Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5347976
Kuang Honghai, Wu Zheng-qiu
At present power company challenge is how to quickly and effectually implement outage management, the upgrade of both metering technology and communication system makes the development of automated meter reading (AMR) systems possible. Signals from automated meters can provide extra information for outage detection and decision processing as well as restoration phases of outage management. In this paper an algorithm efficiently using available information from distribution network supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and AMR systems based on power line communication (PLC) to locate outage sources is presented. Using the polling characteristic of AMR based on PLC can identify the scope of outage, by polling these meters adjacent to the meter with a trouble call, the customers affected by outage can be identified; by upstream tracing the connectivity of trouble calls to find a common point, outage locations can be identified. Using AMR in outage management system (OMS) can bring enormous profits to power industry, it reduces electric utility's cost, shortens outage duration and improves consumer's satisfaction.
{"title":"Application of AMR based on powerline communication in outage management system","authors":"Kuang Honghai, Wu Zheng-qiu","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5347976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5347976","url":null,"abstract":"At present power company challenge is how to quickly and effectually implement outage management, the upgrade of both metering technology and communication system makes the development of automated meter reading (AMR) systems possible. Signals from automated meters can provide extra information for outage detection and decision processing as well as restoration phases of outage management. In this paper an algorithm efficiently using available information from distribution network supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and AMR systems based on power line communication (PLC) to locate outage sources is presented. Using the polling characteristic of AMR based on PLC can identify the scope of outage, by polling these meters adjacent to the meter with a trouble call, the customers affected by outage can be identified; by upstream tracing the connectivity of trouble calls to find a common point, outage locations can be identified. Using AMR in outage management system (OMS) can bring enormous profits to power industry, it reduces electric utility's cost, shortens outage duration and improves consumer's satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132209405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5347989
L. Geng, J. Gong, D. Liu, Y. Jiang
Main steam pipelines are important components of power plants and chemical plants, which operated at elevated temperature and high pressure for the long term. Creep is a potential mechanism of failure of these pipelines. In this paper, the modified Karchanov-Rabotnov creep damage constitutive equation has been incorporated into finite element program ABAQUS through its user subroutine to predict the creep damage and service life of a serviced steam pipeline made of 10CrMo910 heat resistance steel. Creep tests and short-term tensile tests at serviced temperature of 540°C were carried out to get the material constants in creep damage constitutive equation, which are necessary in the mentioned creep damage and life prediction. Based on these, the analysis on stress and damage of a main steam pipeline serviced for 150,000 hrs was carried out. Stress and damage distribution and maximum damage location of the pipeline were obtained. The damage distribution and maximum damage location of the pipelines were obtained. Furthermore, the local creep damage analysis of a T-type joint serviced for 150,000 hrs was also carried out because T-type joint used in the main steam pipeline is one of weakness in the piping system. According to the results obtained above, the life evaluation of the pipeline and the T-type joint were performed.
{"title":"Damage analysis and life prediction of a main steam pipeline at elevated temperature based on creep damage mechanics","authors":"L. Geng, J. Gong, D. Liu, Y. Jiang","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5347989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5347989","url":null,"abstract":"Main steam pipelines are important components of power plants and chemical plants, which operated at elevated temperature and high pressure for the long term. Creep is a potential mechanism of failure of these pipelines. In this paper, the modified Karchanov-Rabotnov creep damage constitutive equation has been incorporated into finite element program ABAQUS through its user subroutine to predict the creep damage and service life of a serviced steam pipeline made of 10CrMo910 heat resistance steel. Creep tests and short-term tensile tests at serviced temperature of 540°C were carried out to get the material constants in creep damage constitutive equation, which are necessary in the mentioned creep damage and life prediction. Based on these, the analysis on stress and damage of a main steam pipeline serviced for 150,000 hrs was carried out. Stress and damage distribution and maximum damage location of the pipeline were obtained. The damage distribution and maximum damage location of the pipelines were obtained. Furthermore, the local creep damage analysis of a T-type joint serviced for 150,000 hrs was also carried out because T-type joint used in the main steam pipeline is one of weakness in the piping system. According to the results obtained above, the life evaluation of the pipeline and the T-type joint were performed.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130823764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348050
You Jiang, Meng Fan Rong, L. Hua
This paper proposes a variable speed constant frequency tidal current generation system and its control strategy. An advantage MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control method by seeking the optimal duty cycle of boost converter is presented, maximum energy capture from tidal current is achieved without using hydro turbine characteristic at various tidal current velocity and measure the tidal current velocity and the rotational speed of tidal current turbine. The mathematical model of the grid-connected inverter is built, and the SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) based inverter and its control strategy for supply side is also presented. The adjustability of the power factor is realized based on current close loop and grid voltage vector oriented control, so the active power and reactive power delivered to the grid can be controlled independently. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and correctness of the proposed scheme.
{"title":"Variable speed constant frequency tidal current energy generation and control strategy for maximum power point tracking and grid connection","authors":"You Jiang, Meng Fan Rong, L. Hua","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348050","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a variable speed constant frequency tidal current generation system and its control strategy. An advantage MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control method by seeking the optimal duty cycle of boost converter is presented, maximum energy capture from tidal current is achieved without using hydro turbine characteristic at various tidal current velocity and measure the tidal current velocity and the rotational speed of tidal current turbine. The mathematical model of the grid-connected inverter is built, and the SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) based inverter and its control strategy for supply side is also presented. The adjustability of the power factor is realized based on current close loop and grid voltage vector oriented control, so the active power and reactive power delivered to the grid can be controlled independently. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and correctness of the proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130976865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348034
Jun Li, Dingding Ye, Xun Zhu, Q. Liao
This study reported a process to increase the cell performance of air-breathing direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). In order to improve the electrical conductivity and reduce the transport resistance of methanol solution, a new filtration method was used to prepare the anode microporous layer (MPL). The experimental results indicated that the cell with the new MPL had a higher mass transfer rate of methanol and better performance than that of the conventional MPL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization indicated that the new MPL contains more cracks and voids on its surface. The introduction of crack and void in the anode MPL leaded to a significant improvement in the mass transfer rate of methanol and therefore the cell performance. The effects of carbon loading and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) content in the anode MPL on the cell performance of the air-breathing DMFC with the new MPL were also discussed.
{"title":"Effects of microporous layer preparation on the performance of an air-breathing direct methanol fuel cell","authors":"Jun Li, Dingding Ye, Xun Zhu, Q. Liao","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348034","url":null,"abstract":"This study reported a process to increase the cell performance of air-breathing direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). In order to improve the electrical conductivity and reduce the transport resistance of methanol solution, a new filtration method was used to prepare the anode microporous layer (MPL). The experimental results indicated that the cell with the new MPL had a higher mass transfer rate of methanol and better performance than that of the conventional MPL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization indicated that the new MPL contains more cracks and voids on its surface. The introduction of crack and void in the anode MPL leaded to a significant improvement in the mass transfer rate of methanol and therefore the cell performance. The effects of carbon loading and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) content in the anode MPL on the cell performance of the air-breathing DMFC with the new MPL were also discussed.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130268304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348387
Chang-yun Li, Qingmin Li, Jinxia Yao, Min Liu
Both geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) projects using the earth as its path can cause direct current flowing in the ground. Direct current flux will be produced and has detrimental effects on power systems. Few references can be found about the effects of dc bias on the current transformer that is very important to both metering and protective aims. In this paper, the characteristics of electromagnetic CTs are discussed. At first, the primary current is determined, and a decaying dc offset is found which will affect the CT's dynamic performance. Then the CT's steady state and transient state characteristics with dc bias are researched. It shows that the turns ratio, direct current and some other parameters have effects on the CT's time-to-saturation which is important to protective engineers. EMTP simulation results confirm the validity of the results.
{"title":"The characteristics of electromagnetic current transformers with DC bias","authors":"Chang-yun Li, Qingmin Li, Jinxia Yao, Min Liu","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348387","url":null,"abstract":"Both geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) projects using the earth as its path can cause direct current flowing in the ground. Direct current flux will be produced and has detrimental effects on power systems. Few references can be found about the effects of dc bias on the current transformer that is very important to both metering and protective aims. In this paper, the characteristics of electromagnetic CTs are discussed. At first, the primary current is determined, and a decaying dc offset is found which will affect the CT's dynamic performance. Then the CT's steady state and transient state characteristics with dc bias are researched. It shows that the turns ratio, direct current and some other parameters have effects on the CT's time-to-saturation which is important to protective engineers. EMTP simulation results confirm the validity of the results.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127922404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348343
Yifang Wu, B. Duan, Xuebin Zhou
The demand for application of wide area security defense and protection in substation automation is analyzed; a substation on-line multi-layer logical interlocking system is designed. In this system, we make up some constraint indices which stands for the control decision demands of wide area security defense to product the logic node of wide area protection layer, these indices are voltage quality, current stability, voltage stability, harmonic estimation, network losses, ect. Combined with the CILO nodes of other layers, the design of substation interlocking CILO node on wide area security defense and protection is finished by analyzing and calculating. These works can provide reference for the future Substation Automation System.
{"title":"Research on on-line interlocking of substation operation on wide area security defense","authors":"Yifang Wu, B. Duan, Xuebin Zhou","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348343","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for application of wide area security defense and protection in substation automation is analyzed; a substation on-line multi-layer logical interlocking system is designed. In this system, we make up some constraint indices which stands for the control decision demands of wide area security defense to product the logic node of wide area protection layer, these indices are voltage quality, current stability, voltage stability, harmonic estimation, network losses, ect. Combined with the CILO nodes of other layers, the design of substation interlocking CILO node on wide area security defense and protection is finished by analyzing and calculating. These works can provide reference for the future Substation Automation System.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128021023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348011
Ke Wu, J. Lu, Wenguo Xiang, Xin Wang
This paper focuses on the design of decentralized PID control scheme for the ALSTOM gasifier based on online coal quality analyzing technique. Taking into account characteristics changing with coal quality variations during gasifier operation, corresponding control strategies were added into the decentralized PID control scheme. Simulation results show good control performance for the ALSTOM gasifier benchmark test with fine coal quality signal. The proposed control scheme adopted the traditional PID control algorithm which could be easily implemented. Thus, provides good guidelines for practical control system design for gasifiers that are subject to coal quality variations.
{"title":"Online coal quality analyzer-based decentralized PID control for the ALSTOM gasifier","authors":"Ke Wu, J. Lu, Wenguo Xiang, Xin Wang","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the design of decentralized PID control scheme for the ALSTOM gasifier based on online coal quality analyzing technique. Taking into account characteristics changing with coal quality variations during gasifier operation, corresponding control strategies were added into the decentralized PID control scheme. Simulation results show good control performance for the ALSTOM gasifier benchmark test with fine coal quality signal. The proposed control scheme adopted the traditional PID control algorithm which could be easily implemented. Thus, provides good guidelines for practical control system design for gasifiers that are subject to coal quality variations.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125590912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5654665
V. Terzija, Deyu Cai, J. Fitch
The main goal of this paper is to present a new methodology for the estimation of magnitudes of disturbances (EMD). This methodology can be utilized in the adaptive Low Frequency Demand Control schemes in the next generation of distribution and transmission networks. In the focus of this paper will be distribution networks, consisting of conventional consumers and mixed renewable energy sources. The paper is divided into two main parts: in the first part, the methodology of the EMD will be presented; in the second part, the algorithm of the EMD will be tested. The testing will be carried out using three different test networks having the same topology, but different profile of energy sources.
{"title":"Protection scheme for blackout prevention in distribution networks with mixed energy resources","authors":"V. Terzija, Deyu Cai, J. Fitch","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5654665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5654665","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of this paper is to present a new methodology for the estimation of magnitudes of disturbances (EMD). This methodology can be utilized in the adaptive Low Frequency Demand Control schemes in the next generation of distribution and transmission networks. In the focus of this paper will be distribution networks, consisting of conventional consumers and mixed renewable energy sources. The paper is divided into two main parts: in the first part, the methodology of the EMD will be presented; in the second part, the algorithm of the EMD will be tested. The testing will be carried out using three different test networks having the same topology, but different profile of energy sources.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"19 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126888033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348153
Hong Liang-you, Jiang Dongxiang, Liu Chao, Huang Qian
In this paper, a 15 DOF elastic beam element is developed. Hodges-Dowell's partial differential equations are adopted as blade motion equations, but gravity effect is included also. The nonlinear aerodynamic force is calculated by BEMT combined with the Raj 3-D stall-delay model. Then the aerodynamic model is coupled into the structural dynamic model. The equations of motion for the nonlinear periodic time variant system are calculated by implicit Newmark scheme. Finally, the aerodynamic model is verified and shows good agreement with experiment data. An engineering example on wind turbine is carried out by this coupled model. The result is compared with results in other literatures. The gravity effect is focused. And the blade response under different condition is present and discussed.
{"title":"The study of aeroelastic stability for wind turbine blades","authors":"Hong Liang-you, Jiang Dongxiang, Liu Chao, Huang Qian","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348153","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a 15 DOF elastic beam element is developed. Hodges-Dowell's partial differential equations are adopted as blade motion equations, but gravity effect is included also. The nonlinear aerodynamic force is calculated by BEMT combined with the Raj 3-D stall-delay model. Then the aerodynamic model is coupled into the structural dynamic model. The equations of motion for the nonlinear periodic time variant system are calculated by implicit Newmark scheme. Finally, the aerodynamic model is verified and shows good agreement with experiment data. An engineering example on wind turbine is carried out by this coupled model. The result is compared with results in other literatures. The gravity effect is focused. And the blade response under different condition is present and discussed.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123294827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-06DOI: 10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348312
Y. Chen, Junyong Liu, Yuan Huang, Renjun Ruan, Lifeng Tian, Minkun Wang
A k-nearest neighbor classifier with online learning procedure for steady-state security assessment is introduced. A dynamic sample set and the related sample editing strategies are proposed. The dynamic samples can keep tracking the operation status of power system to minimize classification error. It is implemented through editing the dynamic samples according to their online performances. The classification result of the real time data is checked with the result of traditional N−1 contingency scan periodically. Misclassified data are appended as a dynamic sample to improve the accuracy of the classifier. A performance value is assigned to each sample. It is updated every time the classifier is used. The sample with the least performance value is removed whenever a new misclassified sample is appended in order to keep the dynamic sample set in a reasonable size. A Case study is performed on IEEE-30 system. The result shows an improvement in the performance of the classifier.
{"title":"Steady-state security assessment based on online learning k-nearest neighbor classifier","authors":"Y. Chen, Junyong Liu, Yuan Huang, Renjun Ruan, Lifeng Tian, Minkun Wang","doi":"10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348312","url":null,"abstract":"A k-nearest neighbor classifier with online learning procedure for steady-state security assessment is introduced. A dynamic sample set and the related sample editing strategies are proposed. The dynamic samples can keep tracking the operation status of power system to minimize classification error. It is implemented through editing the dynamic samples according to their online performances. The classification result of the real time data is checked with the result of traditional N−1 contingency scan periodically. Misclassified data are appended as a dynamic sample to improve the accuracy of the classifier. A performance value is assigned to each sample. It is updated every time the classifier is used. The sample with the least performance value is removed whenever a new misclassified sample is appended in order to keep the dynamic sample set in a reasonable size. A Case study is performed on IEEE-30 system. The result shows an improvement in the performance of the classifier.","PeriodicalId":250585,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123116997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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