Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8944d
R. Sahith, P. P. Reddy, Satyanarayana Nimmala
Rice is one of the most important foods for humans on earth. India and China are two of the world's most rice-dependent countries. The yield of this crop is determined by a number of factors, including soil, water supply, pesticides used, time period, and disease infection. Rice Plant Disease (RPD) is one of the most significant factors affecting rice quantity and quality. Farmers face a constant challenge in determining the form of rice plant disease and taking timely corrective action against it. Although the rice plant is susceptible to a variety of diseases, the most common are Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), Brown Spot (BS), and Leaf Smut (LS).Since the infected leaf must be processed by the human eye, identifying this disease is extremely difficult. To define and classify the RPD, we used machine learning techniques in this chapter. We used the UCI Machine Learning repository to gather data on contaminated rice plants. The data collection contains 120 images of contaminated rice plants, with 40 BLB images, 40 BS images, and 40 LS images. RandomForest, REPTree, and J48 are decision tree-based machine learning algorithms used in the experiments. We used ColorLayoutFilter, which is provided by WEKA, to extract numerical features from the infected images. The experimental analysis makes use of 65% of the data for training and 35% of the data for testing. The Random Forest algorithm performs exceptionally well in predicting RPD, according to the experiments.
{"title":"Decision Tree-based Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Rice Plant Diseases: A Recent Study","authors":"R. Sahith, P. P. Reddy, Satyanarayana Nimmala","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8944d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8944d","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is one of the most important foods for humans on earth. India and China are two of the world's most rice-dependent countries. The yield of this crop is determined by a number of factors, including soil, water supply, pesticides used, time period, and disease infection. Rice Plant Disease (RPD) is one of the most significant factors affecting rice quantity and quality. Farmers face a constant challenge in determining the form of rice plant disease and taking timely corrective action against it. Although the rice plant is susceptible to a variety of diseases, the most common are Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB), Brown Spot (BS), and Leaf Smut (LS).Since the infected leaf must be processed by the human eye, identifying this disease is extremely difficult. To define and classify the RPD, we used machine learning techniques in this chapter. We used the UCI Machine Learning repository to gather data on contaminated rice plants. The data collection contains 120 images of contaminated rice plants, with 40 BLB images, 40 BS images, and 40 LS images. RandomForest, REPTree, and J48 are decision tree-based machine learning algorithms used in the experiments. We used ColorLayoutFilter, which is provided by WEKA, to extract numerical features from the infected images. The experimental analysis makes use of 65% of the data for training and 35% of the data for testing. The Random Forest algorithm performs exceptionally well in predicting RPD, according to the experiments.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"366 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116538250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/9851d
G. Rao
Hackers are usually prepared to hack confidential documents for their vested interests. The most difficult task is to establish a secure link between the secret message and image quality. The proposed scheme combines cryptography and image steganography techniques to avoid illegal attacks by an unknown person. This scheme will enable image security and message security. The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) cryptographic algorithms and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based steganography algorithms based functional approach. The purpose of cryptography is to encrypt and decrypt the document. Steganography is the technique of hiding documents within an image with increasing payload for the secure transmission of confidential data over the internet. In this paper, we present a single application to hide the information by the sender, which is an essential document and secret file. The form will be invisible to an unauthorized person. PSNR of 90.06 dB with a payload of 52,400 bytes of information in an image.
{"title":"Determination of Information Security Using Cryptography and Image Steganography","authors":"G. Rao","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/9851d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/9851d","url":null,"abstract":"Hackers are usually prepared to hack confidential documents for their vested interests. The most difficult task is to establish a secure link between the secret message and image quality. The proposed scheme combines cryptography and image steganography techniques to avoid illegal attacks by an unknown person. This scheme will enable image security and message security. The International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) cryptographic algorithms and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based steganography algorithms based functional approach. The purpose of cryptography is to encrypt and decrypt the document. Steganography is the technique of hiding documents within an image with increasing payload for the secure transmission of confidential data over the internet. In this paper, we present a single application to hide the information by the sender, which is an essential document and secret file. The form will be invisible to an unauthorized person. PSNR of 90.06 dB with a payload of 52,400 bytes of information in an image.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128417424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/2261f
B. Mukunthan, G. Rakesh
{"title":"Using a Content-Based Filtering Approach, Advanced Study on Spam Detection and Spammer Behavior Analysis on Twitter","authors":"B. Mukunthan, G. Rakesh","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/2261f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/2261f","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134268733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8906d
J. Dormido, T. Palaoag
{"title":"A Framework for Developing Agricultural Product Forecasting System Application for Farmers","authors":"J. Dormido, T. Palaoag","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8906d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8906d","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121956207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/3553d
S. Semmalar, S. Malarkkan
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the noise power of ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) using the simulation model EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) cascaded with EYCDFA (erbium-ytterbium co-doped fibre amplifier) in 4-16 channels of transmitters combined by optical multiplexer and sent the output to EDFA in series with EYCDFA in single backward pumping using the wavelength of 980nm. The performance of this simulation model was evaluated using the parameters Gain, forward output signal power, and ASE noise, and the results were summarized. The results of 2- 16 channels of RZ transmitter and 2- 16 channels of NRZ transmitter were integrated in the simulation model with optical multiplexer and multiplexed signal sent to cascaded Erbium amplifiers with pumping CW (continuous wave) Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. EDFA Gain, output signal power, and ASE noise are correctly represented by the model. The simulation results demonstrate that utilising EDFA and EYCDFA to choose a cautious fibre length of 20m and a pump power of 1mw in single pumping yields ASE noise of 0.005mw and zero milli watts.
{"title":"Analysis of ASE NOISE Using the Simulation Model EDFA - Cascaded with EYCDFA","authors":"S. Semmalar, S. Malarkkan","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/3553d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/3553d","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the noise power of ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) using the simulation model EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) cascaded with EYCDFA (erbium-ytterbium co-doped fibre amplifier) in 4-16 channels of transmitters combined by optical multiplexer and sent the output to EDFA in series with EYCDFA in single backward pumping using the wavelength of 980nm. The performance of this simulation model was evaluated using the parameters Gain, forward output signal power, and ASE noise, and the results were summarized. The results of 2- 16 channels of RZ transmitter and 2- 16 channels of NRZ transmitter were integrated in the simulation model with optical multiplexer and multiplexed signal sent to cascaded Erbium amplifiers with pumping CW (continuous wave) Laser source with wavelength 980nm and Filter. EDFA Gain, output signal power, and ASE noise are correctly represented by the model. The simulation results demonstrate that utilising EDFA and EYCDFA to choose a cautious fibre length of 20m and a pump power of 1mw in single pumping yields ASE noise of 0.005mw and zero milli watts.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116667781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8223d
T. Dimov, I. Iliev, A. Hristova, H. Lange
{"title":"Analysis of Torsion Induced Giant Gyrotropy in Hexagonal CdS and CdSe Crystals","authors":"T. Dimov, I. Iliev, A. Hristova, H. Lange","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8223d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/8223d","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122385576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/1739c
D. K. Kaithari, P. Krishnan, Hisham Mohammed Salim Al Burtamani
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the development of a crimping machine capable of crimping hydraulic hoses without the use of electricity. A thorough analysis of the literature suggests that it was the fabrication of electrically powered crimping machines that motivated the authors to create a hydraulically powered crimping machine. This type of crimping machine is extremely useful when the rig is in motion and is also ideal for emergency crimping to prevent shutdown time. The author designed critical components of the system using Autodesk inventor software and obtained a safety factor greater than one for all critical components. A safety factor of less than one results in hazardous operating conditions for vital components. The entire assembly has been successfully fabricated for the necessary crimping on a 19.05 mm hose. The crimping machine was successfully checked for crimping the specified hose size. The machine's configuration can be modified to fit a variety of die sizes for crimping hoses of various sizes.
{"title":"Recent Design and Development of Hydraulic Jack Operated Hose Crimping Machine","authors":"D. K. Kaithari, P. Krishnan, Hisham Mohammed Salim Al Burtamani","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/1739c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/1739c","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this chapter is to discuss the development of a crimping machine capable of crimping hydraulic hoses without the use of electricity. A thorough analysis of the literature suggests that it was the fabrication of electrically powered crimping machines that motivated the authors to create a hydraulically powered crimping machine. This type of crimping machine is extremely useful when the rig is in motion and is also ideal for emergency crimping to prevent shutdown time. The author designed critical components of the system using Autodesk inventor software and obtained a safety factor greater than one for all critical components. A safety factor of less than one results in hazardous operating conditions for vital components. The entire assembly has been successfully fabricated for the necessary crimping on a 19.05 mm hose. The crimping machine was successfully checked for crimping the specified hose size. The machine's configuration can be modified to fit a variety of die sizes for crimping hoses of various sizes.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130613587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/3522d
Urmila Bandaru, Y. S. I. Priyadarshini, M. Sathyanarayana
Variable frequency and variable voltage are increasingly supplied by a three-level voltage source inverter for variable speed applications. The appropriate output voltage at the line side of the inverter is obtained using a suitable pulse width modulation technique. This chapter investigates the three-level Diode Clamped or Neutral Point Clamped topology, which is a popular multi-level topology. The modulation wave is generated using two Sine-triangle methods and two Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation methods. To produce the PWM signals for the three phases, these modulation waves are compared to a triangular carrier. Instead of the three phase modulating waves used in SPWM, a rotating reference voltage vector is used as a voltage reference in SVPWM methods. The magnitude and frequency of the line side's fundamental variable are controlled by the magnitude and frequency of the reference vector, respectively. Because of its higher dc bus utilization and lower harmonic distortion than SPWM, Space Vector Modulation has become a common PWM technique for three-phase Voltage Source Inverters. In MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the four PWM methods are simulated and compared for THD and Capacitor Balance. Embedded Editor and Matlab Editor Functions are used to build the programs. As compared to Sine PWM, simulation results show that Space vector PWM better utilizes dc bus voltage, produces less THD, and improves capacitor balance.
{"title":"Space Vector PWM Algorithms for Three-level Inverter","authors":"Urmila Bandaru, Y. S. I. Priyadarshini, M. Sathyanarayana","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/3522d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/3522d","url":null,"abstract":"Variable frequency and variable voltage are increasingly supplied by a three-level voltage source inverter for variable speed applications. The appropriate output voltage at the line side of the inverter is obtained using a suitable pulse width modulation technique. This chapter investigates the three-level Diode Clamped or Neutral Point Clamped topology, which is a popular multi-level topology. The modulation wave is generated using two Sine-triangle methods and two Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation methods. To produce the PWM signals for the three phases, these modulation waves are compared to a triangular carrier. Instead of the three phase modulating waves used in SPWM, a rotating reference voltage vector is used as a voltage reference in SVPWM methods. The magnitude and frequency of the line side's fundamental variable are controlled by the magnitude and frequency of the reference vector, respectively. Because of its higher dc bus utilization and lower harmonic distortion than SPWM, Space Vector Modulation has become a common PWM technique for three-phase Voltage Source Inverters. In MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the four PWM methods are simulated and compared for THD and Capacitor Balance. Embedded Editor and Matlab Editor Functions are used to build the programs. As compared to Sine PWM, simulation results show that Space vector PWM better utilizes dc bus voltage, produces less THD, and improves capacitor balance.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124198684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/1726c
Lawal S. Lasisi, Chatwin R. Chris
The oscillators, which are essential for precise timing, are at the heart of a satellite-based navigation system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the crucial role that space-borne oscillators play in increasing the performance of GNSS and satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS). The African contribution to the SBAS, the NIGCOMSAT-1R navigation payload, which uses externalised 10 MHz Master Oscillators in a 3 X 4 hybrid array configuration, examines the efficacy of Location Based Services using Navigation for Emergency and Crisis Management, among other applications.
{"title":"Recent Study on the Criticality of Space Based Oscillators for the Optimal Performance of Time-Based Signals","authors":"Lawal S. Lasisi, Chatwin R. Chris","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/1726c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/1726c","url":null,"abstract":"The oscillators, which are essential for precise timing, are at the heart of a satellite-based navigation system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the crucial role that space-borne oscillators play in increasing the performance of GNSS and satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS). The African contribution to the SBAS, the NIGCOMSAT-1R navigation payload, which uses externalised 10 MHz Master Oscillators in a 3 X 4 hybrid array configuration, examines the efficacy of Location Based Services using Navigation for Emergency and Crisis Management, among other applications.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130981931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/2320f
V. Ginkin, S. Ganina, A. Kartavykh
Multicomponent melt solidification has been studied using a non-equilibrium model, in which a Stefan problem with two boundaries is solved numerically, the boundaries being between the solid phase and the two-phase transition zone and between the two-phase transition zone and the liquid phase. A porous medium with variable porosity is used to depict the two-phase zone. By analogy with Darcy's law, consideration is given to the additional force resisting melt flow due to porosity. The experiment on Sn-20 wt. % Pb binary alloy solidification by the process of downward-directed crystallization along the gravity vector was computer simulated. Shown in the paper are the results of a quasi two-dimensional benchmark experiment on horizontal (i.e., at the right angle to the gravity vector) directional solidification of a binary Sn-3 wt.%Pb alloy. The calculations were carried out using two crystallisation models: equilibrium and non-equilibrium crystallisation.The non-equilibrium model is shown to provide a more accurate representation of the thermal field evolution and solute distribution induced by natural convection.
{"title":"Developing the Numerical Simulation of Multicomponent Alloy Solidification","authors":"V. Ginkin, S. Ganina, A. Kartavykh","doi":"10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/2320f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aaer/v16/2320f","url":null,"abstract":"Multicomponent melt solidification has been studied using a non-equilibrium model, in which a Stefan problem with two boundaries is solved numerically, the boundaries being between the solid phase and the two-phase transition zone and between the two-phase transition zone and the liquid phase. A porous medium with variable porosity is used to depict the two-phase zone. By analogy with Darcy's law, consideration is given to the additional force resisting melt flow due to porosity. The experiment on Sn-20 wt. % Pb binary alloy solidification by the process of downward-directed crystallization along the gravity vector was computer simulated. Shown in the paper are the results of a quasi two-dimensional benchmark experiment on horizontal (i.e., at the right angle to the gravity vector) directional solidification of a binary Sn-3 wt.%Pb alloy. The calculations were carried out using two crystallisation models: equilibrium and non-equilibrium crystallisation.The non-equilibrium model is shown to provide a more accurate representation of the thermal field evolution and solute distribution induced by natural convection.","PeriodicalId":247303,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 16","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124661838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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