Pub Date : 2016-08-12DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/10809.001.0001
J. Halpern
Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C "actually caused" event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification. Technical details are generally confined to the final section of each chapter and can be skipped by non-mathematical readers.
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Pub Date : 2005-07-15DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199286546.003.0018
K. Bollen, S. Rabe-Hesketh, A. Skrondal
Structural equation models refer to general statistical procedures for multiequation systems that include continuous latent variables, multiple indicators of concepts, errors of measurement, errors in equations, and observed variables. An analysis that uses structural equation models has several components. These include (a) model specification, (b) the implied moment matrix, (c) identification, (d) estimation, (e) model fit, and (f) respecification. Historical origins of structural equation models are also described. Keywords: structural equation models; factor loading matrix; path analysis; implied moment matrix; model identification; respecification
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0010
{"title":"Indeterminate Causation","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131113514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0004
{"title":"A Two-Tier System of Causal Reasoning","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133344250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0008
{"title":"Causal Calculus","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131339526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0014
{"title":"Relative Causality","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122347028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0016
{"title":"Causal Dynamic Formalisms","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122903852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0005
{"title":"Mereological Semantics for Classical Logic","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133682206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0018
{"title":"Dynamic Causal Calculus","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115144658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0017
{"title":"Dynamic Markov Assumption","authors":"","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12387.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":249550,"journal":{"name":"A Logical Theory of Causality","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121566252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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