Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.17104/9783406759116-1168
Gregory P. Bierals
{"title":"Article 90","authors":"Gregory P. Bierals","doi":"10.17104/9783406759116-1168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406759116-1168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122512053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.17104/9783406759116-1199
Gregory P. Bierals
{"title":"Article 100","authors":"Gregory P. Bierals","doi":"10.17104/9783406759116-1199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406759116-1199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129376521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to the CISG","authors":"S. Kröll, L. Mistelis, P. Viscasillas","doi":"10.5771/9783845266398-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845266398-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"42 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123264177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783845279893-1095
A. Batabyal, J. Kahn, R. O'Neill
This paper argues that the focus of conservation today should not be on pristine wilderness alone, but on the conservation of ecosystem services and their global distribution. Such services include air and water purification, flood and drought mitigation, and waste detoxification and decomposition. The destruction or impairment of ecosystems by human activity eliminates, or at least makes scarce, the ecosystem services it provides us. Measuring the scarcity value of ecosystem services is challenging to economists because these services are independent of the market system. Concepts like substitution is difficult to apply to ecosystem services because human technology is typically not as efficient as a substitute and our understanding of the intricacies of ecosystems is lacking. To measure ecosystem scarcity value, the paper focuses on the shifting states of lakes between oligotrophic and eutrophic based on phosphorus levels. The process of sudden shifts from oligotrophic steady state (clear water) to eutrophic steady state (turbid water) is based on thresholds of phosphorus level. When a lake is in either state, it is resilient to change back to the other state. For example, it frequently takes a greater reduction in phosphorus level to return a lake to a oligotrophic state than it originally had before it shifted because each state resists change. This paper attempts to give a numerical value to the scarcity value of a lake's ability to reduce phosphorus in the water column (performed by submerged vegetation in a oligotrophic lake) as the level of phosphorus deposition increases and damages the lake's productivity to provide this, among many other, ecosystem services. To determine this scarcity value, the probability that this ecosystem service (phosphorus reduction) will continue to be provided to society. In the example given by this paper, the probability that this ecosystem service will be provided above a minimum acceptable level is 0.8665. Therefore, the scarcity value, or the probability that this service will NOT be provided, is 1 0.8665 = 0.1335.
{"title":"Article 30","authors":"A. Batabyal, J. Kahn, R. O'Neill","doi":"10.5771/9783845279893-1095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893-1095","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that the focus of conservation today should not be on pristine wilderness alone, but on the conservation of ecosystem services and their global distribution. Such services include air and water purification, flood and drought mitigation, and waste detoxification and decomposition. The destruction or impairment of ecosystems by human activity eliminates, or at least makes scarce, the ecosystem services it provides us. Measuring the scarcity value of ecosystem services is challenging to economists because these services are independent of the market system. Concepts like substitution is difficult to apply to ecosystem services because human technology is typically not as efficient as a substitute and our understanding of the intricacies of ecosystems is lacking. To measure ecosystem scarcity value, the paper focuses on the shifting states of lakes between oligotrophic and eutrophic based on phosphorus levels. The process of sudden shifts from oligotrophic steady state (clear water) to eutrophic steady state (turbid water) is based on thresholds of phosphorus level. When a lake is in either state, it is resilient to change back to the other state. For example, it frequently takes a greater reduction in phosphorus level to return a lake to a oligotrophic state than it originally had before it shifted because each state resists change. This paper attempts to give a numerical value to the scarcity value of a lake's ability to reduce phosphorus in the water column (performed by submerged vegetation in a oligotrophic lake) as the level of phosphorus deposition increases and damages the lake's productivity to provide this, among many other, ecosystem services. To determine this scarcity value, the probability that this ecosystem service (phosphorus reduction) will continue to be provided to society. In the example given by this paper, the probability that this ecosystem service will be provided above a minimum acceptable level is 0.8665. Therefore, the scarcity value, or the probability that this service will NOT be provided, is 1 0.8665 = 0.1335.","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121250915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783845279893-1702
Il Springfield
5:12-111 Penalties for willful evasion of payment of license fees, other acts and omissions Any person who willfully fails to report, pay or truthfully account for and pay over any license fee or tax imposed by the provisions of this act, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such license fee, tax, or payment thereof is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree and subject to the penalties therefor, except that the amount of a fine may be up to $50,000, and in the case of a person other than a natural person, the amount of a fine may be up to $200,000, and shall in addition be liable for a penalty of three times the amount of the license fee evaded and not paid, collected or paid over, which penalty shall be assessed by the division and collected in accordance with the provisions of this act. L.1977, c. 110, § 111, eff. June 2, 1977. Amended by: L.1991, c. 182, § 43, eff. June 29, 1991. L.2011, c. 19, § 79, eff. Feb. 1, 2011.
5:12 - 111处罚故意逃避支付许可费用,其他行为和遗漏任何人故意未能报告,或真实账户支付和支付任何许可费用或税收由本条例的规定,或故意企图以任何方式逃避或击败任何这样的执照费,税,或者付款是有罪的犯罪的第四个学位,因此受到处罚,除了罚款的金额可能高达50000美元,对自然人以外的人，可以处二十万元以下的罚款，并并处逃避缴纳、征收或者超收的许可费金额三倍的罚款，罚款由分署评定，依照本法规定征收。L.1977, c. 110，§111，续。1977年6月2日。经:L.1991, c. 182，第43段修订。1991年6月29日。L.2011, c. 19，§79，等。2011年2月1日。
{"title":"Article 9","authors":"Il Springfield","doi":"10.5771/9783845279893-1702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893-1702","url":null,"abstract":"5:12-111 Penalties for willful evasion of payment of license fees, other acts and omissions Any person who willfully fails to report, pay or truthfully account for and pay over any license fee or tax imposed by the provisions of this act, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such license fee, tax, or payment thereof is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree and subject to the penalties therefor, except that the amount of a fine may be up to $50,000, and in the case of a person other than a natural person, the amount of a fine may be up to $200,000, and shall in addition be liable for a penalty of three times the amount of the license fee evaded and not paid, collected or paid over, which penalty shall be assessed by the division and collected in accordance with the provisions of this act. L.1977, c. 110, § 111, eff. June 2, 1977. Amended by: L.1991, c. 182, § 43, eff. June 29, 1991. L.2011, c. 19, § 79, eff. Feb. 1, 2011.","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122742090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783845279893-588
I. Prihandono
One type of administrative action that can be reviewed by a Panel under the WTO standard of review is the imposition of anti dumping duties. However, some scholars found that it is not clear how the standard of review as stipulated in the WTO Anti Dumping Agreement should be applied. This essay will focus on the application of standard of review as stipulated in Article 17.6 of the AD Agreement by the WTO panels and the Appellate Body. It is argued that the ambiguity of Article 17.6 has resulted in less deference towards national authorities’ anti dumping decision. Consequently, the panels and Appellate Body decision also stands less in favour of the injured domestic producers’ interest to obtain relief.
{"title":"Article 17","authors":"I. Prihandono","doi":"10.5771/9783845279893-588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893-588","url":null,"abstract":"One type of administrative action that can be reviewed by a Panel under the WTO standard of review is the imposition of anti dumping duties. However, some scholars found that it is not clear how the standard of review as stipulated in the WTO Anti Dumping Agreement should be applied. This essay will focus on the application of standard of review as stipulated in Article 17.6 of the AD Agreement by the WTO panels and the Appellate Body. It is argued that the ambiguity of Article 17.6 has resulted in less deference towards national authorities’ anti dumping decision. Consequently, the panels and Appellate Body decision also stands less in favour of the injured domestic producers’ interest to obtain relief.","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"878 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116164618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783845279893-1089-2
M. Hamza, P. White, W. F. Craig, El‐sayed A. Ghoname, H. E. Ahmed, Timothy J. Proctor, C. Noe, Akshay S. Vakharia, N. Gajraj
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -A total of 50 adult patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathic pain of [greater than]6 months duration involving the lower extremities were randomly assigned to receive active PENS (needles with electrical stimulation at an alternating frequency of 15 and 30 Hz) and sham (needles only) treatments for 3 weeks. Each series of treatments was administered for 30 min three times a week according to a standardized protocol. After a 1-week washout period, all patients were subsequently switched to the other modality A 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain, physical activity and quality of sleep before each session. The changes in VAS scores and daily requirements for oral analgesic medication were determined during each 3-week treatment period. Patients completed the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after completion of each treatment modality At the end of the crossover study a patient preference questionnaire was used to compare the effectiveness of the two modalities.
{"title":"Article 20","authors":"M. Hamza, P. White, W. F. Craig, El‐sayed A. Ghoname, H. E. Ahmed, Timothy J. Proctor, C. Noe, Akshay S. Vakharia, N. Gajraj","doi":"10.5771/9783845279893-1089-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845279893-1089-2","url":null,"abstract":"RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -A total of 50 adult patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathic pain of [greater than]6 months duration involving the lower extremities were randomly assigned to receive active PENS (needles with electrical stimulation at an alternating frequency of 15 and 30 Hz) and sham (needles only) treatments for 3 weeks. Each series of treatments was administered for 30 min three times a week according to a standardized protocol. After a 1-week washout period, all patients were subsequently switched to the other modality A 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain, physical activity and quality of sleep before each session. The changes in VAS scores and daily requirements for oral analgesic medication were determined during each 3-week treatment period. Patients completed the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after completion of each treatment modality At the end of the crossover study a patient preference questionnaire was used to compare the effectiveness of the two modalities.","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127899312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.5771/9783845276564-448
P. Mankowski
23.1 Policy. The parties of this Agreement recognize the importance of providing appropriate compensation as an essential component in the delivery of quality higher education programs and quality scholarship that is recognized nationally and internationally. To that end, the parties are committed to working toward the common goals of the University of Central Florida. This policy statement is not subject to Article 20, Grievance Procedure.
{"title":"Article 23","authors":"P. Mankowski","doi":"10.5771/9783845276564-448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564-448","url":null,"abstract":"23.1 Policy. The parties of this Agreement recognize the importance of providing appropriate compensation as an essential component in the delivery of quality higher education programs and quality scholarship that is recognized nationally and internationally. To that end, the parties are committed to working toward the common goals of the University of Central Florida. This policy statement is not subject to Article 20, Grievance Procedure.","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116197116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8_32
Kerstin von der Decken
{"title":"Article 29","authors":"Kerstin von der Decken","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8_32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8_32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249042,"journal":{"name":"UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123453102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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