This paper makes the case for the use of blockchains in emerging intelligent transportation systems applications. Specifically, we argue for the use of blockchains to settle contracts and transactions in a variety of intelligent transportation scenarios. We argue that mainstream blockchains such as Ethereum have the foundations to sustain transactions with fine tunable granularity at large scale and in a near-realtime manner. The paper analyzes the refueling scenario for autonomous electric vehicles and proposes an algorithm to guarantee the execution of energy recharges.
{"title":"ChargeltUp: On Blockchain-based technologies for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Alejandro Ranchal-Pedrosa, G. Pau","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211949","url":null,"abstract":"This paper makes the case for the use of blockchains in emerging intelligent transportation systems applications. Specifically, we argue for the use of blockchains to settle contracts and transactions in a variety of intelligent transportation scenarios. We argue that mainstream blockchains such as Ethereum have the foundations to sustain transactions with fine tunable granularity at large scale and in a near-realtime manner. The paper analyzes the refueling scenario for autonomous electric vehicles and proposes an algorithm to guarantee the execution of energy recharges.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115425076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, more and more companies require dedicated software to increase the efficiency of their business. However, with rapidly changing technologies it is often inefficient to maintain a dedicated team of developers. On the other hand, outsourcing software development requires considerable effort and trust between involved parties to ensure the quality of the code and adequate payment. We present ChainSoft - a platform for outsourcing software development and automatic payments between parties that distrust each other, by means of blockchain technology. ChainSoft allows any developer to create software and submit software, includes automatic code verification and enforce users' proper behavior. We implement our system using Ethereum Smart Contracts and Github/Travis CI and present first evaluation proving its security and low usage cost.
{"title":"ChainSoft","authors":"M. Król, Sergi Rene, Onur Ascigil, I. Psaras","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211934","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, more and more companies require dedicated software to increase the efficiency of their business. However, with rapidly changing technologies it is often inefficient to maintain a dedicated team of developers. On the other hand, outsourcing software development requires considerable effort and trust between involved parties to ensure the quality of the code and adequate payment. We present ChainSoft - a platform for outsourcing software development and automatic payments between parties that distrust each other, by means of blockchain technology. ChainSoft allows any developer to create software and submit software, includes automatic code verification and enforce users' proper behavior. We implement our system using Ethereum Smart Contracts and Github/Travis CI and present first evaluation proving its security and low usage cost.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128495632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this vision paper, we present an approach that makes it possible to protect developed ideas and early concepts even during their systematical development. We take the Design Thinking process as an example, in which interfaces are used for individual stages (understand, observe, define, ideate, prototype, test) to digitally record verbal, written or sketched, and even modeled or constructed outcome. This outcome is recorded and linked to the originating person. To guarantee both proof-of-existence and proof-of-origin, a unique hash is generated from each digital artifact stored and embedded into the Bitcoin Blockchain by the OriginStamp decentralized trusted timestamping service. Once this unique fingerprint is embedded in a transaction in the underlying Blockchain network, it can be proven where particular contributions originated due to the characteristics of Blockchain architecture. By setting up a decentralized tamper-proof means of record keeping, the entire innovation chain from the first ideation to the beginning of production is verifiably stored. By providing a clear proof-of-origin, all innovators (even competitors) could continue to work on existing problem-solving process and add their contribution proportionately, depending on the state of innovation development. This concept enables an Open Innovation ecosystem, which has the potential to increase the innovation potential of companies immensely. Additionally, inventions that are not patentable because they do not comply with the strict regulations of patent law can still be published and protected because the information about the origin of the respective contribution is guaranteed.
{"title":"Design Thinking using the Blockchain: Enable Traceability of Intellectual Property in Problem-Solving Processes for Open Innovation","authors":"Alexander Schönhals, Thomas Hepp, Bela Gipp","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211952","url":null,"abstract":"In this vision paper, we present an approach that makes it possible to protect developed ideas and early concepts even during their systematical development. We take the Design Thinking process as an example, in which interfaces are used for individual stages (understand, observe, define, ideate, prototype, test) to digitally record verbal, written or sketched, and even modeled or constructed outcome. This outcome is recorded and linked to the originating person. To guarantee both proof-of-existence and proof-of-origin, a unique hash is generated from each digital artifact stored and embedded into the Bitcoin Blockchain by the OriginStamp decentralized trusted timestamping service. Once this unique fingerprint is embedded in a transaction in the underlying Blockchain network, it can be proven where particular contributions originated due to the characteristics of Blockchain architecture. By setting up a decentralized tamper-proof means of record keeping, the entire innovation chain from the first ideation to the beginning of production is verifiably stored. By providing a clear proof-of-origin, all innovators (even competitors) could continue to work on existing problem-solving process and add their contribution proportionately, depending on the state of innovation development. This concept enables an Open Innovation ecosystem, which has the potential to increase the innovation potential of companies immensely. Additionally, inventions that are not patentable because they do not comply with the strict regulations of patent law can still be published and protected because the information about the origin of the respective contribution is guaranteed.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114520462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many IoT devices lack memory and computational complexities of modern computing devices, making them vulnerable to a wide range of cyber attacks. Among these, DDoS attacks are a growing concern in IoT. Such attacks are executed through the introduction of rogue devices and then using them and/or other compromised devices to facilitate DDoS attacks by generating relentless traffic. This paper aims to address DDoS security issues in IoT by proposing an integration of IoT devices with blockchain. This paper uses Ethereum, a blockchain variant, with smart contracts to replace the traditional centralized IoT infrastructure with a decentralized one. IoT devices are then required to access the network using smart contracts. The integration of IoT with Ethereum not only prevents rogue devices from gaining access to the server but also addresses DDoS attacks by using static resource allocation for devices.
{"title":"Mitigating loT Device based DDoS Attacks using Blockchain","authors":"Uzair Javaid, Ang Kiang Siang, M. Aman, B. Sikdar","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211946","url":null,"abstract":"Many IoT devices lack memory and computational complexities of modern computing devices, making them vulnerable to a wide range of cyber attacks. Among these, DDoS attacks are a growing concern in IoT. Such attacks are executed through the introduction of rogue devices and then using them and/or other compromised devices to facilitate DDoS attacks by generating relentless traffic. This paper aims to address DDoS security issues in IoT by proposing an integration of IoT devices with blockchain. This paper uses Ethereum, a blockchain variant, with smart contracts to replace the traditional centralized IoT infrastructure with a decentralized one. IoT devices are then required to access the network using smart contracts. The integration of IoT with Ethereum not only prevents rogue devices from gaining access to the server but also addresses DDoS attacks by using static resource allocation for devices.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115885138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhimin Gao, Lei Xu, Glenn Turner, B. Patel, Nour Diallo, Lin Chen, W. Shi
Blockchain is a powerful and distributed platform for transactions which require a unified, resilient, transparent and consensus-based record keeping system. It has been applied to scenarios like smart city, supply chain, medical data storing and sharing, and etc. Many works have been done on improving the performance and security of such systems. However, there is a lack of the mechanism of identity binding when a human being is involved in corresponding physical world, i.e., if one is involved in an activity, his/her identity in the real world should be correctly reflected in the blockchain system. To mitigate this gap, we propose BlockID, a novel framework for people identity management that leverages biometric authentication and trusted computing technology. We also develop a prototype to demonstrate its feasibility in practice.
{"title":"Blockchain-based Identity Management with Mobile Device","authors":"Zhimin Gao, Lei Xu, Glenn Turner, B. Patel, Nour Diallo, Lin Chen, W. Shi","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211945","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain is a powerful and distributed platform for transactions which require a unified, resilient, transparent and consensus-based record keeping system. It has been applied to scenarios like smart city, supply chain, medical data storing and sharing, and etc. Many works have been done on improving the performance and security of such systems. However, there is a lack of the mechanism of identity binding when a human being is involved in corresponding physical world, i.e., if one is involved in an activity, his/her identity in the real world should be correctly reflected in the blockchain system. To mitigate this gap, we propose BlockID, a novel framework for people identity management that leverages biometric authentication and trusted computing technology. We also develop a prototype to demonstrate its feasibility in practice.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115912055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change represents a serious threat to the health of our planet and imposed a discussion upon energy waste and production. In this paper we propose a smart grid architecture relying on blockchain technology aimed at discouraging the production and distribution of non-renewable energy as the one derived from fossil fuel. Our model relies on a reverse application of a recently introduced attack to the blockchain based on chain forking. Our system involves both a central authority and a number of distributed peers representing the stakeholders of the energy grid. This system preserves those advantages derived from the blockchain and it also address some limitations such as energy waste for mining operations. In addition, the reverse attack we rely on allows to mitigate the behavior of a classic blockchain, which is intrinsecally self-regulated, and to trigger a sort of ethical action which penalizes non-renewable energy producers. Blacklisted stakeholders will be induced to provide their transaction with higher fees in order to preserve the selling rate.
{"title":"Feather forking as a positive force: incentivising green energy production in a blockchain-based smart grid","authors":"Antonio Magnani, L. Calderoni, P. Palmieri","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211951","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change represents a serious threat to the health of our planet and imposed a discussion upon energy waste and production. In this paper we propose a smart grid architecture relying on blockchain technology aimed at discouraging the production and distribution of non-renewable energy as the one derived from fossil fuel. Our model relies on a reverse application of a recently introduced attack to the blockchain based on chain forking. Our system involves both a central authority and a number of distributed peers representing the stakeholders of the energy grid. This system preserves those advantages derived from the blockchain and it also address some limitations such as energy waste for mining operations. In addition, the reverse attack we rely on allows to mitigate the behavior of a classic blockchain, which is intrinsecally self-regulated, and to trigger a sort of ethical action which penalizes non-renewable energy producers. Blacklisted stakeholders will be induced to provide their transaction with higher fees in order to preserve the selling rate.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124494921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proof of Work systems are used in cryptocurrencies to obtain consensus in distributed peer-to-peer systems that share no trust. Miners of cryptocurrency compete by engaging in the Proof of Work to solve a cryptographic challenge. The first to successfully provide a solution to the challenge wins by minting new currency. The process of mining also simultaneously prevents double-spending through the creation of an append-only distributed database known as the blockchain. The most widely adopted Proof of Work is the Hashcash scheme and the most widely deployed miners are ASIC-based. Despite the popularity of Hashcash, two issues are commonly identified its use. Firstly, the high energy consumption of the scheme is perceived as wasteful because the solutions found provide no useful output, and secondly, the computational complexity class of the scheme is not formally known. Based on these deficiencies, we propose a novel Proof of Work system which achieves the following goals: - to provide a fiscally incentivized platform for algorithm research that aims to optimize an NP-Hard computational problem. This provides indirect insight into the P Versus NP Clay Institute Millennium problem, thus providing useful output. - to construct a challenge within a known hard computational complexity class. - to ensure the Proof of Work created is inclusive of ASIC hardware. Our proposal is a hybrid Proof of Work system that initially uses the Hashcash scheme and which subsequently constructs an instance of the NP-Hard Travelling Salesman Problem. We build on the ambitions of others to develop Proofs of Useful Work. We differentiate our paper from related work as the first to consider the current capital investment into ASIC hardware, thus including them in our proposal.
{"title":"Conquering Generals: an NP-Hard Proof of Useful Work","authors":"Angelique Faye Loe, Elizabeth A. Quaglia","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211943","url":null,"abstract":"Proof of Work systems are used in cryptocurrencies to obtain consensus in distributed peer-to-peer systems that share no trust. Miners of cryptocurrency compete by engaging in the Proof of Work to solve a cryptographic challenge. The first to successfully provide a solution to the challenge wins by minting new currency. The process of mining also simultaneously prevents double-spending through the creation of an append-only distributed database known as the blockchain. The most widely adopted Proof of Work is the Hashcash scheme and the most widely deployed miners are ASIC-based. Despite the popularity of Hashcash, two issues are commonly identified its use. Firstly, the high energy consumption of the scheme is perceived as wasteful because the solutions found provide no useful output, and secondly, the computational complexity class of the scheme is not formally known. Based on these deficiencies, we propose a novel Proof of Work system which achieves the following goals: - to provide a fiscally incentivized platform for algorithm research that aims to optimize an NP-Hard computational problem. This provides indirect insight into the P Versus NP Clay Institute Millennium problem, thus providing useful output. - to construct a challenge within a known hard computational complexity class. - to ensure the Proof of Work created is inclusive of ASIC hardware. Our proposal is a hybrid Proof of Work system that initially uses the Hashcash scheme and which subsequently constructs an instance of the NP-Hard Travelling Salesman Problem. We build on the ambitions of others to develop Proofs of Useful Work. We differentiate our paper from related work as the first to consider the current capital investment into ASIC hardware, thus including them in our proposal.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122839083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Hepp, Patrick Wortner, Alexander Schönhals, Bela Gipp
The use of blockchain technology to track physical assets is not new. However, the state of the art concepts are not applicable due to several limitations. One limitation is the scalability of blockchains with regard to the number of transactions that can be processed by the network. The well-established technology in tracking products is based on RFID chips that can be cloned. This paper provides insights into how objects can be protected and monitored by a varnish with a unique crack pattern, as an example of a Physical Unclonable Function. The perceptual hash of the unique pattern is used to encrypt the associated data to ensure privacy. Instead of logging each event on the blockchain individually, which is not possible due to the limited transaction throughput, OriginStamp is used to preserve data integrity on the blockchain. OriginStamp aggregates events, combines them through hashing and embeds this hash into a Bitcoin transaction. Once the Bitcoin network mines the transaction into a block and confirms it, the timestamp is considered as immutable proof of existence. With this approach, the integrity of tracking data cannot be contested. In the future, the craquelure-based tracking approach could be extended to supply chain integration to secure the origin of products, including prevention of counterfeiting, securing the place of manufacture for trademark law or state surveillance of the agricultural economy.
{"title":"Securing Physical Assets on the Blockchain: Linking a novel Object Identification Concept with Distributed Ledgers","authors":"Thomas Hepp, Patrick Wortner, Alexander Schönhals, Bela Gipp","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211944","url":null,"abstract":"The use of blockchain technology to track physical assets is not new. However, the state of the art concepts are not applicable due to several limitations. One limitation is the scalability of blockchains with regard to the number of transactions that can be processed by the network. The well-established technology in tracking products is based on RFID chips that can be cloned. This paper provides insights into how objects can be protected and monitored by a varnish with a unique crack pattern, as an example of a Physical Unclonable Function. The perceptual hash of the unique pattern is used to encrypt the associated data to ensure privacy. Instead of logging each event on the blockchain individually, which is not possible due to the limited transaction throughput, OriginStamp is used to preserve data integrity on the blockchain. OriginStamp aggregates events, combines them through hashing and embeds this hash into a Bitcoin transaction. Once the Bitcoin network mines the transaction into a block and confirms it, the timestamp is considered as immutable proof of existence. With this approach, the integrity of tracking data cannot be contested. In the future, the craquelure-based tracking approach could be extended to supply chain integration to secure the origin of products, including prevention of counterfeiting, securing the place of manufacture for trademark law or state surveillance of the agricultural economy.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116155795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low power communication is a major milestone for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies seek to provide a large coverage area and long battery life at the cost of a reduced bandwidth compared to traditional networks. Commercially-available LPWAN solutions typically involve the usage of a wireless infrastructure from a network provider; with the notable exception of crowd-sourced networks, which use gateways from other users for wireless communication to end-devices. In this paper, we analyse the feasability of a fully decentralized LPWAN infrastructure and build a working prototype based on the LoRaWAN protocol.
{"title":"Resilient, crowd-sourced LPWAN infrastructure using blockchain","authors":"Arnaud Durand, Pascal Gremaud, J. Pasquier-Rocha","doi":"10.1145/3211933.3211938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933.3211938","url":null,"abstract":"Low power communication is a major milestone for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies seek to provide a large coverage area and long battery life at the cost of a reduced bandwidth compared to traditional networks. Commercially-available LPWAN solutions typically involve the usage of a wireless infrastructure from a network provider; with the notable exception of crowd-sourced networks, which use gateways from other users for wireless communication to end-devices. In this paper, we analyse the feasability of a fully decentralized LPWAN infrastructure and build a working prototype based on the LoRaWAN protocol.","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125018206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3211933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3211933","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":250870,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121837224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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