Introduction: Organ-on-a-chip models are becoming popular due to its success in modeling human tissues and organs, to mimic human physiology and understand how diseases or drugs affect organs. Traditional 2-dimensional in vitro models are limited in recreating complicated bone structure and examining cell-cell interactions. Alternatively, bone-on-a-chip models establish biomimetic conditions to accurately recapitulate the complexity of the bone. However, bone-on-a-chip models as 3D culture systems do not accurately replicate the bone microenvironment. Rather, microfluidic devices allow for fluid control on a microscale or nanoscale level and the incorporation of fluid shear stress normally experienced by bone cells. The goal of this review paper is to summarize advancements to bone-on-a-chip models. Methods: Relevant articles were selected through a computerized search using GEOBASE and PubMED. Search terms included ‘microfluidic devices AND bones’, ‘organ-on-a-chip models’, ‘bone-on-a-chip models’, ‘PDMS AND bone regeneration’, ‘PolyHIPE AND bone regeneration’ and ‘bone scaffolds’. Results: Microfluidic chips are fabricated using soft lithography and poly-di-methyl siloxane (PDMS) which is a biocompatible, synthetic polymer that is used as a cell culture substrate but is too stiff to facilitate bone regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA), lined with PDMS, is commonly used, but the substrate degrades at a much slower rate. Moreover, β-tricalcium-phosphate (β-TCP) as a bone scaffold is both porous and degrades faster hence existing studies have used it to generate a dense extracellular matrix. Discussion: The studies examined in this paper highlight contributions made to scaffolds and microfluidics using bone-on-a-chip models. Notably, scaffolds must be osteoconductive to allow bone cells to adhere, proliferate and form an extracellular matrix on its surface and pore. While PDMS is both osteoconductive and biocompatible, its rigidity poses a concern. Both β-TCP and HA have capabilities for cell-mediated resorption and are more favourable substrates. Additionally, by incorporating microfluidics with bone-on-a-chip models, cells experience greater fluid shear stress similar to that of loading within the bone. Conclusion: In sum, advancements to bone-on-a-chip platforms are ongoing and the many published studies discussed in this paper aim to optimize both the design and materials used to create long lasting impacts on the rapidly growing field of cell and tissue engineering.
{"title":"Exploring Bone Cell Research Using Bone-on-a-Chip Models and Microfluidics: A Literature Review","authors":"Z. Zaman","doi":"10.26685/urncst.477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.477","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Organ-on-a-chip models are becoming popular due to its success in modeling human tissues and organs, to mimic human physiology and understand how diseases or drugs affect organs. Traditional 2-dimensional in vitro models are limited in recreating complicated bone structure and examining cell-cell interactions. Alternatively, bone-on-a-chip models establish biomimetic conditions to accurately recapitulate the complexity of the bone. However, bone-on-a-chip models as 3D culture systems do not accurately replicate the bone microenvironment. Rather, microfluidic devices allow for fluid control on a microscale or nanoscale level and the incorporation of fluid shear stress normally experienced by bone cells. The goal of this review paper is to summarize advancements to bone-on-a-chip models. Methods: Relevant articles were selected through a computerized search using GEOBASE and PubMED. Search terms included ‘microfluidic devices AND bones’, ‘organ-on-a-chip models’, ‘bone-on-a-chip models’, ‘PDMS AND bone regeneration’, ‘PolyHIPE AND bone regeneration’ and ‘bone scaffolds’. Results: Microfluidic chips are fabricated using soft lithography and poly-di-methyl siloxane (PDMS) which is a biocompatible, synthetic polymer that is used as a cell culture substrate but is too stiff to facilitate bone regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA), lined with PDMS, is commonly used, but the substrate degrades at a much slower rate. Moreover, β-tricalcium-phosphate (β-TCP) as a bone scaffold is both porous and degrades faster hence existing studies have used it to generate a dense extracellular matrix. Discussion: The studies examined in this paper highlight contributions made to scaffolds and microfluidics using bone-on-a-chip models. Notably, scaffolds must be osteoconductive to allow bone cells to adhere, proliferate and form an extracellular matrix on its surface and pore. While PDMS is both osteoconductive and biocompatible, its rigidity poses a concern. Both β-TCP and HA have capabilities for cell-mediated resorption and are more favourable substrates. Additionally, by incorporating microfluidics with bone-on-a-chip models, cells experience greater fluid shear stress similar to that of loading within the bone. Conclusion: In sum, advancements to bone-on-a-chip platforms are ongoing and the many published studies discussed in this paper aim to optimize both the design and materials used to create long lasting impacts on the rapidly growing field of cell and tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123570244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keiran Pace, Sumin Lee, Catherine Jiang, D. Jeyaraj, Olivia Grant
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{"title":"Assessing the Effects of Standardized School-Based Educational Cessation Programs for Adolescent Smokers: A Research Protocol","authors":"Keiran Pace, Sumin Lee, Catherine Jiang, D. Jeyaraj, Olivia Grant","doi":"10.26685/urncst.458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.458","url":null,"abstract":".","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128401176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dejan Bojic, Bianka Bezuidenhout, Chloe Choy Yeing Ho, Victoria Fabrizi
{"title":"2022-2023 IgNITE Medical Case Competition: CardioRespiratory Medicine","authors":"Dejan Bojic, Bianka Bezuidenhout, Chloe Choy Yeing Ho, Victoria Fabrizi","doi":"10.26685/urncst.496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.496","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123354194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The “Advocacy in Outreach” case competition hosted by BHSc Outreach at McMaster University encouraged students identify a salient healthcare issue in the Hamilton community and then develop an evidence-backed initiative to address it. McMaster students were challenged to assume the role of health advocates by practicing their community-oriented thinking and ability to creatively problem-solve for the benefit of others. Fostering this thinking among our future health leaders is important since Canadians face a diverse range of healthcare issues from gaps in accessibility to staffing shortages to growing health inequity. To embark on the path toward solutions, participants created abstracts that outlined their plans for raising awareness of a pertinent health issue or a community-level program that supports vulnerable populations. The following abstracts are well-considered proposals that aim to proactively address challenges and improve health outcomes in Hamilton. Through this competition, BHSc Outreach hopes to inspire students to take further steps to contribute to their community in the future.
{"title":"Advocacy in Outreach: A BHSc Outreach Case Competition 2023","authors":"Aashna Agarwal, Neil Lin, Anwar Abdi","doi":"10.26685/urncst.491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.491","url":null,"abstract":"The “Advocacy in Outreach” case competition hosted by BHSc Outreach at McMaster University encouraged students identify a salient healthcare issue in the Hamilton community and then develop an evidence-backed initiative to address it. McMaster students were challenged to assume the role of health advocates by practicing their community-oriented thinking and ability to creatively problem-solve for the benefit of others. Fostering this thinking among our future health leaders is important since Canadians face a diverse range of healthcare issues from gaps in accessibility to staffing shortages to growing health inequity. To embark on the path toward solutions, participants created abstracts that outlined their plans for raising awareness of a pertinent health issue or a community-level program that supports vulnerable populations. The following abstracts are well-considered proposals that aim to proactively address challenges and improve health outcomes in Hamilton. Through this competition, BHSc Outreach hopes to inspire students to take further steps to contribute to their community in the future.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115659402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The SSGSA STEM Sustainability Case Competition is an annual research case competition hosted by undergraduate students from the STEM Students Guelph Support Association (SSGSA). The mission of this competition is to provide University of Guelph undergraduate students with an opportunity to develop their own research proposal while gaining valuable experience in innovative thinking and critical research analysis. Each year students, in teams of up to three are paired with an experienced mentor to develop and present a novel research proposal aligning with the competition’s theme. During the competition, students are taught fundamental principles outlining three lab techniques which they could write about in their proposal. The theme of the competition this year was Genetic Engineering, and competitors learned about CRISPR-Cas9, CAR T-cell therapy, and PCR. In the 2022-2023 SSGSA STEM Sustainability Case Competition over 100 participants submitted abstracts for judgment, and we present the Top 20 winning submissions to be read by you in our competition abstract booklet. We hope you enjoy reading this year’s best abstract submissions and encourage you to participate in the growing SSGSA community as we strive to encourage interest in novel scientific research fields surrounding STEM.
{"title":"2022-2023 SSGSA STEM Sustainability Case Competition: Genetic Engineering","authors":"Michael Hamilton, Meryam Tawfik, Massimo Maiuri, Amelia Rilling, Grace Basso, Sukhjot Pooni, Mackenzie Paton-Stevens","doi":"10.26685/urncst.492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.492","url":null,"abstract":"The SSGSA STEM Sustainability Case Competition is an annual research case competition hosted by undergraduate students from the STEM Students Guelph Support Association (SSGSA). The mission of this competition is to provide University of Guelph undergraduate students with an opportunity to develop their own research proposal while gaining valuable experience in innovative thinking and critical research analysis. Each year students, in teams of up to three are paired with an experienced mentor to develop and present a novel research proposal aligning with the competition’s theme. During the competition, students are taught fundamental principles outlining three lab techniques which they could write about in their proposal. The theme of the competition this year was Genetic Engineering, and competitors learned about CRISPR-Cas9, CAR T-cell therapy, and PCR. In the 2022-2023 SSGSA STEM Sustainability Case Competition over 100 participants submitted abstracts for judgment, and we present the Top 20 winning submissions to be read by you in our competition abstract booklet. We hope you enjoy reading this year’s best abstract submissions and encourage you to participate in the growing SSGSA community as we strive to encourage interest in novel scientific research fields surrounding STEM.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128445258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The University of Toronto Scarborough Psychology and Neuroscience Departmental Students' Association (PNDA) 2023 Academic Research Panel","authors":"Mahnoor Khan, Fatima Formuli","doi":"10.26685/urncst.486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.486","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122004325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The theme for the 2023 Energy Nexus Case Competition was “The Future of Fuel”. In 2022, gasoline prices reached record highs in Ontario. Canadians use fuel for transportation, electricity, heating, and cooking, among other things. Given the volatility of fuel and our great dependency on it, what are some steps we can take to aide our dependency on fuel? The following abstracts were selected as the top three finalists amongst the delegates chosen for the Energy Nexus Case Competition taking place during the 6th annual McMaster Energy Week. McMaster Energy Week is Canada's first student-led energy week that aims to take the complex and multi-faceted issue of climate change and present solutions towards building Canada's sustainable future. We are bringing together academia, industry, government, communities, and students to further the dialogue on Canadian environment and energy. For more information on this visit https://www.mcmasterenergyweek.com/ or email chair@mcmasterenergyweek.com.
{"title":"2023 McMaster Energy Week Nexus Case Competition: The Future of Fuel","authors":"Puisand Lai, Mieke Lek, Kavishalini Gurunathan, Tyler Carmona","doi":"10.26685/urncst.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.487","url":null,"abstract":"The theme for the 2023 Energy Nexus Case Competition was “The Future of Fuel”. In 2022, gasoline prices reached record highs in Ontario. Canadians use fuel for transportation, electricity, heating, and cooking, among other things. Given the volatility of fuel and our great dependency on it, what are some steps we can take to aide our dependency on fuel? The following abstracts were selected as the top three finalists amongst the delegates chosen for the Energy Nexus Case Competition taking place during the 6th annual McMaster Energy Week. McMaster Energy Week is Canada's first student-led energy week that aims to take the complex and multi-faceted issue of climate change and present solutions towards building Canada's sustainable future. We are bringing together academia, industry, government, communities, and students to further the dialogue on Canadian environment and energy. For more information on this visit https://www.mcmasterenergyweek.com/ or email chair@mcmasterenergyweek.com.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126675844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by the formation of pus-discharging abscesses under the skin in axillary, inguinal, gluteal, and perianal body sites. Modifiable risk factors such as obesity and smoking have been associated with exacerbation of HS severity. Despite this, research on the clinical application of lifestyle medicine for the improvement of HS symptoms remains scarce. The goal of this review was to evaluate benefits of lifestyle medicine in improving HS symptoms. Methods: A total of 8 articles that examined the associations of smoking cessation, diet modification and weight-loss with HS improvement were investigated. These publications came from cohort studies and intervention trials and were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Results: HS patients following a brewer’s yeast free diet reported significant decrease in HS abscesses and a severe immune reaction to the substance. The Paleolithic and Anti-Inflammatory diet alongside the reduction of foods high in carbohydrates, sugars, and dairy were also associated with improved HS symptoms. Zinc gluconate supplementation demonstrated improved inflammatory nodules and decreased boil count in patients. No correlation between HS and weight-loss or smoking cessation were observed. Discussion: Based on the results, eating patterns resembling the Paleolithic and Anti-Inflammatory diets may lower levels of systemic inflammation in HS patients by reducing the production of TNF- α cytokines present in HS lesions. Increased levels of antioxidants paired with fewer levels of pro-oxidant properties present in both diets are suggested to help improve the course of the disease in some patients. Conclusion: Further intervention trials and cohort studies must be conducted investigating the effects of smoking cessation, weight-loss and diet in HS severity to determine the integration of lifestyle medicine pillars in clinical practice. No correlations between smoking cessation and weight-loss with HS were established due to limited clinical evidence. Intervention trials beyond exclusionary diets need to be conducted to elucidate the role of nutrition in HS exacerbation and alleviation.
{"title":"Applications of Lifestyle Medicine in the Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Literature Review","authors":"Sourianne Okwo Ebwil","doi":"10.26685/urncst.455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.455","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by the formation of pus-discharging abscesses under the skin in axillary, inguinal, gluteal, and perianal body sites. Modifiable risk factors such as obesity and smoking have been associated with exacerbation of HS severity. Despite this, research on the clinical application of lifestyle medicine for the improvement of HS symptoms remains scarce. The goal of this review was to evaluate benefits of lifestyle medicine in improving HS symptoms. Methods: A total of 8 articles that examined the associations of smoking cessation, diet modification and weight-loss with HS improvement were investigated. These publications came from cohort studies and intervention trials and were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Results: HS patients following a brewer’s yeast free diet reported significant decrease in HS abscesses and a severe immune reaction to the substance. The Paleolithic and Anti-Inflammatory diet alongside the reduction of foods high in carbohydrates, sugars, and dairy were also associated with improved HS symptoms. Zinc gluconate supplementation demonstrated improved inflammatory nodules and decreased boil count in patients. No correlation between HS and weight-loss or smoking cessation were observed. Discussion: Based on the results, eating patterns resembling the Paleolithic and Anti-Inflammatory diets may lower levels of systemic inflammation in HS patients by reducing the production of TNF- α cytokines present in HS lesions. Increased levels of antioxidants paired with fewer levels of pro-oxidant properties present in both diets are suggested to help improve the course of the disease in some patients. Conclusion: Further intervention trials and cohort studies must be conducted investigating the effects of smoking cessation, weight-loss and diet in HS severity to determine the integration of lifestyle medicine pillars in clinical practice. No correlations between smoking cessation and weight-loss with HS were established due to limited clinical evidence. Intervention trials beyond exclusionary diets need to be conducted to elucidate the role of nutrition in HS exacerbation and alleviation.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117288623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a real-time data capture longitudinal methodology which is conducted through smartphones or wearable sensors. This methodology uses prompts to gather information on the current state, behavior and experience of a person in their natural environment. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of using EMA as a methodology in measuring behavioural contexts around physical activity. Utility: EMA is advantageous in reducing recall errors, enhancing the validity of self-reports by actively recording a participant’s dynamic interaction with their environment, while accounting for intra- and inter-personal variation. EMA can provide researchers with more accurate information that is generalizable to real-life routines, and provides insight on processes that can undermine behavior change. Additionally, EMA is convenient due to the omnipresent accessibility of smartphones or related technologies, which are easy to use and can quickly collect data from large populations remotely. The use of EMA can answer researchers’ questions regarding participant current context, affective states, and psychological processes. This can ultimately help create innovative and feasible solutions which can be implemented into participant’s natural environments and daily lives to benefit their physical, mental and emotional well-being. Challenges: EMA requires smart technology equipment which can be expensive to supply, repair, or replace. Real-time prompts pose the challenge of subjects’ full compliance to prompts, struggling to respond in the case of competing activities, not carrying the device or device malfunctions such as battery drainage or software problems. Moreover, EMA raises concerns in its practicality with low-socioeconomic populations that cannot afford such technology, elderly populations who cannot operate these devices, or clinical populations whose psychopathology may interfere with their responses. Limitations: The use of EMA is associated with biases concerning ecological validity. For example, consistent prompts on a certain activity may cause an individual to think about the activity more or alter their behavior. In the absence of researchers, it is difficult to verify data reported by participants. It is possible to mitigate such biases by seeking confirmation through reliable sources who are in contact with the participants, to approve a subset of the data.
{"title":"Ecological Momentary Assessment in Research Methodology: A Literature Review","authors":"Raika Bourmand","doi":"10.26685/urncst.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.401","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a real-time data capture longitudinal methodology which is conducted through smartphones or wearable sensors. This methodology uses prompts to gather information on the current state, behavior and experience of a person in their natural environment. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of using EMA as a methodology in measuring behavioural contexts around physical activity. Utility: EMA is advantageous in reducing recall errors, enhancing the validity of self-reports by actively recording a participant’s dynamic interaction with their environment, while accounting for intra- and inter-personal variation. EMA can provide researchers with more accurate information that is generalizable to real-life routines, and provides insight on processes that can undermine behavior change. Additionally, EMA is convenient due to the omnipresent accessibility of smartphones or related technologies, which are easy to use and can quickly collect data from large populations remotely. The use of EMA can answer researchers’ questions regarding participant current context, affective states, and psychological processes. This can ultimately help create innovative and feasible solutions which can be implemented into participant’s natural environments and daily lives to benefit their physical, mental and emotional well-being. Challenges: EMA requires smart technology equipment which can be expensive to supply, repair, or replace. Real-time prompts pose the challenge of subjects’ full compliance to prompts, struggling to respond in the case of competing activities, not carrying the device or device malfunctions such as battery drainage or software problems. Moreover, EMA raises concerns in its practicality with low-socioeconomic populations that cannot afford such technology, elderly populations who cannot operate these devices, or clinical populations whose psychopathology may interfere with their responses. Limitations: The use of EMA is associated with biases concerning ecological validity. For example, consistent prompts on a certain activity may cause an individual to think about the activity more or alter their behavior. In the absence of researchers, it is difficult to verify data reported by participants. It is possible to mitigate such biases by seeking confirmation through reliable sources who are in contact with the participants, to approve a subset of the data.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126410123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome. Individuals with prior COVID-19 infection have had neurological complaints of impaired attention, fatigue, and “brain fog”. This review seeks to summarize the associations between COVID-19 infection and the development of the neurocognitive elements of post-acute COVID syndrome (PACS) which is relevant to healthcare workers for the efficient treatment and management of the long-term effects of COVID. Methods: Literature that examines the neurocognitive complaints caused by COVID-19 infection, including brain fog, attention deficits, psychiatric impairment, and fatigue were selected. Google Scholar and PubMed were the primary databases used to obtain relevant literature. After preliminary searching, 21 articles were analyzed as part of this review. Results: The following symptoms of PACS were persistently reported by a large majority (approximately ⅓ to ½) of patients: breathlessness, cough, fatigue, and brain fog. PACS neurological symptoms were more prevalent in females than in males. Reported psychiatric symptoms from prior COVID-19 infection were ADHD, depression, and insomnia. Discussion: The causes of these neurocognitive symptoms were attributed to neuroinflammation of the choroid plexus, intracerebral hemorrhagic lesions, and hypoactivity in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. These possible pathways were confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Conclusion: This paper will add to the evidence regarding the association between COVID-19 and the development of neurocognitive PACS. It is hoped that future research will build on a clearer understanding of the etiology of neurocognitive issues associated with viral infection.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Its Long-Term Neurological and Cognitive Implications: A Literature Review","authors":"Adefolasike N. Orimalade, Zahraa Yassine-Hojeij","doi":"10.26685/urncst.457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26685/urncst.457","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome. Individuals with prior COVID-19 infection have had neurological complaints of impaired attention, fatigue, and “brain fog”. This review seeks to summarize the associations between COVID-19 infection and the development of the neurocognitive elements of post-acute COVID syndrome (PACS) which is relevant to healthcare workers for the efficient treatment and management of the long-term effects of COVID. Methods: Literature that examines the neurocognitive complaints caused by COVID-19 infection, including brain fog, attention deficits, psychiatric impairment, and fatigue were selected. Google Scholar and PubMed were the primary databases used to obtain relevant literature. After preliminary searching, 21 articles were analyzed as part of this review. Results: The following symptoms of PACS were persistently reported by a large majority (approximately ⅓ to ½) of patients: breathlessness, cough, fatigue, and brain fog. PACS neurological symptoms were more prevalent in females than in males. Reported psychiatric symptoms from prior COVID-19 infection were ADHD, depression, and insomnia. Discussion: The causes of these neurocognitive symptoms were attributed to neuroinflammation of the choroid plexus, intracerebral hemorrhagic lesions, and hypoactivity in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. These possible pathways were confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Conclusion: This paper will add to the evidence regarding the association between COVID-19 and the development of neurocognitive PACS. It is hoped that future research will build on a clearer understanding of the etiology of neurocognitive issues associated with viral infection.","PeriodicalId":245521,"journal":{"name":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","volume":"457 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116356550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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