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Mistletoe, Viscum album (Santalaceae), in Britain and Ireland; a discussion and review of current status and trends 槲寄生,槲寄生科,产于英国和爱尔兰;对现状和趋势的讨论和回顾
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.419
Jo Briggs
The status of Viscum album L. (Mistletoe) in Britain and Ireland is discussed and current trends reviewed. An overview of life-cycle is given, including discussion of dispersal, germination and host connection, all aspects important in understanding status and trends. A summary of hosts and habitats is followed by a review of distribution; the long-established pattern in the south-west midlands plus recent and ongoing changes. The biodiversity value of mistletoe for other species is discussed. The seasonal mistletoe trade, its history and implications, is outlined. Some current conservation, control and planting projects are described. A brief summary of toxicity and medicinal uses is given. Concluding remarks outline various research opportunities; particularly those that would help understand and set a baseline to measure current and future trends.
讨论了Viscum专辑L.(槲寄生)在英国和爱尔兰的地位,并回顾了当前的趋势。概述了植物的生命周期,包括对传播、萌发和寄主连接的讨论,这些都是了解现状和趋势的重要方面。对宿主和生境进行概述,然后对分布进行审查;西南中部地区长期存在的模式加上最近和正在发生的变化。讨论了槲寄生对其他物种的生物多样性价值。概述了季节性槲寄生贸易的历史和影响。介绍了目前的一些保护、控制和种植项目。简要概述了其毒性和药用价值。结束语概述了各种研究机会;特别是那些有助于理解和设定基准以衡量当前和未来趋势的建议。
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引用次数: 5
The Status of Carex elongata (Cyperaceae) in Yorkshire 标题约克郡长苔草(苏科)的现状
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.482
A. Fitter, M. Hammond, M. Huby, K. Walker, Phillip Whelpdale
Gingerbread or Elongated Sedge Carex elongata L. is a rare plant in eastern England and the Yorkshire populations are isolated from the main distribution. It has only ever naturally occurred at five sites and is extant at two of them, one of which probably results from a recent colonisation event. It has been re-introduced near another of its historic sites. At its principal site, Askham Bog near York, the plant has expanded its population considerably over the last 40 years. Its local distribution appears to be strictly limited by topography and winter flooding. Its ability to colonise new sites and to expand populations show that earlier concern about seed viability was misplaced.
姜饼莎草(Gingerbread或Elongated Sedge Carex elongata L.)是英格兰东部的一种稀有植物,约克郡的种群与主要分布地区分离。它只在五个地点自然发生过,其中两个幸存下来,其中一个可能是最近殖民化事件的结果。它在另一个历史遗址附近被重新引入。在约克附近的阿斯卡姆沼泽(Askham Bog),该工厂的人口在过去40年里大幅增加。其局部分布似乎受到地形和冬季洪水的严格限制。它在新地点定居和扩大种群的能力表明,早先对种子生存能力的担忧是错误的。
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引用次数: 0
Is the Strawberry Tree, Arbutus unedo (Ericaceae), native to Ireland, or was it brought by the first copper miners? 草莓树,Arbutus unedo (Ericaceae),是爱尔兰本土的,还是第一批铜矿矿工带来的?
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.385
M. Sheehy Skeffington, N. Scott
The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is often referred to as one of Ireland’s ‘Lusitanian’ species to describe its disjunct distribution, since it is absent from Britain and is mainly found around the Mediterranean Sea and on the Iberian Peninsula. In Ireland, it is regarded as native in the south-west and in Co. Sligo. However, a recent genetic study suggests that it could have been introduced to Ireland directly from northern Spain. This possibility was previously dismissed, since palynological and archaeological evidence showed it to be present in south-west Ireland 4,000 years ago. Here, we examine how an introduction might have occurred prior to this date, by first reviewing what is known of its distribution, ecology and history in Ireland along with archaeological information. Then, combining an updated distribution of A. unedo where it is regarded as native in Ireland with historical accounts, palynological and archaeological records and other information from the literature, we present two online maps, designed to be an ongoing accessible resource. The information has enabled us to propose a means by which A. unedo might have arrived in Ireland with miners who came to work the first known copper mine in north-west Europe, in the Chalcolithic phase of the Late Neolithic, which was at Ross Island on Lough Leane in Co. Kerry. The species’ distribution today suggests that it then spread with subsequent Bronze Age copper mining activity in south-west Ireland, though this is unlikely to account for its arrival in Co. Sligo. Previous suggestions that A. unedo was once much more widely distributed in Ireland and subsequently contracted due to preferential cutting for smelting, are shown to be unfounded.
草莓树(Arbutus unedo L.)通常被称为爱尔兰的“卢西塔尼亚”物种之一,以描述其不间断的分布,因为它不在英国,主要分布在地中海周围和伊比利亚半岛。在爱尔兰,它被认为是西南部和斯莱戈郡的原生植物。然而,最近的一项基因研究表明,它可能是从西班牙北部直接传入爱尔兰的。这种可能性之前被驳回,因为孢粉学和考古证据表明,它在4000年前就出现在爱尔兰西南部。在这里,我们通过首先回顾其在爱尔兰的分布、生态和历史以及考古信息,来研究在这个日期之前是如何引入的。然后,将A. unedo的最新分布与历史记载、孢粉学和考古记录以及文献中的其他信息相结合,我们提出了两个在线地图,旨在成为一个持续可访问的资源。这些信息使我们能够提出一种方法,即a . unedo可能是在新石器时代晚期的铜器时代,在克里郡利恩湖的罗斯岛,与矿工一起来到爱尔兰,在西北欧开采已知的第一个铜矿。该物种今天的分布表明,它随后随着青铜器时代在爱尔兰西南部的铜矿开采活动而传播,尽管这不太可能解释它到达斯莱戈的原因。先前的建议是,A. unedo曾经在爱尔兰分布得更广泛,后来由于冶炼的优先切割而收缩,被证明是没有根据的。
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引用次数: 2
British hybrids involving Epilobium tetragonum subsp tournefortii (Onagraceae), Tournefort’s Willowherb 英属四叶蓼属(桔梗科)、Tournefort 's willowhb的杂交品种
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.469
Geoffrey Kitchener, A. Leslie, P. Leonard
A study of populations of Tournefort’s Willowherb, Epilobium tetragonum L. subsp. tournefortii (Michalet) Lév., a non-native taxon naturalised in Cambridgeshire, revealed the presence of plants which on the basis of their morphology were attributed to hybrids with native willowherbs Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (Hoary Willowherb), Epilobium tetragonum L. subsp. tetragonum (Square-stalked Willowherb) and Epilobium hirsutum L. (Great Willowherb). Details of distinguishing characters are given. The hybrid taxa have not previously been recorded as such in the British Isles.
图尔纳福氏柳树种群的研究。(michaelet) (michaelet)在剑桥郡归化的一个非本地分类群中,发现了与本地柳树(Epilobium parviflorum Schreb)杂交的植物。白杨属(Hoary willowhb);方柳和大柳。给出了识别字符的细节。这种杂交分类群以前在英伦三岛上没有这样的记录。
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引用次数: 0
Expansion of a localized population of the introduced Stratiotes aloides (Hydrocharitaceae) in Lough Derg, Ireland 爱尔兰德格湖引种的水藻科植物的局部种群扩展
Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.455
D. Minchin, D. Higgins
An expansion of an introduced female clone of Stratiotes aloides L. (Water-soldier) was located in a delta region on the western side of Lough Derg, Co Galway (v.c.H15), Ireland in 2007. This population was followed over a thirteen-year period. It was initially located at three adjacent sheltered localities, within sweepback bays on either side of an emerging river and within an adjacent canal. The study involved surface observations later supplemented with aerial images. The shallow water conditions, shelter and the presence of Phragmites australis appear to have supported the early establishment by retaining small S. aloides clusters amongst its stems. These clusters later merged to produce a mainly surface expanding monoculture. This enlarged from less than 1 ha to approximately 3.3 ha to occupy much of the sheltered Rossmore Bay area during this study. Flowers were first noticed in 2008, and during subsequent visits, producing infertile seed-pods.  Expansion took place with the production of daughter plants. A small nearby population, 1 km to the east, within an unused harbour, did not produce an emergent phase. A small group in a shallow cut, between the two locations, disappeared during the study. Aerial images from different sources were useful to identify the expansion of the emergent stage due to the distinctive bright green coloration of surface leaves. It is unclear how this plant arrived in Lough Derg, but might have been a garden plant release. Small drifting plants, seen during wintertime, may yet colonize other regions within this lake.
2007年,在爱尔兰Galway Co . (v.c.H15) Derg湖西侧的三角洲地区,对引进的Stratiotes aloides L. (Water-soldier)雌性无性系进行了扩展。这些人被跟踪了13年。它最初位于三个相邻的避风地点,位于一条新兴河流两侧的后掠海湾和相邻的运河内。这项研究包括后来辅以航空图像的地面观测。浅水条件、庇护所和芦苇的存在似乎支持了芦苇的早期建立,在其茎中保留了小的芦苇簇。这些集群后来合并,产生了主要是表面扩张的单一栽培。在这项研究中,这一面积从不足1公顷扩大到约3.3公顷,占据了大部分受保护的罗斯莫尔湾地区。在2008年第一次注意到花,在随后的访问中,产生了不育的种子荚。随着子工厂的生产,规模扩大了。在东部1公里处,一个未使用的港口内,附近的一小群人没有产生紧急阶段。在两个地点之间的一个浅切口中,有一小群人在研究过程中消失了。来自不同来源的航拍图像有助于识别萌芽阶段的扩展,因为表面叶子的鲜明绿色。目前还不清楚这种植物是如何到达德格湖的,但可能是一种花园植物的释放。在冬季看到的小型漂流植物可能还会在这个湖的其他地区定居。
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引用次数: 0
Recording Persicaria maculosa and P. lapathifolia (Polygonaceae)
Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.349
M. Wilcox
Persicaria maculosa Gray (Redshank) is a distinct species which can be distinguished from all forms of P. lapathifolia (L.) Delarbe (Pale Persicaria) based on the outer tepal veins. The recording and identification of these two taxa can be clouded by colour variation (especially in the latter species) and due to varied treatments in different works or Floras. This article describes ways to separate the two species and gives details of the various treatments in order for others to decide which taxonomic work should be followed. It suggests that there is a greater need for further morphological and or molecular studies for this complex group in order to form a consensus. Hybrids may occur but none have been confirmed by scientific methods. It may be that most of these taxa (especially in P. lapathifolia s.l.) are recognizable as forms or varieties, and this is also suggested (informally at present) by the author below, until further work clarifies the situation.
红脚桃属(pericaria maculosa Gray,红脚桃属)是一种独特的种,可以与所有形式的桃属(P. lapathifolia, L.)区分开来。Delarbe(淡桃属)基于花被片外脉。这两个分类群的记录和鉴定可能会因颜色变化(特别是后一种)和不同作品或区系的不同处理而变得模糊不清。本文描述了分离这两个物种的方法,并给出了各种处理的细节,以便其他人决定应该遵循哪种分类工作。这表明,为了形成共识,有更大的需要进一步形态学和/或分子研究这个复杂的群体。杂交可能会发生,但没有一种被科学方法证实。这些分类群中的大多数(特别是在P. lapathifolia s.l.)可能是可识别的形式或变种,这也由下面的作者(目前非正式地)提出,直到进一步的工作澄清情况。
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引用次数: 1
Snake’s-head Fritillary Fritillaria meleagris (Liliaceae) in Britain: its distribution, habitats and status 英国蛇头贝母(百合科)的分布、生境和地位
Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.263
K. Walker
Snake’s-head Fritillary Fritillaria meleagris L. is a scarce plant of unimproved meadows where it was formerly considered to be a native British species. A review of 593 British sites showed that 80% of British populations were located in other habitats where it had been planted or had established from introductions nearby. Of the 118 populations located in unimproved meadows 53 occurred in floodplain grassland in central and southeast England where it has long been considered to be native. However, recent evidence suggests that it is more likely to be a modern introduction (neophyte). It seems inconceivable that such an attractive plant would have been overlooked in the wild by herbalists in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Furthermore, the rapid growth of introduced populations in meadows in Sweden and England has shown that Fritillary populations in Britain could have reached their present size in the 300 years since they were first recorded in the wild. Historical accounts prove that it was being grown for ornament in large gardens in the sixteenth century, from where it presumably escaped along rivers to colonise meadows downstream. Regardless of its status, however, it remains a much-loved and valued component of the British flora and a flagship species for the conservation of floodplain grasslands.
蛇头贝母(beltillaria meleagris L.)是一种稀有植物,生长在未改良的草地上,以前被认为是英国本土物种。一项对英国593个地点的调查显示,80%的英国种群位于其他栖息地,这些栖息地要么是被种植的,要么是由附近的引种者建立的。在118个种群中,有53个种群分布在英格兰中部和东南部的洪泛区草原上,长期以来,人们一直认为它们是本土的。然而,最近的证据表明,它更有可能是现代引进的(新来者)。令人难以置信的是,在15、16世纪的野外,如此迷人的植物竟然会被草药学家忽视。此外,瑞典和英格兰的草地上引进的贝母种群的快速增长表明,英国的贝母种群可能在它们首次在野外被记录以来的300年里达到了现在的规模。历史记载证明,在16世纪,它被种植在大型花园中作为装饰,它可能是从那里沿着河流逃到下游的草地上。然而,不管它的地位如何,它仍然是英国植物群中备受喜爱和珍视的组成部分,也是保护洪泛区草原的旗舰物种。
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引用次数: 1
The discovery of the local flora as reflected in BSBI vice-county datasets - a case study for Berwickshire v.c.81 反映在BSBI副县数据集中的当地植物群的发现- Berwickshire vc .81的案例研究
Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.279
M. Braithwaite
This paper reviews the achievements of botanical recording in Berwickshire over two centuries with particular reference to populations of locally-scarce plants, using graphs and tables rather than distribution maps. It concludes that, while the time available for fieldwork over two centuries has been well spent, it will be desirable to consider how populations of locally-scarce species searched for and not refound are best recorded during the next recording cycle, so that trends in these species become readily available. This might be best achieved by intensive repeat-recording of each site of botanical interest in rotation, preparing a revised site account on completion of each site survey.
本文回顾了两个多世纪以来贝里克郡植物记录的成就,特别参考了当地稀有植物的种群,使用图表而不是分布图。它的结论是,虽然两个多世纪的实地考察时间已经花得很好,但考虑如何在下一个记录周期中最好地记录当地稀缺物种的种群,以便随时获得这些物种的趋势,将是可取的。要做到这一点,最好的办法是轮流对每个有植物价值的地点进行密集的重复记录,并在每次地点调查完成后编写一份订正的地点记录。
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引用次数: 1
Conservation of Britain’s biodiversity: distribution and status of the Welsh endemic Hieracium apheles, Hepste hawkweed (Asteraceae) 英国生物多样性的保护:威尔士特有的山楂(菊科)的分布和地位
Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.289
T. Rich
The conservation status of Hieracium apheles P. D. Sell (Asteraceae), Hepste hawkweed  has been assessed. A lectotype for the basionym H. septentrionale Arv.-Touv. var. simplex Ley has been designated. It is a rare endemic restricted to the Hepste Glen in the Brecon Beacons (v.c. 42), Wales. Only one population of five plants is known it is assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ under IUCN (2001) threat criteria.
摘要对菊科山菖蒲属(Hieracium apheles P. D. Sell)的保护现状进行了评价。basionium H. septentrionale Arv.-Touv的一种选型。变种单星莱伊已被指定。这是一种罕见的地方性疾病,仅限于威尔士布雷肯比肯斯(公元42年)的赫普斯特格伦。根据IUCN(2001)的威胁标准,只有一个种群的五种植物被评估为“极度濒危”。
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引用次数: 0
Three new species of Alchemilla (Rosaceae) from northern Britain 标题英国北部炼金属(蔷薇科)三新种
Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.33928/bib.2021.03.334
M. Lynes
Three new species of Alchemilla are described, two from the Northern England and a third from the highlands of Scotland. Alchemilla falsadenta and Alchemilla mebii (Rosaceae) are described from the Yorkshire Dales. Both belong to the Series Vulgares Buser, Subseries Subglabrae H. Lindberg, although the latter could conceivably be placed in Subseries Hirsutae H. Lindberg. Alchemilla neomanifesta of the Series Vulgares, Subseries Hirsutae is described from Ben Lawers National Nature Reserve.
描述了三种新的炼金术属,两种来自英格兰北部,另一种来自苏格兰高地。来自约克郡山谷的炼金术和炼金术(蔷薇科)。两者都属于Vulgares Buser系列,Subseries Subglabrae H. Lindberg,尽管后者可以被想象地放在Hirsutae H. Lindberg子系列中。本·劳厄斯国家自然保护区描述了普通系列,毛竹亚系列的新炼金术。
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引用次数: 0
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British & Irish Botany
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