{"title":"Yemen","authors":"François Burgat","doi":"10.18356/5da106d0-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/5da106d0-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134052831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Empire of Capital","authors":"J. Joseph","doi":"10.5860/choice.41-3711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-3711","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117093444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447345053.003.0007
P. Knoepfel
This first chapter (out of ten dedicated to each of the ten public action resources) deals with the resource Force. It specifies, inter alia, new forms of this resource (nudging, cybercrime), describes penal regulations of the use of Force, and clarifies the relation between Force and Property. As in the following nine chapters, the examples provided are structured around the mobilization and availability of the resource, the mobilization of the resource by stage (program formulation and implementation), and the exchange of the resource Force for other resources (e.g. Law, Money and Information). Again, as in the other nine chapters, these sections are subdivided into paragraphs dedicated to the three actor groups (political-administrative actors, target groups and beneficiaries). The examples presented are drawn from penal law prosecutions (especially ‘legitimate defence’) and infrastructure policies.
{"title":"Force","authors":"P. Knoepfel","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447345053.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345053.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This first chapter (out of ten dedicated to each of the ten public action resources) deals with the resource Force. It specifies, inter alia, new forms of this resource (nudging, cybercrime), describes penal regulations of the use of Force, and clarifies the relation between Force and Property. As in the following nine chapters, the examples provided are structured around the mobilization and availability of the resource, the mobilization of the resource by stage (program formulation and implementation), and the exchange of the resource Force for other resources (e.g. Law, Money and Information). Again, as in the other nine chapters, these sections are subdivided into paragraphs dedicated to the three actor groups (political-administrative actors, target groups and beneficiaries). The examples presented are drawn from penal law prosecutions (especially ‘legitimate defence’) and infrastructure policies.","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"10866 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123502653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
debate over politics? Feelings. Young thought that political discussion in France, the ‘feelings of the moment’, were ‘tenaciously regarded’ (entry for 8 June). Did he endorse this? Identify words or phrases from the passages that show the emotions of the people with whom Young spoke. Outcomes. Are the reasons suggested by Young (entry for 27 June) for Louis XVI’s change of heart about a National Assembly convincing? In a rare document that gives us some idea of what ordinary French people were thinking in the countryside at this time, Arthur Young approached what he took to be an ‘old’ woman, but who was in fact a young peasant woman worn down by her daily labour . she was full of hope that her life would get better . JULY 12, 1789. Walking up a long hill, to ease my mare, I was joined by a poor woman, who complained of the times, and that it was a sad country. Demanding her reasons, she 147 tHe CRIses oF 1788 AnD 1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION ADRIAN JONES said her husband had but a morsel of land, one cow, and a poor little horse, yet they had a franchar (42 lb.) of wheat, and three chickens, to pay as a quit-rent to one seigneur; and four franchar of oats, one chicken and 1 sou to pay to another, besides very heavy tailles and other taxes. She had seven children, and the cow’s milk helped to make the soup....[I]t was said, at present, that something was to be done by some great folks for such poor ones, but she did not know who nor how, but God send us better, because the tailles and feudal dues are crushing us. This woman, at no great distance, might have been taken for sixty or seventy, her figure was so bent, and her face so furrowed and hardened by labour; but she said she was only twenty-eight. An Englishman who has not travelled cannot imagine the figure made by infinitely the greater part of the countrywomen in France; it speaks, at the first sight, hard and severe labour. I am inclined to think, that they work harder than the men, and this, united with the more miserable labour of bringing a new race of slaves into the world, destroys absolutely all symmetry of person and every feminine appearance. To what are we to attribute this difference in the manners of the lower people in the two kingdoms? To GOVERNMENT. Hope. What, precisely, did the young-old peasant woman cite as the source of her hope? Did Arthur Young share her sense of hope? Representation. Do you think that the idea of elections and representation meant anything to her? (They seemed to mean something to Arthur Young, who mentioned them when referring to the ‘[British] GOVERNMENT’.) Her king. Can you conclude anything from the fact that the peasant woman did not seem to place her hopes and trust in her king? 74. Arthur Young, Travels in France during the years 1787, 1788 & 1789, ed. Constantia Maxwell, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950). 173. FIGURE 66: ‘A FAUT ESPERER Q’EU.S JEU LA FINIRA BENTOT : L’AUTEUR EN CAMPAGNE’ FROM NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE USED UNDER BNF NO
关于政治的争论?感情杨认为法国的政治讨论，“当下的感觉”，被“固执地认为”(6月8日的条目)。他支持这个吗?从文章中找出表达与杨谈话的人的情感的单词或短语。结果。杨(6月27日上任)提出的路易十六改变对国民议会的看法的理由令人信服吗?在一份罕见的文件中，阿瑟·杨接近了一位他认为是“老”的女人，但实际上她是一位年轻的农妇，她被日常的劳动弄得疲惫不堪。这份文件让我们了解了当时法国农村的普通民众是怎么想的。她对自己的生活会好起来充满了希望。1789年7月12日为了让我的母马放松，我走上了一座长长的小山，一个可怜的女人加入了我的行列，她抱怨这个时代，说这是一个悲哀的国家。要求她的原因,147年,1788年和1789年的危机法国大革命艾德里安琼斯说她丈夫但是的一块土地,一头牛,一匹可怜的马,然而他们franchar(42磅)的小麦,和三个鸡,要作为quit-rent诸侯;还有四份燕麦，一只鸡，还有一个苏要付给另一个人，此外还有很重的税金和其他赋税。她有七个孩子，牛奶帮助做了汤....当时有人说，有些大人物要为这样的穷人做点什么，但她不知道是谁，也不知道怎么做，但上帝给了我们更好的，因为关税和封建税把我们压垮了。这个女人，从不远的地方看，好象有六七十岁的样子，她的身材是那么佝偻，她的脸上布满了皱纹，因劳动而变得僵硬;但她说她只有28岁。一个没有旅行过的英国人无法想象绝大多数法国农村妇女的形象;乍一看，它说明了艰苦和严酷的劳动。我倾向于认为，她们比男人工作更辛苦，再加上把一个新种族的奴隶带到这个世界上的更痛苦的劳动，完全破坏了人的对称和每一个女性的外表。我们把这两个王国中下层人民的这种不同行为归因于什么呢?政府。希望。这位年轻的农妇确切地说，她希望的源泉是什么?亚瑟·杨和她一样抱有希望吗?表示。你认为选举和代表的概念对她有什么意义吗?(阿瑟·杨(Arthur Young)在提到“[英国]政府”时，似乎也提到了它们。)她的国王。你能从这个农妇似乎没有把她的希望和信任寄托在她的国王身上的事实中得出什么结论吗?74. 阿瑟·杨，《1787年、1788年和1789年的法国游记》，康斯坦西亚·麦克斯韦尔编，剑桥:剑桥大学出版社，1950年)。173. 图66:“a fault esperer q”S jeu la finira bentot: l ' auteur en campagne '来自法国国家图书馆，在BNF非商业许可条款下使用。148 1788年和1789年法国大革命的危机阿德里安·琼斯菲利普·马泽伊也同样印象深刻。1789年6月29日，他在给他的雇主波兰国王的信中写道:在由于无知、恶意和阴谋而采取了许多错误的步骤之后，星期六早上，国王采取了一个非常谨慎的步骤，这与他那颗善良的心是一致的……下午四点半，代表们完全团聚了。这带来了难以形容的欢腾，国王和王后们也尽兴而乐。那天晚上，国王出现在阳台上，这是受人民普遍呼声的召唤，他们崇拜国王，似乎只要见到他们的统治者就能达到幸福的高度。从每个人脸上的表情可以明显看出，那声“国王万岁”是发自内心的。那群人……各种身份和职业的公民的混合体。也有女人和男人混在一起。国王牵着王后的手，把她领到阳台上。她的到来使欢呼声更加热烈;国王万岁，王后万岁，几乎是唯一能听到的喊声;这对皇室夫妇公开拥抱，温柔和喜悦的泪水从他们的眼中流出，从整个人群的眼中流出，作为舌头无法表达的象征。1789年6月下旬，像杨和马泽伊这样的人的乐观被证明是没有根据的。国王的两手遮天为以后的问题埋下了祸根，他不能接受自己权力的任何严重削弱。考虑到他的教育和成长的性质，国王的疑虑是完全可以理解的，但法国正在发生变化。在一个破产的法国，拥有大量受过高等教育的中产阶级，在一个拥有受启蒙思想熏陶的杰出专业人士和贵族的法国，法国国家的事务不能再受制于个人和他的(经常被误导的)顾问的突发奇想。 路易十六以恢复巴黎的法律和秩序为借口，惊慌失措地从外省调集了更可靠的军队。巴黎人民已经饱受高面包价格之苦，他们热切地关注着凡尔赛宫发生的不确定的、前所未有的政治事件。大多数巴黎人的激进观点反过来反映在国王的巴黎驻军的态度上，他们遭受了同样高的面包价格和同样低的工资。各行各业的巴黎人基本上都坚定地支持国民议会。几乎每个人都有同样的恐惧。国王召集各省军队的真正原因似乎很清楚:他们打算镇压革命本身。早在6月30日，一群人就侵入Abbaye监狱，释放因不服从命令而被关押在那里的法国卫队成员。75. 菲利普·马泽伊致波兰国王，1789年6月29日，玛格丽塔·马尔基翁内，斯坦利·伊泽达和s·尤金·斯卡拉(编)，菲利普·马泽伊:著作和通信选集，(普拉托，意大利，Cassa Di Risparmi e Depositi Di Prato, 1983)，卷2,161。149 1788年和1789年法国大革命的危机阿德里安·琼斯这一事件的当代蚀刻作品由让·弗朗索瓦·贾尼内在哈佛艺术博物馆展出;参见http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/person/31028?人= 31028。巴黎的抗议骚乱遵循了这一命令，巴黎的法国驻军拒绝驱散暴乱者。这件事发生后不久，路易十六决定引进外国军队来代替部分法国军队。在仍在凡尔赛举行会议的国民议会中，人们对"反革命"的恐惧与日俱增。下面是1789年7月11日《巴黎日报》上的一篇报道:1789年7月9日，星期四，惊慌和警惕的三级会议，昨天颁布的、由起草委员会发表的对国王的演说，是预料之中的;但人们不再焦虑地等待着。昨天上午受陛下召见的国民议会主席(贝利)，在晚上有幸见到了他。国王陛下告诉他，他已经看了一遍议会即将颁布的法令，他想事先向总统保证;在首都周围部署的部队，除了制止可能爆发暴力事件的人民外，没有其他目的。他一接到通知，说人民已经恢复了和平与秩序，那么部队就会撤出。国王的这些承诺和保证消除了我们所有的恐惧。总统随后宣布，中央局(立法小组委员会)要做一份报告。这份报告也取得了普遍的成功，大家都欣然接受了它;它得到了三个骑士团的一致同意。主要受到赞赏的是它的序言部分，其主旨是在宪法的伟大工作中鼓励一种节制、和平与爱的精神。以下是国会处理其面前事项的顺序。1. 《人权宣言》君主政体的原则4.《国家权利》150国王的权利1788年和1789年的危机法国大革命阿德里安·琼斯6.公民权利国民议会的组织和权利制定法律所需的程序省议会的组织和职能司法机关的义务和限制军事权力的职能和职责。晚餐后，所有主席团开会讨论这项拟议的工作顺序。议员们的乐观在一定程度上掩盖了他们对国王意图的真正焦虑。就在路易十六解雇内克(7月11日)引发巴黎骚乱并最终导致巴士底狱沦陷(7月14日)之前，凡尔赛国民议会的领导人在一封致国王的公开信(7月10日)中表达了他们的担忧。这封信出现在1789年7月12日的《巴黎日报》上:1789年7月10日星期五的三级会议
{"title":"French Revolution","authors":"GarethStedman Jones","doi":"10.7312/STED13782-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7312/STED13782-002","url":null,"abstract":"debate over politics? Feelings. Young thought that political discussion in France, the ‘feelings of the moment’, were ‘tenaciously regarded’ (entry for 8 June). Did he endorse this? Identify words or phrases from the passages that show the emotions of the people with whom Young spoke. Outcomes. Are the reasons suggested by Young (entry for 27 June) for Louis XVI’s change of heart about a National Assembly convincing? In a rare document that gives us some idea of what ordinary French people were thinking in the countryside at this time, Arthur Young approached what he took to be an ‘old’ woman, but who was in fact a young peasant woman worn down by her daily labour . she was full of hope that her life would get better . JULY 12, 1789. Walking up a long hill, to ease my mare, I was joined by a poor woman, who complained of the times, and that it was a sad country. Demanding her reasons, she 147 tHe CRIses oF 1788 AnD 1789 FRENCH REVOLUTION ADRIAN JONES said her husband had but a morsel of land, one cow, and a poor little horse, yet they had a franchar (42 lb.) of wheat, and three chickens, to pay as a quit-rent to one seigneur; and four franchar of oats, one chicken and 1 sou to pay to another, besides very heavy tailles and other taxes. She had seven children, and the cow’s milk helped to make the soup....[I]t was said, at present, that something was to be done by some great folks for such poor ones, but she did not know who nor how, but God send us better, because the tailles and feudal dues are crushing us. This woman, at no great distance, might have been taken for sixty or seventy, her figure was so bent, and her face so furrowed and hardened by labour; but she said she was only twenty-eight. An Englishman who has not travelled cannot imagine the figure made by infinitely the greater part of the countrywomen in France; it speaks, at the first sight, hard and severe labour. I am inclined to think, that they work harder than the men, and this, united with the more miserable labour of bringing a new race of slaves into the world, destroys absolutely all symmetry of person and every feminine appearance. To what are we to attribute this difference in the manners of the lower people in the two kingdoms? To GOVERNMENT. Hope. What, precisely, did the young-old peasant woman cite as the source of her hope? Did Arthur Young share her sense of hope? Representation. Do you think that the idea of elections and representation meant anything to her? (They seemed to mean something to Arthur Young, who mentioned them when referring to the ‘[British] GOVERNMENT’.) Her king. Can you conclude anything from the fact that the peasant woman did not seem to place her hopes and trust in her king? 74. Arthur Young, Travels in France during the years 1787, 1788 & 1789, ed. Constantia Maxwell, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950). 173. FIGURE 66: ‘A FAUT ESPERER Q’EU.S JEU LA FINIRA BENTOT : L’AUTEUR EN CAMPAGNE’ FROM NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE USED UNDER BNF NO","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131669212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"African Nationalism","authors":"J. Haynes, Ndabaningi Sithole, I. Wallerstein","doi":"10.2307/483967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/483967","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130637549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-04-09DOI: 10.5040/9781501308734.0014
Ted Gottfried
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As part of a five-year project of the Enhanced Data Dissemination Initiative (EDDI) 2 Government Finance Statistics (GFS) Module on improving GFS and public-sector debt statistics in selected African countries, a mission was conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe during April 15–26, 2019. This mission was a follow up on a 2018 GFS technical assistance (TA) mission under the EDDI 2. The mission’s objective was to review progress made and assisting with outstanding statistical issues that are important for sound policymaking in Zimbabwe. Some of the key outstanding issues raised by the IMF African Department prior to the mission were, the classification of government subsidies to state owned enterprises (SOEs); the identification of extrabudgetary units (EBUs) and classification of their operations; and the correct classification of other government transactions in line with a Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2014 framework.
{"title":"Zimbabwe","authors":"Thank You","doi":"10.18356/4db009e3-es","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/4db009e3-es","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a five-year project of the Enhanced Data Dissemination Initiative (EDDI) 2 Government Finance Statistics (GFS) Module on improving GFS and public-sector debt statistics in selected African countries, a mission was conducted in Harare, Zimbabwe during April 15–26, 2019. This mission was a follow up on a 2018 GFS technical assistance (TA) mission under the EDDI 2. The mission’s objective was to review progress made and assisting with outstanding statistical issues that are important for sound policymaking in Zimbabwe. Some of the key outstanding issues raised by the IMF African Department prior to the mission were, the classification of government subsidies to state owned enterprises (SOEs); the identification of extrabudgetary units (EBUs) and classification of their operations; and the correct classification of other government transactions in line with a Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2014 framework.","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129874614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"United States of America","authors":"T. Centner, Margaret Rosso Grossman","doi":"10.18356/47e1be0d-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/47e1be0d-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":248625,"journal":{"name":"The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism","volume":"289 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132429647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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