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Relative Biological Effectiveness Studies Using 3 MeV Proton Beam from Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach 折叠串联离子加速器3mev质子束的相对生物效应研究:实验和理论方法
Pub Date : 2020-11-28 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94243
Rajesha K. Nairy, N. Bhat, K. Anjaria, U. Yadav, R. Chaurasia, K. Shirsath, Utkarsha N. Desai, Sanjay Gupta, B. K. Sapra, Narayana Yerol
Proton being the easiest light ion to accelerate and achieve desired beam profile, has been pursued as a popular particulate radiation for therapy applications. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain was used to estimate the RBE values of the 3 MeV proton beam, and an attempt was made to derive mathematical formula for calculating RBE value with respect to the dose. Dosimetry studies were carried out using Fricke dosimetry and Semiconductor Surface Barrier detector to calibrate the absorbed doses of Gamma chamber-1200 and Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator respectively. Gold standard cell survival assay and gene conversion assay were used to compare gamma and proton radiation induced cell death and genetic endpoint. Multi target single hit model was used to derive mathematical formula for RBE estimation. The results show a linear survival-dose response after proton radiation and sigmoid survival-dose response after gamma radiation treatment. The calculated RBE value from the survival and gene conversion studies was 1.60 and 3.93, respectively. The derived mathematical formula is very useful in calculating RBE value, which varies from 3.61 to 1.80 with increasing dose. The estimated RBE value from the mathematical formula is comparable with the experimental values. With the help of the present mathematical formulation, RBE value at any dose can be calculated in the exponential and sigmoidal regions of the survival curve without actually extending the experiment in that dose region, which is not possible using conventional methods.
质子是最容易加速和达到理想光束轮廓的光离子,已成为一种流行的粒子辐射治疗应用。本研究以酿酒酵母D7菌株估算了3mev质子束的RBE值,并尝试推导出计算RBE值与剂量关系的数学公式。采用Fricke剂量计和半导体表面势垒探测器分别对γ室-1200和折叠串联离子加速器的吸收剂量进行了标定。采用金标准细胞存活法和基因转换法比较γ和质子辐射诱导的细胞死亡和遗传终点。采用多目标单命中模型,推导出RBE估计的数学公式。结果显示质子辐射后的生存剂量呈线性反应,伽玛辐射治疗后的生存剂量呈s型反应。生存和基因转化研究计算的RBE值分别为1.60和3.93。推导出的数学公式对计算RBE值非常有用,随剂量的增加RBE值在3.61 ~ 1.80之间变化。由数学公式估计的RBE值与实验值具有可比性。在此数学公式的帮助下,任何剂量下的RBE值都可以在生存曲线的指数区和s型区计算,而无需在该剂量区实际延长实验时间,这是传统方法无法做到的。
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引用次数: 0
Biologically Effective Dose (BED) or Radiation Biological Effect (RBEf)? 生物有效剂量(BED)还是辐射生物效应(RBEf)?
Pub Date : 2020-05-20 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92029
T. Frometa-Castillo, A. Pyakuryal, A. Wals-Zurita, A. Mesbahi
The current radiosensitive studies are described with linear-quadratic (LQ) cell survival (S) model for one fraction with a dose d. As result of assuming all sublethally damaged cells (SLDCs) are completely repaired during the interfractions, that is, no presence of SLDCs, the survived cells are calculated for a n-fractionated regimen with the LQ S(n,D) model. A mathematically processed subpart of LQS(n,D) is the biologically effective dose (BED) that is used for evaluating a so-called “biological dose.” The interactions of ionizing radiation with a living tissue can produce partial death or sublethal damage from healthy or sublethally damaged cells. The proportions of the killed and sub-lethally damaged cells define the radiation biological effects (RBEfs). Computational simulations using RBEFs for fractionated regimens let calculating tumor control probability. While the derivation of the LQ S(n,D) considers a 100% cell repair, that is, 0% of sublethally damaged cells (SLDCs), the radiobiological simulators take into account the presence of SLDCs, as well as a cell repair <100% during the interfractions and interruption. Given “biological dose” does not exist, but RBEf, there was need for creating the BED. It is shown how some uses of BED, like the derivation of EQ2D expression, can be done directly with the LQ S(n,D).
目前的辐射敏感性研究是用线性二次(LQ)细胞存活(S)模型来描述剂量为d的一个片段。由于假设所有亚致命性损伤细胞(sldc)在分割期间完全修复,即不存在sldc,因此使用LQ S(n, d)模型计算n次分割方案的存活细胞。LQS(n,D)的数学处理子部分是生物有效剂量(BED),用于评估所谓的“生物剂量”。电离辐射与活组织的相互作用可使健康或亚致命损伤的细胞产生部分死亡或亚致命损伤。被杀伤和亚致命损伤细胞的比例决定了辐射生物效应(RBEfs)。利用rbef对分级方案进行计算模拟,可以计算肿瘤控制概率。虽然LQ S(n,D)的推导考虑了100%的细胞修复,即0%的亚致命性损伤细胞(sldc),但放射生物学模拟器考虑了sldc的存在,以及在干扰和中断期间<100%的细胞修复。鉴于“生物剂量”不存在,但RBEf,有必要创建BED。它显示了BED的一些用途,如EQ2D表达式的推导,可以直接使用LQ S(n,D)来完成。
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引用次数: 2
Production of the 103Pd via Cyclotron and Preparation of the Brachytherapy Seed 回旋加速器制备103Pd及近距离治疗种子的制备
Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92457
P. Saidi, M. Sadeghi
This study will briefly explain the production of 103Pd via cyclotron for brachytherapy use. The excitation functions of 103Rh(p,n)103Pd and 103Rh(d,2n)103Pd reactions were calculated using ALICE/91, ALICE/ASH, and TALYS-1.2 codes and compared with published data. Production of 103Pd was done via 103Rh(p,n)103Pd nuclear reaction. The target was bombarded with 18 MeV protons at 200 μA beam current for 15 h. After irradiation and radiochemical separation of the electroplated rhodium target, at the optimum condition, 103Pd was absorbed into Amberlite®IR-93 resin. The preparation of the brachytherapy seed, which is loaded by the resin beads, has also been presented. At least, the method to determine the dosimetric parameters for the seed by experimental measurement has been presented.
本研究将简要解释通过回旋加速器生产103Pd用于近距离治疗。利用ALICE/91、ALICE/ASH和TALYS-1.2代码计算103Rh(p,n)103Pd和103Rh(d,2n)103Pd反应的激发函数,并与已发表的数据进行比较。采用103Rh(p,n)103Pd核反应制得103Pd。在200 μA束流下,用18 MeV质子轰击靶材15 h。电镀铑靶材经辐照和放射化学分离后,在最佳条件下,103Pd被吸收到Amberlite®IR-93树脂中。本文还介绍了树脂珠载近距离放射治疗种子的制备方法。至少,提出了通过实验测量确定该种子剂量学参数的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Influence of the Doping Ion Nature and Content on Defect Creation Processes under the Effect of Ionizing Radiation in Aluminoborosilicate Glasses 电离辐射作用下掺杂离子性质和含量对铝硼硅酸盐玻璃缺陷形成过程的影响
Pub Date : 2020-04-29 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92317
E. Malchukova
Effects of ionizing irradiation on defect creation processes have been studied in rare earth (RE)-doped (RE = Sm, Gd, Eu, Ce, Nd) aluminoborosilicate glass with use of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical spectroscopy. As a function of RE ion nature, we observe that doping significantly influences the nature of the defects produced during irradiation and more specifically the relative proportions between hole and electron defect centers. Strong decrease of defect production efficiency under ionizing radiation independence on both the RE doping content and on the relative stability of the RE different oxidation states is also clearly revealed. The results could be explained by dynamical reversible trapping of the electron-hole pairs produced during irradiation on the different RE charge states as well as by RE segregation and pre-existing defects speciation in ABS glass structure.
利用电子顺磁共振(EPR)和光谱学研究了电离辐照对稀土(RE = Sm, Gd, Eu, Ce, Nd)掺铝硼硅酸盐玻璃缺陷形成过程的影响。作为稀土离子性质的函数,我们观察到掺杂显著影响辐照过程中产生的缺陷的性质,特别是空穴和电子缺陷中心之间的相对比例。在不依赖电离辐射的情况下,稀土掺杂量和不同氧化态稀土的相对稳定性对缺陷生产效率的影响也很大。这一结果可以用辐照过程中产生的电子-空穴对的动态可逆俘获以及ABS玻璃结构中稀土偏析和预先存在缺陷的形成来解释。
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引用次数: 2
Natural Radioactive Decay 自然放射性衰变
Pub Date : 2020-04-14 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91899
Entesar H. Elaraby
This chapter is primarily concerned with natural radioactive decay. Generally speaking, there are two types of natural radioactive decays: alpha decays “which contain two neutrons and two protons” emitted from radon gas; additionally, nuclear decay by emission of photons (γ-decay). This chapter aims to describe γ and alpha loss of nuclei and demonstrates how to measure the radioactive material naturally using solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) and high purity Germanium detector (HPGD). Also, methods of measuring the different characteristics of the alpha particle using the track profile technique (TPT) will be presented. Finally, results will be presented in the alpha and radon measurements. The concentration of aerosols has attracted much attention by many researchers in the past decade. Research has shown that aerosols are responsible for harmful chemical reactions that lead to the physical degradation of the stratospheric ozone layer. Moreover, aerosols increase the risk of developing cancer in humans when inhaled in large proportions. Therefore, neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a very important application to measure these concentrations.
本章主要讨论自然放射性衰变。一般来说,有两种类型的天然放射性衰变:由氡气发射的α衰变“包含两个中子和两个质子”;此外,核衰变是通过发射光子(γ衰变)。本章旨在描述原子核的γ和α损失,并演示如何使用固态核径迹探测器(SSNTD)和高纯锗探测器(HPGD)自然测量放射性物质。此外,还将介绍利用轨迹轮廓技术(TPT)测量α粒子不同特性的方法。最后,结果将在α和氡的测量中提出。在过去的十年中,气溶胶的浓度引起了许多研究人员的关注。研究表明,气溶胶是导致平流层臭氧层物理退化的有害化学反应的罪魁祸首。此外,大量吸入气溶胶会增加人类患癌症的风险。因此,中子活化分析(NAA)是测量这些浓度的重要方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research
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