This paper approaches the topic of money from a Nigerian perspective. A proper understanding of money and its role in an economy and society as a whole would require a more rounded view of money and its meaning than what has been provided by the field of Economics. This harmonious view will analyze money through the lenses of different disciplines in social science. The aim is to show that money is a social construct that is embedded in culture and society. Thus, a better understanding of money should reflect this attribute. Beginning with the Nigerian experience, this paper demonstrates the benefit of an interdisciplinary approach to money and finance.
{"title":"Towards a harmonious view of money: The Nigerian experience","authors":"Salewa Olawoye-Mann","doi":"10.5897/jasd2021.0633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2021.0633","url":null,"abstract":"This paper approaches the topic of money from a Nigerian perspective. A proper understanding of money and its role in an economy and society as a whole would require a more rounded view of money and its meaning than what has been provided by the field of Economics. This harmonious view will analyze money through the lenses of different disciplines in social science. The aim is to show that money is a social construct that is embedded in culture and society. Thus, a better understanding of money should reflect this attribute. Beginning with the Nigerian experience, this paper demonstrates the benefit of an interdisciplinary approach to money and finance.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117254453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nigeria's local food economy was affected by state-imposed restrictions to curb the spread of COVID-19 in communities. Street food vendors and consumers are among local food system actors impacted by such restrictions because their livelihood and food security are contingent on daily operations on the street. Informed by a descriptive qualitative approach, we interviewed 31 street food vendors and consumers who shared their experiences on how the lockdown impacted them. Vendors reported various impacts, including losing income, customers, customer trust, and social connection. Street food consumers reported difficulties meeting their food needs and developing multiple coping strategies, including cutting back on fruit and vegetable consumption and food sharing. Both vendors and consumers would like to see measures put in place to allow them to operate safely in a future lockdown event. This study is timely as the country strives to balance human and economic health amid the pandemic.
{"title":"Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on the livelihood and food security of street food vendors and consumers in Nigeria","authors":"Oloko Majing, Ekpo Regina","doi":"10.5897/jasd2021.0641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2021.0641","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria's local food economy was affected by state-imposed restrictions to curb the spread of COVID-19 in communities. Street food vendors and consumers are among local food system actors impacted by such restrictions because their livelihood and food security are contingent on daily operations on the street. Informed by a descriptive qualitative approach, we interviewed 31 street food vendors and consumers who shared their experiences on how the lockdown impacted them. Vendors reported various impacts, including losing income, customers, customer trust, and social connection. Street food consumers reported difficulties meeting their food needs and developing multiple coping strategies, including cutting back on fruit and vegetable consumption and food sharing. Both vendors and consumers would like to see measures put in place to allow them to operate safely in a future lockdown event. This study is timely as the country strives to balance human and economic health amid the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116910925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the potential for internationalisation of the naira in the quest for a common West African currency, despite some weak institutional challenges attributed to Nigeria. We employed a two-stage currency internationalisation modelling approach, where the first stage estimates the model, and the second stage employs ‘counterfactual simulations’ to predict the trend in the currency ratio of the proposed currency for internationalisation (in this case, the naira). We also account for the ‘tipping effect’ and ‘network externalities’, as recommended in the literature. The results provide evidence that supports the ‘tipping effect’ and ‘network externalities’, which show that accounting for ‘network externalities’ may cause inconsistency in the results. Our simulation exercise shows that improvements in the financial and macroeconomic development levels are prerequisites for the internalisation of the naira in West Africa. The results of the policy simulation also show that the reserve ratio of the naira is consistently higher than that of the CFA franc, which indicates that the naira is a better reserve currency anchor for the proposed single currency in West Africa, compared with the CFA franc. This is also reinforced by evidence that the naira in its worst performing period is better than the CFA franc in its best performing period.
{"title":"Internationalisation of the naira, institutional reforms, and a common currency for the ECOWAS","authors":"Michael A. Akume, Abdurrahman Isik, M. Oduh","doi":"10.5897/jasd2020.0568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2020.0568","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the potential for internationalisation of the naira in the quest for a common West African currency, despite some weak institutional challenges attributed to Nigeria. We employed a two-stage currency internationalisation modelling approach, where the first stage estimates the model, and the second stage employs ‘counterfactual simulations’ to predict the trend in the currency ratio of the proposed currency for internationalisation (in this case, the naira). We also account for the ‘tipping effect’ and ‘network externalities’, as recommended in the literature. The results provide evidence that supports the ‘tipping effect’ and ‘network externalities’, which show that accounting for ‘network externalities’ may cause inconsistency in the results. Our simulation exercise shows that improvements in the financial and macroeconomic development levels are prerequisites for the internalisation of the naira in West Africa. The results of the policy simulation also show that the reserve ratio of the naira is consistently higher than that of the CFA franc, which indicates that the naira is a better reserve currency anchor for the proposed single currency in West Africa, compared with the CFA franc. This is also reinforced by evidence that the naira in its worst performing period is better than the CFA franc in its best performing period.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131214405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This qualitative case study explored the managerial practices of small construction companies in Masvingo city with a view to relating findings to the newly introduced education 5.0 in Tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. The study was motivated by the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development’s thrust to introduce innovation and industrialisation hubs in universities in the country culminating in the setting up of production units at these institutions. The study was conducted at small construction enterprises in Masvingo city because production units were at their infancy stage in the country at the time. Hence it was felt that universities could draw lessons from the private sector after the study. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to generate data on the views of building inspectors, workers and owners of the small construction enterprises as well as residents of Masvingo city, towards the small enterprises’ managerial practices. Participants felt that the financial management practices were sound but no formal marketing strategies or quality control systems were said to be in place in the enterprises. The study recommended small construction enterprises in Masvingo city to market as well as improve on their quality management skills for their enterprises to remain viable. In that vein, production units at universities should work towards improving their management styles in areas such as financial management, marketing strategies as well as quality control systems.
{"title":"Managerial practices for small construction companies in Masvingo City: Lessons for entrepreneurship in Zimbabwes higher education sector","authors":"Sithole Silas, Tsitsi Ndamba Gamuchirai, Nhamo Martison","doi":"10.5897/jasd2021.0638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2021.0638","url":null,"abstract":"This qualitative case study explored the managerial practices of small construction companies in Masvingo city with a view to relating findings to the newly introduced education 5.0 in Tertiary institutions in Zimbabwe. The study was motivated by the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development’s thrust to introduce innovation and industrialisation hubs in universities in the country culminating in the setting up of production units at these institutions. The study was conducted at small construction enterprises in Masvingo city because production units were at their infancy stage in the country at the time. Hence it was felt that universities could draw lessons from the private sector after the study. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to generate data on the views of building inspectors, workers and owners of the small construction enterprises as well as residents of Masvingo city, towards the small enterprises’ managerial practices. Participants felt that the financial management practices were sound but no formal marketing strategies or quality control systems were said to be in place in the enterprises. The study recommended small construction enterprises in Masvingo city to market as well as improve on their quality management skills for their enterprises to remain viable. In that vein, production units at universities should work towards improving their management styles in areas such as financial management, marketing strategies as well as quality control systems.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131701889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kantono Esther, Kuluthum Nakalema, Elizabeth Namujogo
Nonfarm employment is an increasing form of employment in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is partly because many of the workers in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are self-employed workers. Most women in Uganda do not own land since customary land ownership system deprives women of owning land. This has pushed women to nonfarm employment in urban areas, semi-rural, and rural areas. This paper explored the implications of nonfarm rural employment on the social and economic empowerment of women in rural areas. The findings revealed that nonfarm rural employment boosts women’s income, puts women in leadership positions in women’s groups such as the savings groups, and empowers women to become independent by reducing economic dependence on men or their husbands while also providing women with decision making power both in the community and households. Additionally, successful women in nonfarm employment, especially self-employed women, are role models and a motivation to other rural women to venture into nonfarm employment. Being successful as a woman in nonfarm employment also comes along with leadership roles and high social status in the community. Key words: Nonfarm employment, women empowerment, rural nonfarm economy, Uganda.
{"title":"Women in nonfarm rural employment: implications on the social and economic empowerment of rural women in Uganda","authors":"Kantono Esther, Kuluthum Nakalema, Elizabeth Namujogo","doi":"10.5897/jasd2021.0632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2021.0632","url":null,"abstract":"Nonfarm employment is an increasing form of employment in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is partly because many of the workers in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are self-employed workers. Most women in Uganda do not own land since customary land ownership system deprives women of owning land. This has pushed women to nonfarm employment in urban areas, semi-rural, and rural areas. This paper explored the implications of nonfarm rural employment on the social and economic empowerment of women in rural areas. The findings revealed that nonfarm rural employment boosts women’s income, puts women in leadership positions in women’s groups such as the savings groups, and empowers women to become independent by reducing economic dependence on men or their husbands while also providing women with decision making power both in the community and households. Additionally, successful women in nonfarm employment, especially self-employed women, are role models and a motivation to other rural women to venture into nonfarm employment. Being successful as a woman in nonfarm employment also comes along with leadership roles and high social status in the community. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Nonfarm employment, women empowerment, rural nonfarm economy, Uganda.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"39 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114021998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although, the soft skills theme has been covered from many angles, there remains a scarcity of research on the linkage between indigenous knowledge and advances of business in developing countries. In addition, there is a gap between the theoretical approaches to the soft skills theme and the practical realities that ask not only which capabilities job seekers need to have but also where to acquire them. While it has been acknowledged that this gap exists, there is a scarcity of research and reports on the topic, and it is often overlooked that, in developing countries, the medium skilled employees and the small scale entrepreneurs are those who need the most support in acquiring knowledge. This fact was highlighted during the COVID pandemic. This paper shows that the provision of soft skills can meet both the requirements and capabilities in developing countries if people are given the chance to learn and master both professional knowledge and soft skills. The authors exhibit a conceptual base and showcase a range of examples, mainly on Africa, where improvement of soft skills has not only helped individuals and businesses but entire sectors of the economy. In the opinion of the authors, a documental presentation with “life stories” often provides more benefit to the readers than an anonymous statistical analysis. Key words: Soft skills, developing countries, entrepreneurship, poverty alleviation, education, employment.
{"title":"Soft skills in developing economies: An African view on the hidden linkage between indigenous knowledge and business perspectives","authors":"Helen Akolgo-Azupogo, A. Rubens, R. Bardy","doi":"10.5897/jasd2021.0625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2021.0625","url":null,"abstract":"Although, the soft skills theme has been covered from many angles, there remains a scarcity of research on the linkage between indigenous knowledge and advances of business in developing countries. In addition, there is a gap between the theoretical approaches to the soft skills theme and the practical realities that ask not only which capabilities job seekers need to have but also where to acquire them. While it has been acknowledged that this gap exists, there is a scarcity of research and reports on the topic, and it is often overlooked that, in developing countries, the medium skilled employees and the small scale entrepreneurs are those who need the most support in acquiring knowledge. This fact was highlighted during the COVID pandemic. This paper shows that the provision of soft skills can meet both the requirements and capabilities in developing countries if people are given the chance to learn and master both professional knowledge and soft skills. The authors exhibit a conceptual base and showcase a range of examples, mainly on Africa, where improvement of soft skills has not only helped individuals and businesses but entire sectors of the economy. In the opinion of the authors, a documental presentation with “life stories” often provides more benefit to the readers than an anonymous statistical analysis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Soft skills, developing countries, entrepreneurship, poverty alleviation, education, employment.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133845221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the link between natural resources wealth, agriculture, oil and economic growth in Nigeria. We use co-integration method to examine the relationship between the economic growth and economic indicators in control in this study. The result shows a significant relationship between economics growth and economic indicators in the long-run. However, the relationship between economics growth and economics indictors does not exist in the short-run. The policy makers in Nigeria should take this result into consideration when they implement a policy. They have to ensure that the policy closes the gap in order to have a positive effect on the economic growth in the short-run and long-run. Key words: Economic growth, co-integration, natural resources.
{"title":"Natural resources in Africa; a gift or curse: The case of Nigeria","authors":"A. Abou-Zaid, J. Amusa, Sami Alabdulwahab","doi":"10.5897/JASD2018.0491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JASD2018.0491","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the link between natural resources wealth, agriculture, oil and economic growth in Nigeria. We use co-integration method to examine the relationship between the economic growth and economic indicators in control in this study. The result shows a significant relationship between economics growth and economic indicators in the long-run. However, the relationship between economics growth and economics indictors does not exist in the short-run. The policy makers in Nigeria should take this result into consideration when they implement a policy. They have to ensure that the policy closes the gap in order to have a positive effect on the economic growth in the short-run and long-run. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Economic growth, co-integration, natural resources.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133969577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his book "The World Is Flat," Thomas Friedman experiences the first signs of globalization while on a trip to India. Friedman realizes the implications of a world connected economically, and the political ramifications that may ensue. This convergence is due to the advent of computerized systems that make information and workflow easy to share anywhere in the world. With the potential to produce consumer goods where labor and supplies are cheaper, Friedman calls it "a flattening effect" for the world of international trade. He believes the world is flat in the sense competition is now equalized; first world countries, third world countries, small entrepreneurs and large global supply chains all have an equal chance of success in the global economy. A flat world creates a zeitgeist of metropolitanism, a world of global citizens where nationalism is blurred across borders. A flat world also creates transnational inter-dependence. Keohane and Nye stand behind it being a deterrent to nationalism: “For those who wish the United States to retain world leadership, interdependence has become part of the new rhetoric, to be used against both economic nationalism at home and assertive challenges abroad. In the height of globalization, how is it that nationalism is fostered, and how can it influence Pan-Africanism? Key words: Nationalism, Pan Africanism, globalization, individualism, development, international relations theory.
{"title":"The influence of nationalism on pan Africanism","authors":"Angela R. Pashayan","doi":"10.5897/JASD2019.0544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JASD2019.0544","url":null,"abstract":"In his book \"The World Is Flat,\" Thomas Friedman experiences the first signs of globalization while on a trip to India. Friedman realizes the implications of a world connected economically, and the political ramifications that may ensue. This convergence is due to the advent of computerized systems that make information and workflow easy to share anywhere in the world. With the potential to produce consumer goods where labor and supplies are cheaper, Friedman calls it \"a flattening effect\" for the world of international trade. He believes the world is flat in the sense competition is now equalized; first world countries, third world countries, small entrepreneurs and large global supply chains all have an equal chance of success in the global economy. A flat world creates a zeitgeist of metropolitanism, a world of global citizens where nationalism is blurred across borders. A flat world also creates transnational inter-dependence. Keohane and Nye stand behind it being a deterrent to nationalism: “For those who wish the United States to retain world leadership, interdependence has become part of the new rhetoric, to be used against both economic nationalism at home and assertive challenges abroad. In the height of globalization, how is it that nationalism is fostered, and how can it influence Pan-Africanism? \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Nationalism, Pan Africanism, globalization, individualism, development, international relations theory.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125924698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, many African countries are faced with enormous challenges of health service delivery; one of the arguments advanced for the persistent health service delivery malaise is the inadequate management of the health sector human resource. It should therefore be noted that performance management in the health sector has been paid lukewarm attention by both health resource managers. Performance management has increasingly become a prominent public sector reform in most of the developing countries given the fact that the people resource is a proactive resource in most of the organizations. The paper used a case study as a methodology. The major findings were that performance management can be improved by the use of performance contracts and the revitalisation of the rewards and sanctions framework to staff in the health facilities. The paper unravels the influence of performance management to health service provision in Uganda. Key words: Performance management, health service provision.
{"title":"Performance management and health service delivery in the local governments of Uganda","authors":"M. Ndanyi","doi":"10.5897/jasd2019.0529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2019.0529","url":null,"abstract":"Today, many African countries are faced with enormous challenges of health service delivery; one of the arguments advanced for the persistent health service delivery malaise is the inadequate management of the health sector human resource. It should therefore be noted that performance management in the health sector has been paid lukewarm attention by both health resource managers. Performance management has increasingly become a prominent public sector reform in most of the developing countries given the fact that the people resource is a proactive resource in most of the organizations. The paper used a case study as a methodology. The major findings were that performance management can be improved by the use of performance contracts and the revitalisation of the rewards and sanctions framework to staff in the health facilities. The paper unravels the influence of performance management to health service provision in Uganda. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Performance management, health service provision.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128015271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Penan ethnic group in Sarawak, Malaysia are assumed to be lagging in development flows since Brooks’ administration. The Kubaan Penan ethnic group resides in the remote area of the forest and their daily activities are planting vegetable and hunting for food. Many of them refuse to go out to improve their quality of life financially. It is in contradiction to the Malaysian nature which works 15 hours extra than workers in Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore in a week. Study uses semi-structured interview and questionnaire were implemented. The findings show that the ability to master the Malay language is the major reason why the Kubaan Penan ethnic group refuses to go out from their village to find job. Various parties have to participate in order to equip Kubaan Penan ethnic group with the national language of Malaysia to increase their self-confidence and enable them to enter the labour market. Key words: Penan, labour market, remote area.
{"title":"The rationale behind the Penan Kubaan Ethnic Groups refusal to seek wage employment in the mainstream economy of Malaysia","authors":"N. Mohd, Saad Zabariah","doi":"10.5897/jasd2019.0537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2019.0537","url":null,"abstract":"Penan ethnic group in Sarawak, Malaysia are assumed to be lagging in development flows since Brooks’ administration. The Kubaan Penan ethnic group resides in the remote area of the forest and their daily activities are planting vegetable and hunting for food. Many of them refuse to go out to improve their quality of life financially. It is in contradiction to the Malaysian nature which works 15 hours extra than workers in Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore in a week. Study uses semi-structured interview and questionnaire were implemented. The findings show that the ability to master the Malay language is the major reason why the Kubaan Penan ethnic group refuses to go out from their village to find job. Various parties have to participate in order to equip Kubaan Penan ethnic group with the national language of Malaysia to increase their self-confidence and enable them to enter the labour market. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Penan, labour market, remote area.","PeriodicalId":255248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Studies and Development","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114789259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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