that mallard pairs were positively related to forested, cattail (Typha sp.), and open water wetland types, whereas predicted blue-winged teal pair abundance was negatively related to forested wetlands and had a nonlinear relationship and declined when surveyed land sections were comprised of more than 30% cattail-dominated wetlands and 20% open-water wetlands. Increased quantities of cattail-dominated and open-water wetland cover types comparatively provide less habitat for blue-winged teal and may reflect broader shifts in habitat composition that have likely resulted from agricultural intensification and stabilized hydrology. Conservation activities that preserve existing nesting land cover types or restore hydrologically-dynamic emergent wetlands in proximity to upland grassland cover could mutually benefit both species.
{"title":"The influence of landscape composition and configuration on breeding waterfowl pair abundance in Wisconsin","authors":"Drew N. Fowler, Jason M. Winiarski, Christopher D. Pollentier, Ronald C. Gatti","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1504","url":null,"abstract":"Habitat loss and fragmentation have negatively impacted breeding birds across the world. Across guilds, grassland-dependent birds have experienced the largest proportional loss of their breeding population while wetland-dependent birds have realized overall net gains in part due to focused conservation efforts. However, some species within the wetland-dependent guild have a strong dependence on non-wetland land cover types during the annual cycle and therefore may be equally sensitive to reductions in the composition and altered configuration of upland landcover, such as grasslands. We explored the influence of landcover composition and configuration on the number of breeding pairs of a breeding habitat generalist, the mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), and a grassland-dependent breeding species, the blue-winged teal (<i>Spatula discors</i>), in agriculturally-intensive landscapes of Wisconsin, USA. Because of the extensive landscape alteration and habitat fragmentation that has occurred, we expected mallards to have a more utilitarian response to varying landscape composition compared to a grassland nesting obligate like blue-winged teal. We used helicopter surveys conducted across 8 years (2001–2003, 2006–2009, and 2012) and remotely-sensed land cover data to investigate the influence of habitat associations on relative abundance of breeding pairs. Model selection indicated that landscape composition models outperformed landscape configuration and null models for both species. Consistent with our predictions, we found that mallard pair counts were positively influenced by a greater number of land cover covariates compared to blue-winged teal. Both blue-winged teal and mallard breeding pairs were positively related to increased composition of emergent and scrub-shrub wetlands as well as upland grassland. Additionally, we found that mallard pairs were positively related to forested, cattail (<i>Typha</i> sp.), and open water wetland types, whereas predicted blue-winged teal pair abundance was negatively related to forested wetlands and had a nonlinear relationship and declined when surveyed land sections were comprised of more than 30% cattail-dominated wetlands and 20% open-water wetlands. Increased quantities of cattail-dominated and open-water wetland cover types comparatively provide less habitat for blue-winged teal and may reflect broader shifts in habitat composition that have likely resulted from agricultural intensification and stabilized hydrology. Conservation activities that preserve existing nesting land cover types or restore hydrologically-dynamic emergent wetlands in proximity to upland grassland cover could mutually benefit both species.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139481095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew P. Gruntorad, Mark P. Vrtisksa, Christopher J. Chizinski, Jennifer N. Duberstein, David C. Fulton, Howard W. Harshaw, Andrew H. Raedeke, Jason Spaeth
Due to the steady decline of duck hunter participation, several studies have investigated means to bolster the duck hunter population. Researchers and wildlife professionals have assumed that simpler regulations would attract new and unconfident hunters to participate in duck hunting. In light of this, we sought to identify what portion of the duck-hunting population had difficulty understanding species-specific bag limits or complying with species-specific bag limits in the field. We also sought to describe hunters who had difficulty complying with specific bag limits and how their difficulties were associated with elements related to demography, attitude, and behavior. We found most hunters had no difficulty understanding (82%) or complying with (74%) species specific bag limits, but flyway (χ2 = 35.06, P < 0.01), number of ducks harvested (χ2 = 9.76, P < 0.01), number of years hunted (χ2 = 9.20, P < 0.01), and gender (χ2 = 4.14, P < 0.05), were important to predicting hunter difficulty with compliance. Hunters who can overcome their difficulties understanding and complying with species-specific bag limits may be more likely to be integrated into the duck hunting culture, and more likely to continue duck hunting in the future. More species identification tools and fewer species-specific bag limits may be appropriate for the 18% of the duck hunter population who indicated that bag-specific regulations were difficult to understand and the 26% who indicated that it was difficult to comply with species-specific bag limits in the field. A closer look may be warranted for how the trade-offs associated with the combination of species-specific bag limits in combination with the variety of duck season zone and split options states employ, license/stamp requirements, area-specific regulations, and trespass laws may influence duck hunter experiences.
由于猎鸭人的参与率持续下降，一些研究调查了如何提高猎鸭人数量的方法。研究人员和野生动物专业人士认为，更简单的规定可以吸引新的和缺乏自信的猎鸭人参与猎鸭。有鉴于此，我们试图确定哪一部分猎鸭人在理解特定物种的袋数限制或在野外遵守特定物种的袋数限制方面存在困难。我们还试图描述那些在遵守特定袋数限制方面有困难的猎人，以及他们的困难与人口、态度和行为等相关要素之间的关系。我们发现，大多数猎人在理解（82%）或遵守（74%）物种特定袋数限制方面没有困难，但在航道（χ2 = 35.06, P < 0.01）、收获鸭子数量（χ2 = 9.76, P < 0.01）、狩猎年数（χ2 = 9.20, P < 0.01）和性别（χ2 = 4.14, P < 0.05）对预测猎人的遵从困难非常重要。能够克服困难理解和遵守特定物种数量限制的猎人可能更容易融入猎鸭文化，也更有可能在未来继续猎鸭。18%的猎鸭人表示难以理解特定物种的袋数限制规定，26%的猎鸭人表示在野外难以遵守特定物种的袋数限制规定，对于这部分人来说，增加物种识别工具和减少特定物种的袋数限制可能是合适的。可能需要更仔细地研究特定物种的袋数限制与各州采用的各种鸭季区域和分区选择、许可证/印章要求、特定区域法规和非法入侵法律的结合如何影响猎鸭人的体验。
{"title":"Duck hunters and difficulty complying with harvest regulations","authors":"Matthew P. Gruntorad, Mark P. Vrtisksa, Christopher J. Chizinski, Jennifer N. Duberstein, David C. Fulton, Howard W. Harshaw, Andrew H. Raedeke, Jason Spaeth","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1505","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the steady decline of duck hunter participation, several studies have investigated means to bolster the duck hunter population. Researchers and wildlife professionals have assumed that simpler regulations would attract new and unconfident hunters to participate in duck hunting. In light of this, we sought to identify what portion of the duck-hunting population had difficulty understanding species-specific bag limits or complying with species-specific bag limits in the field. We also sought to describe hunters who had difficulty complying with specific bag limits and how their difficulties were associated with elements related to demography, attitude, and behavior. We found most hunters had no difficulty understanding (82%) or complying with (74%) species specific bag limits, but flyway (χ<sup>2</sup> = 35.06, <i>P</i> < 0.01), number of ducks harvested (χ<sup>2</sup> = 9.76, <i>P</i> < 0.01), number of years hunted (χ<sup>2</sup> = 9.20, <i>P</i> < 0.01), and gender (χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.14, <i>P</i> < 0.05), were important to predicting hunter difficulty with compliance. Hunters who can overcome their difficulties understanding and complying with species-specific bag limits may be more likely to be integrated into the duck hunting culture, and more likely to continue duck hunting in the future. More species identification tools and fewer species-specific bag limits may be appropriate for the 18% of the duck hunter population who indicated that bag-specific regulations were difficult to understand and the 26% who indicated that it was difficult to comply with species-specific bag limits in the field. A closer look may be warranted for how the trade-offs associated with the combination of species-specific bag limits in combination with the variety of duck season zone and split options states employ, license/stamp requirements, area-specific regulations, and trespass laws may influence duck hunter experiences.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bret Collier, Anna Knipps, Jeff Levengood, Ashley Tunstall
<p>I try to teach a graduate seminar on wildlife population dynamics at least once a year. In that class, I ask the students what papers they think had the greatest impact on wildlife ecology and management. I typically get a laundry list of works on whatever the fancy new statistical method is for estimating a demographic, space use, a genetic parameter or what not and as expected; suggestions tend to skew towards the individual students field of study/interest. While I am certain that all of the papers suggested are good papers, I often wonder about what impact those papers really have on conservation and management? Do they represent complete paradigm shifts that cause our field to entirely rethink our past and our future approaches to how we collect conservation data, or do they just represent a refinement to an extra decimal place of a more general approach we already use?</p> <p>In context, I was looking at papers from the <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> while I was at The Wildlife Society's Annual Conference in Louisville. I realized during that review that <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> papers have been the archetype of paradigms in wildlife conservation and management. I think about the paper by Johnson et al. (<span>2001</span>) on <i>Statistics for wildlifers: how much and what kind?</i> and the influence that had on graduate students (including myself) interested in statistical ecology. What about Hunter (<span>1989</span>), who in 2 pages on <i>Aardvarks and Arcadia: two principles of wildlife research</i> detailed for graduate students the importance of hypotheses and the need to consider larger questions at broader scales? And of course, there is Anderson (<span>2001</span>) on <i>The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies</i>, which I would argue in 4 pages represents the generality (sensu Dunham and Beaupre <span>1998</span>) on which many subsequent papers focused on estimating <i>p</i> and increasing the accuracy of population parameter estimates, or those that the students always recommend to me as having the greatest impact.</p> <p>I bring up these papers to point out that the <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> is the wildlife conservation and management journal on which our field relies (perhaps unknowingly) heavily on, a fact that hit me full on at the TWS meeting this year. In support of my contention, I wanted to point out a simple number that I think encapsulates the reach of the Bulletin over the last several years. In 2018, the <i>Bulletin</i> had approximately 60,000 downloads (meaning 60 K downloads of <i>Bulletin</i> papers occurred), but, since the transition to Open Access in 2022, as of November 2023 we are at 147,000 downloads. Impact cannot be measured just in a ranking of a journal, but on the use of the content within that journal for conservation and management.</p> <p>I do want to continue to remind everyone that the <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> would not be what it is today if not for
我尝试每年至少教授一次野生动物种群动态研究生研讨会。在课堂上，我会问学生他们认为对野生动物生态学和管理影响最大的论文是什么。我通常会收到一份作品清单，内容都是关于估算人口、空间利用、遗传参数或其他方面的花哨的新统计方法，不出所料，学生们的建议往往偏向于个人的研究领域/兴趣。虽然我确信所有推荐的论文都是好论文，但我经常想知道这些论文对保护和管理到底有什么影响？它们是否代表了完全的范式转变，导致我们的领域完全重新思考我们过去和未来如何收集保护数据的方法，或者它们只是代表了我们已经使用的更普遍方法的小数点后一位的改进？在查阅过程中，我意识到《野生动物学会公报》的论文一直是野生动物保护和管理范例的原型。我想起了约翰逊等人（2001 年）撰写的论文《野生动物的统计：多少和什么样的统计》，以及这篇论文对对统计生态学感兴趣的研究生（包括我自己）产生的影响。亨特（Hunter，1989 年）在《土豚与阿卡迪亚：野生动物研究的两个原则》一文中用两页纸为研究生详细介绍了假设的重要性以及在更大范围内考虑更大问题的必要性。当然，还有安德森（Anderson，2001 年）的《在野生动物野外研究中做好基础工作的必要性》（The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies），我认为这篇长达 4 页的论文代表了一种普遍性（sensu Dunham and Beaupre，1998 年），在这种普遍性的基础上，后来的许多论文都侧重于估计 p 和提高种群参数估计的准确性，或者说学生们总是向我推荐那些影响最大的论文。我提到这些论文是想指出，《野生动物学会简报》是我们这个领域非常依赖的野生动物保护和管理期刊（也许是在不知不觉中），这一事实在今年的野生动物学会会议上让我深有感触。为了支持我的论点，我想指出一个简单的数字，我认为它概括了《公报》过去几年的影响力。2018 年，《公报》的下载量约为 6 万次（即《公报》论文的下载量为 6 万次），但自 2022 年过渡到开放获取以来，截至 2023 年 11 月，我们的下载量已达到 14.7 万次。我想继续提醒大家，如果没有《野生动物学会简报》副主编们的辛勤工作和努力，《野生动物学会简报》就不会有今天。如果有读者想加入我们的副主编委员会，请随时直接与我联系商讨。如果我没有一如既往地感谢野生动物学会简报的工作人员 Anna Knipps 博士、Jeff Levengood 博士和 Ashley Tunstall 女士，那将是我的失职，因为他们在幕后对野生动物学会简报的支持是简报取得成功的原因之一。我还想指出，Tunstall 女士最近毕业并接受了 Ducks Unlimited 的生物学家职位，我们在 Bulletin 祝愿她一切顺利！最后，我再次呼吁《野生动物协会简报》的所有读者和作者。如果有人联系您担任推荐人，请接受，因为您在他人作品上花费的时间将支持他人在您作品上花费的时间。
{"title":"Science Foundations and the Bulletin","authors":"Bret Collier, Anna Knipps, Jeff Levengood, Ashley Tunstall","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I try to teach a graduate seminar on wildlife population dynamics at least once a year. In that class, I ask the students what papers they think had the greatest impact on wildlife ecology and management. I typically get a laundry list of works on whatever the fancy new statistical method is for estimating a demographic, space use, a genetic parameter or what not and as expected; suggestions tend to skew towards the individual students field of study/interest. While I am certain that all of the papers suggested are good papers, I often wonder about what impact those papers really have on conservation and management? Do they represent complete paradigm shifts that cause our field to entirely rethink our past and our future approaches to how we collect conservation data, or do they just represent a refinement to an extra decimal place of a more general approach we already use?</p>\u0000<p>In context, I was looking at papers from the <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> while I was at The Wildlife Society's Annual Conference in Louisville. I realized during that review that <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> papers have been the archetype of paradigms in wildlife conservation and management. I think about the paper by Johnson et al. (<span>2001</span>) on <i>Statistics for wildlifers: how much and what kind?</i> and the influence that had on graduate students (including myself) interested in statistical ecology. What about Hunter (<span>1989</span>), who in 2 pages on <i>Aardvarks and Arcadia: two principles of wildlife research</i> detailed for graduate students the importance of hypotheses and the need to consider larger questions at broader scales? And of course, there is Anderson (<span>2001</span>) on <i>The need to get the basics right in wildlife field studies</i>, which I would argue in 4 pages represents the generality (sensu Dunham and Beaupre <span>1998</span>) on which many subsequent papers focused on estimating <i>p</i> and increasing the accuracy of population parameter estimates, or those that the students always recommend to me as having the greatest impact.</p>\u0000<p>I bring up these papers to point out that the <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> is the wildlife conservation and management journal on which our field relies (perhaps unknowingly) heavily on, a fact that hit me full on at the TWS meeting this year. In support of my contention, I wanted to point out a simple number that I think encapsulates the reach of the Bulletin over the last several years. In 2018, the <i>Bulletin</i> had approximately 60,000 downloads (meaning 60 K downloads of <i>Bulletin</i> papers occurred), but, since the transition to Open Access in 2022, as of November 2023 we are at 147,000 downloads. Impact cannot be measured just in a ranking of a journal, but on the use of the content within that journal for conservation and management.</p>\u0000<p>I do want to continue to remind everyone that the <i>Wildlife Society Bulletin</i> would not be what it is today if not for ","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138825054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cori L. Lausen, Greg A. Falxa, Donald I. Solick, Alexandria L. McEwan, Michael D. Baker, Emily de Freitas, Mike Sarell
Characterizing sounds produced by animals can lead to better understanding of their behavioral ecology and conservation. While considerable focus has been on signals used by bats for echolocation, there has been less emphasis on nonecholocation sounds. We describe songs (i.e., acoustic vocalizations with distinctive syllable types in series or in complex motifs) produced by silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans). Songs, characterized by a sequence (song phrase) of 3 distinct vocalization types, were confirmed by observing free-flying, silver-haired bats at mine hibernacula in British Columbia, Canada. The song patterns were relatively consistent with each song phrase consisting of a lead call, followed by a droplet call, and finishing with a series of multiple chirp calls. The function of the songs is unknown, however, as other bat species produce songs for mating, we propose silver-haired bat songs may similarly be associated with courtship or mating. Alternative functions cannot be ruled out, particularly because we recorded some songs outside of the accepted mating period. Other research has determined peak mating of silver-haired bats occurs in fall, and spring mating has been documented. Here we additionally provide evidence of winter mating in British Columbia. The proportion of silver-haired bat songs recorded relative to echolocation recordings varied across locations and seasons. While we recorded songs in all months of the year, more than half of the songs were produced during winter, and 93.4% (of 1,857) were produced outside of summer months. Song production in summer could be associated with other behaviors such as learning or practice, establishing or maintaining social bonds, or male-male competition. To provide landscape and temporal context, we summarize acoustic datasets from numerous locations in western North America where recordings were made between 2005 and 2022.
{"title":"Singing silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans)","authors":"Cori L. Lausen, Greg A. Falxa, Donald I. Solick, Alexandria L. McEwan, Michael D. Baker, Emily de Freitas, Mike Sarell","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1500","url":null,"abstract":"Characterizing sounds produced by animals can lead to better understanding of their behavioral ecology and conservation. While considerable focus has been on signals used by bats for echolocation, there has been less emphasis on nonecholocation sounds. We describe songs (i.e., acoustic vocalizations with distinctive syllable types in series or in complex motifs) produced by silver-haired bat (<i>Lasionycteris noctivagans</i>). Songs, characterized by a sequence (song phrase) of 3 distinct vocalization types, were confirmed by observing free-flying, silver-haired bats at mine hibernacula in British Columbia, Canada. The song patterns were relatively consistent with each song phrase consisting of a lead call, followed by a droplet call, and finishing with a series of multiple chirp calls. The function of the songs is unknown, however, as other bat species produce songs for mating, we propose silver-haired bat songs may similarly be associated with courtship or mating. Alternative functions cannot be ruled out, particularly because we recorded some songs outside of the accepted mating period. Other research has determined peak mating of silver-haired bats occurs in fall, and spring mating has been documented. Here we additionally provide evidence of winter mating in British Columbia. The proportion of silver-haired bat songs recorded relative to echolocation recordings varied across locations and seasons. While we recorded songs in all months of the year, more than half of the songs were produced during winter, and 93.4% (of 1,857) were produced outside of summer months. Song production in summer could be associated with other behaviors such as learning or practice, establishing or maintaining social bonds, or male-male competition. To provide landscape and temporal context, we summarize acoustic datasets from numerous locations in western North America where recordings were made between 2005 and 2022.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138825149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles W. Sanders, Stephen F. Spear, Kristina Black, Colleen Olfenbuttel, Christopher S. DePerno
River otters (Lontra canadensis) are key predators in North Carolina's aquatic systems, but they are often seen as competitors by anglers and fish hatcheries. River otter diets typically consist of fish and crayfish, but also include occasional herpetofauna, mammals, and birds. While standard diet studies focus on identification of prey through manual examination of stomach contents and feces, metabarcoding DNA analysis has become more popular to determine the presence or frequency of species that are often missed, misidentified, or underestimated. We collected river otter carcasses from licensed trappers and fur dealers across North Carolina from the 2009–10 trapping season through the 2015–16 season. We conducted necropsies and analyzed the stomach contents using standard observational methods and metabarcoding DNA analysis. We manually examined 522 river otter stomachs, of which 377 contained prey items. Decapods (crustaceans) were identified in 41% of stomachs and made up similar percentages within each Furbearer Management Unit (FMU). The order Perciformes composed the majority (62%) of fish prey across all stomach samples. Coastal Plain river otters primarily consumed crustaceans (50%) and fish (40%). Piedmont and Mountain river otters consumed fish (32% and 42%, respectively) most often followed by crustaceans (62% and 50%, respectively). Prey selection was similar between the sexes. Out of 368 samples, metabarcoding DNA examination was able to reliably match 164 prey items to species, 5 classes, 18 orders, 25 families, and 42 genera. Fishes made up 33% of the identifications, particularly Perciformes (13%), Cypriniformes (7%), and Siluriformes (5%). Twelve percent of identifications was made up by Amphibia, split evenly by Anura and Urodela. No birds or reptiles were detected in the Mountain or Piedmont FMUs, and no mammals were detected in the Coastal Plain or Mountain FMU. Overall, river otters in North Carolina consume a large variety of prey that varied regionally. The manual examination provided identifications that were not provided by the DNA examination (i.e., crayfish, brown snakes), while the DNA examination provided a more accurate identification of the broad array of prey items. To understand the composition of annual river otter diets we encourage managers to expand research to evaluate river otter diets year-round and incorporate additional noninvasive methods (e.g., scat surveys) throughout the year.
河獭（Lontra canadensis）是北卡罗来纳州水生系统中的主要捕食者，但垂钓者和鱼苗孵化场通常将它们视为竞争对手。河獭的食物通常包括鱼类和小龙虾，但偶尔也包括爬行动物、哺乳动物和鸟类。标准的食性研究主要是通过人工检查胃内容物和粪便来识别猎物，而元条码 DNA 分析则更受欢迎，它可以确定经常被遗漏、误认或低估的物种的存在或出现频率。从 2009-10 年捕猎季节到 2015-16 年捕猎季节，我们从北卡罗来纳州的持证捕猎者和毛皮经销商处收集了河獭尸体。我们进行了尸体解剖，并使用标准观察方法和代谢条码 DNA 分析方法对胃内容物进行了分析。我们人工检查了 522 只河獭的胃，其中 377 只含有猎物。在41%的胃中发现了十足目动物（甲壳类），并且在每个兽类管理单元（FMU）中所占比例相似。在所有胃样本中，鲈形目鱼类猎物占大多数（62%）。沿海平原河獭主要食用甲壳类（50%）和鱼类（40%）。皮埃蒙特河水獭和山地河水獭最常捕食鱼类（分别为 32% 和 42%），其次是甲壳类（分别为 62% 和 50%）。雌雄水獭对猎物的选择相似。在 368 个样本中，代谢编码 DNA 检验能够可靠地将 164 种猎物与物种、5 个类、18 个目、25 个科和 42 个属相匹配。鱼类占鉴定总数的 33%，尤其是鲈形目（13%）、鲤形目（7%）和丝形目（5%）。两栖类占鉴定总数的 12%，其中有尾目和无尾目各占一半。在山区或皮德蒙特 FMU 没有发现鸟类或爬行动物，在沿海平原或山区 FMU 没有发现哺乳动物。总体而言，北卡罗来纳州的河獭捕食的猎物种类繁多，且因地区而异。人工检查提供了 DNA 检查所不能提供的鉴定结果（如小龙虾、褐蛇），而 DNA 检查则对大量猎物提供了更准确的鉴定。为了了解河獭全年食物的组成，我们鼓励管理者扩大研究范围，对全年的河獭食物进行评估，并在全年采用更多的非侵入性方法（如粪便调查）。
{"title":"Diet of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in North Carolina using 2 methods","authors":"Charles W. Sanders, Stephen F. Spear, Kristina Black, Colleen Olfenbuttel, Christopher S. DePerno","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1502","url":null,"abstract":"River otters (<i>Lontra canadensis</i>) are key predators in North Carolina's aquatic systems, but they are often seen as competitors by anglers and fish hatcheries. River otter diets typically consist of fish and crayfish, but also include occasional herpetofauna, mammals, and birds. While standard diet studies focus on identification of prey through manual examination of stomach contents and feces, metabarcoding DNA analysis has become more popular to determine the presence or frequency of species that are often missed, misidentified, or underestimated. We collected river otter carcasses from licensed trappers and fur dealers across North Carolina from the 2009–10 trapping season through the 2015–16 season. We conducted necropsies and analyzed the stomach contents using standard observational methods and metabarcoding DNA analysis. We manually examined 522 river otter stomachs, of which 377 contained prey items. Decapods (crustaceans) were identified in 41% of stomachs and made up similar percentages within each Furbearer Management Unit (FMU). The order Perciformes composed the majority (62%) of fish prey across all stomach samples. Coastal Plain river otters primarily consumed crustaceans (50%) and fish (40%). Piedmont and Mountain river otters consumed fish (32% and 42%, respectively) most often followed by crustaceans (62% and 50%, respectively). Prey selection was similar between the sexes. Out of 368 samples, metabarcoding DNA examination was able to reliably match 164 prey items to species, 5 classes, 18 orders, 25 families, and 42 genera. Fishes made up 33% of the identifications, particularly Perciformes (13%), Cypriniformes (7%), and Siluriformes (5%). Twelve percent of identifications was made up by Amphibia, split evenly by Anura and Urodela. No birds or reptiles were detected in the Mountain or Piedmont FMUs, and no mammals were detected in the Coastal Plain or Mountain FMU. Overall, river otters in North Carolina consume a large variety of prey that varied regionally. The manual examination provided identifications that were not provided by the DNA examination (i.e., crayfish, brown snakes), while the DNA examination provided a more accurate identification of the broad array of prey items. To understand the composition of annual river otter diets we encourage managers to expand research to evaluate river otter diets year-round and incorporate additional noninvasive methods (e.g., scat surveys) throughout the year.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justin A. Dellinger, Ana F. Basto, T. Winston Vickers, Christopher C. Wilmers, Jeffrey A. Sikich, Seth P. D. Riley, Daniel Gammons, Quinton E. Martins, Heiko U. Wittmer, David K. Garcelon, Maximilian L. Allen, Bogdan Cristescu, Deana L. Clifford
Using a dataset of 591 capture events between 2001–2019 in California, USA, we examined the impact of capture methods and immobilization drugs on mountain lion (Puma concolor) welfare. The 3 methods used to capture mountain lions were cage traps, trained hounds, and cable restraints. The drugs used to immobilize mountain lions were either tiletamine/zolazepam (Telazol®), ketamine/medetomidine, or ketamine/xylazine. Mortality occurred in 1.4% of captures, with only one mortality out of 310 captures occurring since 2012. We used a logistic regression framework to compare morbidity and vital parameters of mountain lions among the different capture methods and immobilization drugs used. Vomiting (a risk factor for developing aspiration pneumonia) was the most common severe risk factor associated with cage trapping and was only seen with the use of ketamine/medetomidine or ketamine/xylazine. Morbidity scores were not well predicted by any of the variables we accounted for. Animals immobilized with Telazol® were more likely to experience abnormal heart and respiratory rates, as well as high body temperatures, than those immobilized with the other two combinations. Although there are risks associated with each of the capture methods and drug combinations commonly used in mountain lion captures in California, our analyses demonstrated they are all relatively safe when following appropriate animal welfare practices. Our analyses suggested that unaccounted for factors are equally or more important in explaining injury and physiological abnormality rates, and we urge that agencies train personnel in best practices and conservative decision-making in order to assure that the welfare of the animal takes precedence over collaring. We suggest training on how to choose between several capture techniques, immobilization drugs and monitoring methods and how to reduce both detrimental effects to mountain lions and danger to humans.
{"title":"Evaluation of the effects of multiple capture methods and immobilization drugs on mountain lion welfare","authors":"Justin A. Dellinger, Ana F. Basto, T. Winston Vickers, Christopher C. Wilmers, Jeffrey A. Sikich, Seth P. D. Riley, Daniel Gammons, Quinton E. Martins, Heiko U. Wittmer, David K. Garcelon, Maximilian L. Allen, Bogdan Cristescu, Deana L. Clifford","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1494","url":null,"abstract":"Using a dataset of 591 capture events between 2001–2019 in California, USA, we examined the impact of capture methods and immobilization drugs on mountain lion (<i>Puma concolor</i>) welfare. The 3 methods used to capture mountain lions were cage traps, trained hounds, and cable restraints. The drugs used to immobilize mountain lions were either tiletamine/zolazepam (Telazol®), ketamine/medetomidine, or ketamine/xylazine. Mortality occurred in 1.4% of captures, with only one mortality out of 310 captures occurring since 2012. We used a logistic regression framework to compare morbidity and vital parameters of mountain lions among the different capture methods and immobilization drugs used. Vomiting (a risk factor for developing aspiration pneumonia) was the most common severe risk factor associated with cage trapping and was only seen with the use of ketamine/medetomidine or ketamine/xylazine. Morbidity scores were not well predicted by any of the variables we accounted for. Animals immobilized with Telazol® were more likely to experience abnormal heart and respiratory rates, as well as high body temperatures, than those immobilized with the other two combinations. Although there are risks associated with each of the capture methods and drug combinations commonly used in mountain lion captures in California, our analyses demonstrated they are all relatively safe when following appropriate animal welfare practices. Our analyses suggested that unaccounted for factors are equally or more important in explaining injury and physiological abnormality rates, and we urge that agencies train personnel in best practices and conservative decision-making in order to assure that the welfare of the animal takes precedence over collaring. We suggest training on how to choose between several capture techniques, immobilization drugs and monitoring methods and how to reduce both detrimental effects to mountain lions and danger to humans.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138717099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyler M. Stewart, Andrew R. Kuhns, Christopher A. Phillips, John A. Crawford, Michael J. Dreslik
Snakes are difficult to study due to their cryptic coloration, minimal movements, and use of inaccessible habitats. Although well-timed surveys during a species' active season can result in higher detection rates and conserve survey resources (i.e., time and money), survey effort may not ensure the detection of rare and cryptic species. Thus, in such instances, a strategic species-specific sampling design is needed. The Kirtland's snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) is a rare, cryptic species assumed to be experiencing range-wide declines. Naturalists have noted the disappearance of Kirtland's snakes from various habitats since the early 1970s. The primary objective of our study was to determine detection of Kirtland's snakes and the environmental and temporal factors influencing detection. We calculated the effort needed to detect individuals at sites by estimating detection probabilities of 3 known Kirtland's snake populations in Illinois from 2019 to 2021. Based on 77 Kirtland's snake detections over 226 site visits (34.1%) across 3 study sites, we found that high cloud cover, moderate air temperature, and low relative humidity enhanced the detection probability of this species. The middle of May to the beginning of July was the best time to conduct surveys when detection rates were highest. As our results suggested, it is imperative to establish strategic monitoring programs maximizing conservation resources to document populations for conservation action and range shifts for species of conservation concern, such as Kirtland's snakes.
{"title":"Estimating the effort required to detect Kirtland's snakes (Clonophis kirtlandii)","authors":"Tyler M. Stewart, Andrew R. Kuhns, Christopher A. Phillips, John A. Crawford, Michael J. Dreslik","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1498","url":null,"abstract":"Snakes are difficult to study due to their cryptic coloration, minimal movements, and use of inaccessible habitats. Although well-timed surveys during a species' active season can result in higher detection rates and conserve survey resources (i.e., time and money), survey effort may not ensure the detection of rare and cryptic species. Thus, in such instances, a strategic species-specific sampling design is needed. The Kirtland's snake (<i>Clonophis kirtlandii</i>) is a rare, cryptic species assumed to be experiencing range-wide declines. Naturalists have noted the disappearance of Kirtland's snakes from various habitats since the early 1970s. The primary objective of our study was to determine detection of Kirtland's snakes and the environmental and temporal factors influencing detection. We calculated the effort needed to detect individuals at sites by estimating detection probabilities of 3 known Kirtland's snake populations in Illinois from 2019 to 2021. Based on 77 Kirtland's snake detections over 226 site visits (34.1%) across 3 study sites, we found that high cloud cover, moderate air temperature, and low relative humidity enhanced the detection probability of this species. The middle of May to the beginning of July was the best time to conduct surveys when detection rates were highest. As our results suggested, it is imperative to establish strategic monitoring programs maximizing conservation resources to document populations for conservation action and range shifts for species of conservation concern, such as Kirtland's snakes.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138575633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael E. Johns, Russell W. Bradley, Pete Warzybok, Michelle M. Hester, Nathan Lynch, Jaime Jahncke
Artificial habitat for cavity nesting birds can provide excellent opportunities for research and conservation efforts but may expose species to the negative impacts of warming ambient temperatures with climate change. Artificial nest boxes have been successfully used to monitor the breeding activity of the Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), a small burrow-nesting seabird, on Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI) since 1971. Mean monthly ambient air temperatures on SEFI during the summer months have increased at an annual rate of roughly 0.03°C from 1971 to 2022, along with an increase in the number of extreme heat days and average maximum temperature, confirming a warming trend at this seabird colony. Given a projected increase in global temperature, we assessed the effectiveness of traditional wooden nest boxes vs. newer ceramic modules at buffering external ambient air temperatures in normal and extreme heat days across a gradient of microclimates on SEFI. Results from fitting linear mixed effects models indicated that, on average, internal temperatures of wooden and ceramic nests (of comparable size and shape) exhibited similar rates of deviation from ambient air temperature of approximately 0.15°C, even during extreme heat events. Ceramic modules did keep nest chambers cooler by approximately 1.2°C than wooden boxes during extreme events at the warmer, drier southern location of the island. Our results can help guide future efforts to design artificial nests that can effectively provide habitat for seabirds as ambient temperatures increase.
{"title":"Effectiveness of novel artificial seabird nest modules for reducing ambient temperature transfer in a warming climate","authors":"Michael E. Johns, Russell W. Bradley, Pete Warzybok, Michelle M. Hester, Nathan Lynch, Jaime Jahncke","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1501","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial habitat for cavity nesting birds can provide excellent opportunities for research and conservation efforts but may expose species to the negative impacts of warming ambient temperatures with climate change. Artificial nest boxes have been successfully used to monitor the breeding activity of the Cassin's auklet (<i>Ptychoramphus aleuticus</i>), a small burrow-nesting seabird, on Southeast Farallon Island (SEFI) since 1971. Mean monthly ambient air temperatures on SEFI during the summer months have increased at an annual rate of roughly 0.03°C from 1971 to 2022, along with an increase in the number of extreme heat days and average maximum temperature, confirming a warming trend at this seabird colony. Given a projected increase in global temperature, we assessed the effectiveness of traditional wooden nest boxes vs. newer ceramic modules at buffering external ambient air temperatures in normal and extreme heat days across a gradient of microclimates on SEFI. Results from fitting linear mixed effects models indicated that, on average, internal temperatures of wooden and ceramic nests (of comparable size and shape) exhibited similar rates of deviation from ambient air temperature of approximately 0.15°C, even during extreme heat events. Ceramic modules did keep nest chambers cooler by approximately 1.2°C than wooden boxes during extreme events at the warmer, drier southern location of the island. Our results can help guide future efforts to design artificial nests that can effectively provide habitat for seabirds as ambient temperatures increase.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138575514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer L. Stenglein, Emily B. Donovan, Christopher D. Pollentier, Taylor R. Peltier, Sean M. Lee, Anne B. McDonnell, Lesa H. Kardash, David M. MacFarland, Scott D. Hull
In-person lek count surveys are commonly used for estimating population size and trends for prairie grouse. However, the emergence of noninvasive camera trap survey methods holds promise for more cost-effective and precise estimates of lekking species. To evaluate the efficacy of using camera traps, we deployed a remote camera study at lekking grounds over 3 years in conjunction with in-person surveys. Our objectives were to 1) develop an effective remote camera survey for greater prairie-chickens (GRPC; Tympanuchus cupido) and sharp-tailed grouse (STGR; T. phasianellus), 2) compare metrics of male detection, maximum male counts, and male abundance estimates derived from in-person versus remote camera surveys, 3) assess lek activity over the survey season to inform survey timing, and 4) evaluate costs for each survey type. We found that in-person surveys resulted in maximum male GRPC and STGR counts. The estimated number of male GRPC and STGR on leks were comparable between in-person surveys and camera monitoring when accounting for detection probability with N-mixture models. Camera traps constantly monitored leks over the season which provided daily and seasonal activity patterns of prairie grouse. Total cost of GRPC remote camera surveys was higher than in-person surveys, but hourly cost was less ($0.77 vs. $160 per hour). Remote camera survey costs for GRPC were high because of time classifying photos which could be reduced by decreasing the amount of time remote cameras were operated or using automated classification software to remove blank photos. We believe the use of remote cameras could supplement in-person surveys for future lek monitoring and aid future survey efforts by identifying yearly differences in activity and presence at leks inconsistently visited by birds.
{"title":"Comparison of in-person and remote camera lek surveys for prairie grouse (Tympanuchus spp.)","authors":"Jennifer L. Stenglein, Emily B. Donovan, Christopher D. Pollentier, Taylor R. Peltier, Sean M. Lee, Anne B. McDonnell, Lesa H. Kardash, David M. MacFarland, Scott D. Hull","doi":"10.1002/wsb.1499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1499","url":null,"abstract":"In-person lek count surveys are commonly used for estimating population size and trends for prairie grouse. However, the emergence of noninvasive camera trap survey methods holds promise for more cost-effective and precise estimates of lekking species. To evaluate the efficacy of using camera traps, we deployed a remote camera study at lekking grounds over 3 years in conjunction with in-person surveys. Our objectives were to 1) develop an effective remote camera survey for greater prairie-chickens (GRPC; <i>Tympanuchus cupido</i>) and sharp-tailed grouse (STGR; <i>T. phasianellus</i>), 2) compare metrics of male detection, maximum male counts, and male abundance estimates derived from in-person versus remote camera surveys, 3) assess lek activity over the survey season to inform survey timing, and 4) evaluate costs for each survey type. We found that in-person surveys resulted in maximum male GRPC and STGR counts. The estimated number of male GRPC and STGR on leks were comparable between in-person surveys and camera monitoring when accounting for detection probability with N-mixture models. Camera traps constantly monitored leks over the season which provided daily and seasonal activity patterns of prairie grouse. Total cost of GRPC remote camera surveys was higher than in-person surveys, but hourly cost was less ($0.77 vs. $160 per hour). Remote camera survey costs for GRPC were high because of time classifying photos which could be reduced by decreasing the amount of time remote cameras were operated or using automated classification software to remove blank photos. We believe the use of remote cameras could supplement in-person surveys for future lek monitoring and aid future survey efforts by identifying yearly differences in activity and presence at leks inconsistently visited by birds.","PeriodicalId":23845,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138538100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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