Christian Herglotz, Matthias Kränzler, Robert Ludwig, A. Kaup
In this paper, we study decoding energy reduction opportunities using temporal-domain filtering and subsampling methods. In particular, we study spatiotemporal filtering using a contrast sensitivity function and temporal downscaling, i.e., frame rate reduction. We apply these concepts as a pre-filtering to the video before compression and evaluate the bitrate, the decoding energy, and the visual quality with a dedicated metric targeting temporally down-scaled sequences. We find that decoding energy savings yield 35% when halving the frame rate and that spatiotemporal filtering can lead to up to 5% of additional savings, depending on the content.
{"title":"Video Decoding Energy Reduction Using Temporal-Domain Filtering","authors":"Christian Herglotz, Matthias Kränzler, Robert Ludwig, A. Kaup","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593948","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study decoding energy reduction opportunities using temporal-domain filtering and subsampling methods. In particular, we study spatiotemporal filtering using a contrast sensitivity function and temporal downscaling, i.e., frame rate reduction. We apply these concepts as a pre-filtering to the video before compression and evaluate the bitrate, the decoding energy, and the visual quality with a dedicated metric targeting temporally down-scaled sequences. We find that decoding energy savings yield 35% when halving the frame rate and that spatiotemporal filtering can lead to up to 5% of additional savings, depending on the content.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126661845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In live video streaming, the size of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) manifest grows as the number of periods increases and/or the overall time duration of DASH manifest increases. The bigger the manifest size in bytes is, the more computation for manifest generation, manifest storage and parsing and network traffic there will be on service side, the more data to be downloaded, manifest refresh latency, manifest parsing and storage in memory there will be on device side. In this paper, we analyze the techniques and algorithms available to optimize and reduce DASH manifest size with their pros and cons, and limitations of each technique in different scenarios, and propose further optimizations and the adoption of technique(s) in each video streaming scenario according to product requirements, operational cost, system complexity and the requirement of quality of video playback experiences.
{"title":"The analysis of DASH manifest optimizations","authors":"Yongjun Wu","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593949","url":null,"abstract":"In live video streaming, the size of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) manifest grows as the number of periods increases and/or the overall time duration of DASH manifest increases. The bigger the manifest size in bytes is, the more computation for manifest generation, manifest storage and parsing and network traffic there will be on service side, the more data to be downloaded, manifest refresh latency, manifest parsing and storage in memory there will be on device side. In this paper, we analyze the techniques and algorithms available to optimize and reduce DASH manifest size with their pros and cons, and limitations of each technique in different scenarios, and propose further optimizations and the adoption of technique(s) in each video streaming scenario according to product requirements, operational cost, system complexity and the requirement of quality of video playback experiences.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"17 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131840617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Burak Kara, G. Simon, B. Tuffin, J. Viéron, A. Begen
This paper highlights the current trends and the necessary research directions for achieving carbon-effective streaming services. Collaboration between the end-to-end delivery pipeline vendors is encouraged to design standards and technologies.
{"title":"Studying Green Video Distribution as a Whole","authors":"Burak Kara, G. Simon, B. Tuffin, J. Viéron, A. Begen","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593944","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the current trends and the necessary research directions for achieving carbon-effective streaming services. Collaboration between the end-to-end delivery pipeline vendors is encouraged to design standards and technologies.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121849176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we discuss the evolution in energy efficiency for software-based encoding on general-purpose processors, along with recent trends that enable increasingly power-efficient video encoding. We provide an overview of different contributing factors that have led to a massive increase in software-based performance, along with innovations that are leading to further efficiency improvements.
{"title":"Energy Efficiency Improvements in Software-Based Video Encoding","authors":"J. De Cock","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593947","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we discuss the evolution in energy efficiency for software-based encoding on general-purpose processors, along with recent trends that enable increasingly power-efficient video encoding. We provide an overview of different contributing factors that have led to a massive increase in software-based performance, along with innovations that are leading to further efficiency improvements.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"313 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134147494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Video streaming is a widely used and energy-demanding online service, which contributes to CO2 emissions and environmental issues. In this paper, we investigate the technological feasibility and benefits of green streaming technologies, which aim to optimize the energy efficiency and carbon footprint of streaming content across the whole supply chain. Our work focuses on three key technologies: context-aware encoding, green media players, and energy-aware content steering. We present experiments and simulations to evaluate the performance and impact of these technologies. We also explore their economic viability and potential for creating new business opportunities in the streaming industry. Our work provides a holistic evaluation of green streaming technologies, which can support the global efforts for climate action and environmental protection.
{"title":"End-to-end Optimizations for Green Streaming","authors":"R. Seeliger, S. Pham, S. Arbanowski","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593945","url":null,"abstract":"Video streaming is a widely used and energy-demanding online service, which contributes to CO2 emissions and environmental issues. In this paper, we investigate the technological feasibility and benefits of green streaming technologies, which aim to optimize the energy efficiency and carbon footprint of streaming content across the whole supply chain. Our work focuses on three key technologies: context-aware encoding, green media players, and energy-aware content steering. We present experiments and simulations to evaluate the performance and impact of these technologies. We also explore their economic viability and potential for creating new business opportunities in the streaming industry. Our work provides a holistic evaluation of green streaming technologies, which can support the global efforts for climate action and environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122419414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current OTT linear deployments are rather static infrastructures. The setup can be altered occasionally by an operator manipulation, based on anticipated audience or events. In this article, several real time optimizations are presented to decrease the traffic and hence to achieve energy and costs savings. Finally, the potential of central orchestration between encoding and CDN is outlined.
{"title":"Audience Aware Streaming: New Dynamics in OTT distribution","authors":"J. Outters, M. Raulet","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593946","url":null,"abstract":"Current OTT linear deployments are rather static infrastructures. The setup can be altered occasionally by an operator manipulation, based on anticipated audience or events. In this article, several real time optimizations are presented to decrease the traffic and hence to achieve energy and costs savings. Finally, the potential of central orchestration between encoding and CDN is outlined.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124902492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samira Afzal, Narges Mehran, Sandro Linder, C. Timmerer, R.-C. Prodan
The considerable surge in energy consumption within data centers can be attributed to the exponential rise in demand for complex computing workflows and storage resources. Video streaming applications are both compute and storage-intensive and account for the majority of today's internet services. In this work, we designed a video encoding application consisting of codec, bitrate, and resolution set for encoding a video segment. Then, we propose VE-Match, a matching-based method to schedule video encoding applications on both Cloud and Edge resources to optimize costs and energy consumption. Evaluation results on a real computing testbed federated between Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 Cloud instances and the Alpen-Adria University (AAU) Edge server reveal that VE-Match achieves lower costs by 17%-78% in the cost-optimized scenarios compared to the energy-optimized and tradeoff between cost and energy. Moreover, VE-Match improves the video encoding energy consumption by 38%-45% and gCO2 emission by up to 80% in the energy-optimized scenarios compared to the cost-optimized and tradeoff between cost and energy.
数据中心内能源消耗的大幅增加可归因于对复杂计算工作流和存储资源的需求呈指数级增长。视频流应用程序是计算和存储密集型的，占当今互联网服务的大部分。在这项工作中，我们设计了一个视频编码应用程序，包括编解码器、比特率和分辨率集，用于编码视频片段。然后，我们提出了一种基于匹配的方法VE-Match来调度云资源和边缘资源上的视频编码应用，以优化成本和能耗。在Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 Cloud实例和Alpen-Adria University (AAU) Edge服务器之间联合的真实计算测试平台上的评估结果显示，与能源优化和成本与能源之间的权衡相比，VE-Match在成本优化场景下的成本降低了17%-78%。此外，与成本优化和成本与能源之间的权衡相比，VE-Match在能源优化场景下将视频编码能耗提高38%-45%，gCO2排放量提高80%。
{"title":"VE-Match: Video Encoding Matching-based Model for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances","authors":"Samira Afzal, Narges Mehran, Sandro Linder, C. Timmerer, R.-C. Prodan","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593943","url":null,"abstract":"The considerable surge in energy consumption within data centers can be attributed to the exponential rise in demand for complex computing workflows and storage resources. Video streaming applications are both compute and storage-intensive and account for the majority of today's internet services. In this work, we designed a video encoding application consisting of codec, bitrate, and resolution set for encoding a video segment. Then, we propose VE-Match, a matching-based method to schedule video encoding applications on both Cloud and Edge resources to optimize costs and energy consumption. Evaluation results on a real computing testbed federated between Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 Cloud instances and the Alpen-Adria University (AAU) Edge server reveal that VE-Match achieves lower costs by 17%-78% in the cost-optimized scenarios compared to the energy-optimized and tradeoff between cost and energy. Moreover, VE-Match improves the video encoding energy consumption by 38%-45% and gCO2 emission by up to 80% in the energy-optimized scenarios compared to the cost-optimized and tradeoff between cost and energy.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132400900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. V. Menon, Christian Feldmann, K. Schoeffmann, M. Ghanbari, C. Timmerer
For adaptive streaming applications, low-complexity and accurate video complexity features are necessary to analyze the video content in real time, which ensures fast and compression-efficient video streaming without disruptions. State-of-the-art video complexity features are Spatial Information (SI) and Temporal Information (TI) features which do not correlate well with the encoding parameters in adaptive streaming applications. To this light, Video Complexity Analyzer (VCA) was introduced, determining the features based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-energy. This paper presents optimizations on VCA for faster and energy-efficient video complexity analysis. Experimental results show that VCA v2.0, using eight CPU threads, Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), and low-pass DCT optimization, determines seven complexity features of Ultra High Definition 8-bit videos with better accuracy at a speed of up to 292.68 fps and an energy consumption of 97.06% lower than the reference SITI implementation.
{"title":"Green video complexity analysis for efficient encoding in Adaptive Video Streaming","authors":"V. V. Menon, Christian Feldmann, K. Schoeffmann, M. Ghanbari, C. Timmerer","doi":"10.1145/3593908.3593942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908.3593942","url":null,"abstract":"For adaptive streaming applications, low-complexity and accurate video complexity features are necessary to analyze the video content in real time, which ensures fast and compression-efficient video streaming without disruptions. State-of-the-art video complexity features are Spatial Information (SI) and Temporal Information (TI) features which do not correlate well with the encoding parameters in adaptive streaming applications. To this light, Video Complexity Analyzer (VCA) was introduced, determining the features based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-energy. This paper presents optimizations on VCA for faster and energy-efficient video complexity analysis. Experimental results show that VCA v2.0, using eight CPU threads, Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), and low-pass DCT optimization, determines seven complexity features of Ultra High Definition 8-bit videos with better accuracy at a speed of up to 292.68 fps and an energy consumption of 97.06% lower than the reference SITI implementation.","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123312560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3593908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593908","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249079,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Green Multimedia Systems","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126512478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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