This chapter details how the younger generations and lower-income households are most affected by the housing and homelessness crisis. It shows how huge aspects of their lives have become precarious and insecure, as a result of insecure, low-paid and often part-time jobs, and insecure and unaffordable housing. Generation Rent is the new housing precariat, living with precarious housing, precarious work contracts and an inability to access mortgage credit, alongside unaffordable house prices and rent. It details the structural shift in Ireland’s housing system: decline in home-ownership rates and rise in private rental sector. Generation Rent now extends to the middle-aged and older generations as shown in the increase in the number of people renting in their 40s and 50s. It looks at increasing housing cost overburden rates where young people on low incomes are most severely affected by the issue of housing affordability than young people on higher incomes. Generation Rent also includes Generation Stuck at Home - those forced to live at home with theirparents as they cannot afford to move out into the rental sector, orbecause they have been evicted, unable to meet mortgages, cannot access social housing, or are trying to savefor a deposit.
{"title":"Generation Rent","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how the younger generations and lower-income households are most affected by the housing and homelessness crisis. It shows how huge aspects of their lives have become precarious and insecure, as a result of insecure, low-paid and often part-time jobs, and insecure and unaffordable housing. Generation Rent is the new housing precariat, living with precarious housing, precarious work contracts and an inability to access mortgage credit, alongside unaffordable house prices and rent. It details the structural shift in Ireland’s housing system: decline in home-ownership rates and rise in private rental sector. Generation Rent now extends to the middle-aged and older generations as shown in the increase in the number of people renting in their 40s and 50s. It looks at increasing housing cost overburden rates where young people on low incomes are most severely affected by the issue of housing affordability than young people on higher incomes. Generation Rent also includes Generation Stuck at Home - those forced to live at home with theirparents as they cannot afford to move out into the rental sector, orbecause they have been evicted, unable to meet mortgages, cannot access social housing, or are trying to savefor a deposit.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131791820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter outlines the centrality of housing as a home for human dignity and wellbeing, using a social justice, human rights and psychological approach to housing. It details the impact of homelessness and housing insecurity on child and family wellbeing. It explains how and why housing is a human right in international law, including the UN definition of adequate housing, and the right to housing in European law and European countries. It details the new housing movement, The Shift and housing strategies based on human rights, key principles of a human rights-based housing strategy. It then outlines the status of right to housing in Ireland, its absence in law, and recent debates around its inclusion in the Constitution. It details the case for why the Right to Housing should be included in Irish law and the Constitution.
{"title":"The right to an affordable, secure and decent home for all","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the centrality of housing as a home for human dignity and wellbeing, using a social justice, human rights and psychological approach to housing. It details the impact of homelessness and housing insecurity on child and family wellbeing. It explains how and why housing is a human right in international law, including the UN definition of adequate housing, and the right to housing in European law and European countries. It details the new housing movement, The Shift and housing strategies based on human rights, key principles of a human rights-based housing strategy. It then outlines the status of right to housing in Ireland, its absence in law, and recent debates around its inclusion in the Constitution. It details the case for why the Right to Housing should be included in Irish law and the Constitution.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122954670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.46692/9781447353928.012
R. Hearne
Housing has always been a deeply political issue given its centrality to people’s lives. However, how it is politicised and treated, and its prominence in political and public debate, has changed over time. Housing is now becoming a political battleground of the 21st century between big finance, government and citizens seeking affordable housing. This chapter details the new housing protests and movements in Ireland challenging evictions and rising homelessness, and the scandal of derelict properties and high rents, and are campaigning for the use of vacant public land for affordable homes for all and the inclusion of the right to housing in the Constitution and law. A housing movement has been increasingly active in Ireland since 2014, responding to growing homelessness, and rental and mortgage arrears crises. Activity initially involved a number of small grassroots groups working incrementally to develop strategies and tactics around how to tackle the housing crisis in Ireland. A larger housing social movement erupted sporadically in 2016 over plans to demolish and redevelop Apollo House, a former government office block, and then in a more sustained manner in 2018 with the Take Back the City and Raise the Roof campaigns.
由于住房在人们生活中的中心地位，它一直是一个深刻的政治问题。然而，随着时间的推移，它被政治化和对待的方式，以及它在政治和公共辩论中的突出地位，都发生了变化。住房正成为21世纪金融巨头、政府和寻求经济适用房的民众之间的政治战场。本章详细介绍了爱尔兰新的住房抗议和运动，挑战驱逐和无家可归者的增加，以及废弃财产和高租金的丑闻，并正在争取将空置的公共土地用于所有人负担得起的住房，并将住房权纳入宪法和法律。自2014年以来，爱尔兰的住房运动日益活跃，以应对日益增长的无家可归者，以及租金和抵押贷款拖欠危机。最初的活动涉及一些小型基层团体，他们逐渐围绕如何解决爱尔兰住房危机制定战略和策略。2016年，一场规模更大的住房社会运动零星爆发，起因是计划拆除和重建阿波罗之家(Apollo House)，这是一座前政府办公大楼，然后在2018年以更持续的方式爆发了“夺回城市”(Take Back the City)和“抬高屋顶”(Raise the Roof)运动。
{"title":"The people push back: protests for affordable homes for all","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.46692/9781447353928.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447353928.012","url":null,"abstract":"Housing has always been a deeply political issue given its centrality to people’s lives. However, how it is politicised and treated, and its prominence in political and public debate, has changed over time. Housing is now becoming a political battleground of the 21st century between big finance, government and citizens seeking affordable housing. This chapter details the new housing protests and movements in Ireland challenging evictions and rising homelessness, and the scandal of derelict properties and high rents, and are campaigning for the use of vacant public land for affordable homes for all and the inclusion of the right to housing in the Constitution and law. A housing movement has been increasingly active in Ireland since 2014, responding to growing homelessness, and rental and mortgage arrears crises. Activity initially involved a number of small grassroots groups working incrementally to develop strategies and tactics around how to tackle the housing crisis in Ireland. A larger housing social movement erupted sporadically in 2016 over plans to demolish and redevelop Apollo House, a former government office block, and then in a more sustained manner in 2018 with the Take Back the City and Raise the Roof campaigns.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129351146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter details the dramatic increase in investor flows into real estate in Ireland and how global investors view the ‘build-to-rent’ sector as a key area for investment. It shows that the non-household sector significantly increased its role in buying residential property in Ireland from 2013 onwards. It sets out how global equity, institutional investors and real estate funds are moving into student accommodation making it less affordable. It looks at how new planning laws promote micro-apartments and how such build-to-rent co-living spaces fail to provide an acceptable living environment. It explores the downsides of global investment and hyperfinancialisation and is adding significantly to demand, thus inflating property prices and rents and how corporate landlords are becoming a real force and have the power to set new (higher) market rents in certain areas embedding a embeds a permanent unaffordability into the housing market. It shows how Ireland is facilitating the global financialisation of housing through its tax and regulatory regime for REITs, global real estate investors and vultures which is of international significance as it is both facilitates, and increases the profitability in, equity investment in residential property.It finishes by detailing the new forms of inequality resulting from financialisation of housing - the winners and losers in the Irish housing system.
{"title":"Inequality and financialisation","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details the dramatic increase in investor flows into real estate in Ireland and how global investors view the ‘build-to-rent’ sector as a key area for investment. It shows that the non-household sector significantly increased its role in buying residential property in Ireland from 2013 onwards. It sets out how global equity, institutional investors and real estate funds are moving into student accommodation making it less affordable. It looks at how new planning laws promote micro-apartments and how such build-to-rent co-living spaces fail to provide an acceptable living environment. It explores the downsides of global investment and hyperfinancialisation and is adding significantly to demand, thus inflating property prices and rents and how corporate landlords are becoming a real force and have the power to set new (higher) market rents in certain areas embedding a embeds a permanent unaffordability into the housing market. It shows how Ireland is facilitating the global financialisation of housing through its tax and regulatory regime for REITs, global real estate investors and vultures which is of international significance as it is both facilitates, and increases the profitability in, equity investment in residential property.It finishes by detailing the new forms of inequality resulting from financialisation of housing - the winners and losers in the Irish housing system.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128689954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.46692/9781447353928.005
R. Hearne
This chapter shows the devastating human impacts of Homelessness. It details the trauma it causes children and describes it as a form of ‘structural violence’. It details the changing nature of homelessness and emergence of new family homelessness, as well as highlighting the wider lack of social housing and the centrality of social housing in providing a home for those on low incomes and in vulnerable situations. It details the structural causes of homelessness and challenges the ‘within person’ explanations of homelessness. It also shows the increase in homelessness in recent years has also seen a corresponding increase in expenditure on the provision of homelessness services rather than prevention. It looks at discrimination in housing – and state responses through the housing assistance ground in the new Equality Legislation and its impact. It details how the new form of homeless accommodation for families, Family Hubs are institutionalising women and children.
{"title":"Homelessness: the most extreme inequality","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.46692/9781447353928.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447353928.005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows the devastating human impacts of Homelessness. It details the trauma it causes children and describes it as a form of ‘structural violence’. It details the changing nature of homelessness and emergence of new family homelessness, as well as highlighting the wider lack of social housing and the centrality of social housing in providing a home for those on low incomes and in vulnerable situations. It details the structural causes of homelessness and challenges the ‘within person’ explanations of homelessness. It also shows the increase in homelessness in recent years has also seen a corresponding increase in expenditure on the provision of homelessness services rather than prevention. It looks at discrimination in housing – and state responses through the housing assistance ground in the new Equality Legislation and its impact. It details how the new form of homeless accommodation for families, Family Hubs are institutionalising women and children.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116268978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.46692/9781447353928.007
R. Hearne
This chapter explores the author’s housing journey, from living in private rental housing, to working with disadvantaged communities on housing and human rights, campaigning on homelessness and the right to housing, to being a publically engaged academic researching and engaging in the national policy debate on housing. It details the everyday impact of austerity on disadvantaged social housing communities and their response through a successful ‘Rights-in-action’ human right to housing campaign. It also details participatory action research with homeless families, the Participatory Action Human Rights and Capability Approach. In then discusses the role of academics, policy makers and researchers in social change, empowerment and participation in relation to social justice and housing issues. It interrogates the concept of knowledge production – who’s interest does it serve? Drawing on Freire and Gramsci the Chapter outlines five areas, for the academic researcher (and this can be applied to policy analysts and researchers, NGOs, human rights organisations, trade unions and community activists) to contribute to achieving an egalitarian, socially and environmentally just, and rights-based housing system.
{"title":"Working for social justice: community, activism and academia","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.46692/9781447353928.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447353928.007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the author’s housing journey, from living in private rental housing, to working with disadvantaged communities on housing and human rights, campaigning on homelessness and the right to housing, to being a publically engaged academic researching and engaging in the national policy debate on housing. It details the everyday impact of austerity on disadvantaged social housing communities and their response through a successful ‘Rights-in-action’ human right to housing campaign. It also details participatory action research with homeless families, the Participatory Action Human Rights and Capability Approach. In then discusses the role of academics, policy makers and researchers in social change, empowerment and participation in relation to social justice and housing issues. It interrogates the concept of knowledge production – who’s interest does it serve? Drawing on Freire and Gramsci the Chapter outlines five areas, for the academic researcher (and this can be applied to policy analysts and researchers, NGOs, human rights organisations, trade unions and community activists) to contribute to achieving an egalitarian, socially and environmentally just, and rights-based housing system.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116458956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter outlines the ‘lost decade’ of social housing provision in Ireland: the austerity and marketisation policies that resulted in the collapse of social housing building from 2009 to 2019. It shows how austerity measures involved an intensification of the ongoing neoliberal shift from the direct building of social housing by local authorities to the marketisation of social housing provision through the private sector. The forms of marketisation are detailed including the increased use of the private rental sector for social housing (via subsidies and leasing), but also the purchasing of units from the private market. It details how from 2010 onwards, the provision of social housing via subsidies to the private rental sector almost entirely replaced direct building of social housing. This includes the Governments housing plan, Rebuilding Ireland which embedded marketisation and austerity, by using the housing benefit - the Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) as the main form of housing provision. It details how HAP and other private market forms of social housing provision worsens the housing supply crisis, is poor value for money, results in tenant insecurity and discrimination, and facilitates the financialisation of housing. And how this is one of the main reasons the Irish housing system suffered such a major shock with the emergence of a new homelessness crisis in 2013.
{"title":"The Lost Decade of Social and Affordable Housing: Austerity and Marketisation","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the ‘lost decade’ of social housing provision in Ireland: the austerity and marketisation policies that resulted in the collapse of social housing building from 2009 to 2019. It shows how austerity measures involved an intensification of the ongoing neoliberal shift from the direct building of social housing by local authorities to the marketisation of social housing provision through the private sector. The forms of marketisation are detailed including the increased use of the private rental sector for social housing (via subsidies and leasing), but also the purchasing of units from the private market. It details how from 2010 onwards, the provision of social housing via subsidies to the private rental sector almost entirely replaced direct building of social housing. This includes the Governments housing plan, Rebuilding Ireland which embedded marketisation and austerity, by using the housing benefit - the Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) as the main form of housing provision. It details how HAP and other private market forms of social housing provision worsens the housing supply crisis, is poor value for money, results in tenant insecurity and discrimination, and facilitates the financialisation of housing. And how this is one of the main reasons the Irish housing system suffered such a major shock with the emergence of a new homelessness crisis in 2013.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129284423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Irish government has argued that Irish homelessness levels are normal in comparison with other countries. This chapter compares homelessness in Ireland with other countries. It challenges the normalisation of homelessness and the housing crisis as the narrative of normalisation places the blame and responsibility for the crisis on to the victims and how this exacerbates feelings of stigma and shame among homeless people and those threatened with homelessness. It outlines new measures for monitoring homelessness and housing exclusion including the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Housing three-dimensional approach anchored in human rights and the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS) framework. An adequate understanding and measurement of the true scale of homelessness and housing exclusion is required. It shows the health and wellbeing of children is affected not just by homelessness but also by overcrowded or poor housing, and by frequent moves and ‘may cause adverse childhood experiences with resultant mental health effects that may be lifelong’. It provides an estimation of Ireland’s actual level of homelessness and housing exclusion.
{"title":"The Normalisation of Homelessness","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.10","url":null,"abstract":"The Irish government has argued that Irish homelessness levels are normal in comparison with other countries. This chapter compares homelessness in Ireland with other countries. It challenges the normalisation of homelessness and the housing crisis as the narrative of normalisation places the blame and responsibility for the crisis on to the victims and how this exacerbates feelings of stigma and shame among homeless people and those threatened with homelessness. It outlines new measures for monitoring homelessness and housing exclusion including the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Housing three-dimensional approach anchored in human rights and the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS) framework. An adequate understanding and measurement of the true scale of homelessness and housing exclusion is required. It shows the health and wellbeing of children is affected not just by homelessness but also by overcrowded or poor housing, and by frequent moves and ‘may cause adverse childhood experiences with resultant mental health effects that may be lifelong’. It provides an estimation of Ireland’s actual level of homelessness and housing exclusion.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127889556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter outlines how Ireland is an interesting case through which to understand housing, because of its particular history. It shows that housing crises are not new, nor are they universal, either within countries or across different countries. It explores different philosophies of housing, from Keynesianism to neoliberalism. It details Ireland’s housing history, from early state intervention in favour of tenant farmers, and responses to the housing crisis of the early years of the Irish free State through building public council housing. It details local authority housing expansion through the 20th Century, producing high-quality homes and neighbourhoods. It also details the neoliberal housing shift internationally, as a dramatic shift took place in the economic order in the late 1970s and the 1980s. It then introduces the concepts of financialisation and marketisation in housing, and explains ho w neoliberalism unfolded in the Irish housing system. It then details the Irish housing boom and bust of the 2000s. It ends with an overview of cost rental housing: unitary and dualist housing systems, to understand the Irish housing system.
{"title":"The neoliberal roots of the current crisis","authors":"R. Hearne","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12fw6v6.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines how Ireland is an interesting case through which to understand housing, because of its particular history. It shows that housing crises are not new, nor are they universal, either within countries or across different countries. It explores different philosophies of housing, from Keynesianism to neoliberalism. It details Ireland’s housing history, from early state intervention in favour of tenant farmers, and responses to the housing crisis of the early years of the Irish free State through building public council housing. It details local authority housing expansion through the 20th Century, producing high-quality homes and neighbourhoods. It also details the neoliberal housing shift internationally, as a dramatic shift took place in the economic order in the late 1970s and the 1980s. It then introduces the concepts of financialisation and marketisation in housing, and explains ho w neoliberalism unfolded in the Irish housing system. It then details the Irish housing boom and bust of the 2000s. It ends with an overview of cost rental housing: unitary and dualist housing systems, to understand the Irish housing system.","PeriodicalId":245679,"journal":{"name":"Housing Shock","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133237198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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