Geopolymers are class of inorganic polymers developed from aluminosilicate materials. Application of geopolymers in oil and gas industry has gotten the attention of engineers due to mechanical properties and their durability in corrosive environments. All the experiments conducted are in lab scale and elevated temperatures. However, their performance at low temperatures has not been tested. In this article, properties of rock-based geopolymers, liquid state and solid state, developed for well cementing is measured at 4-30ᵒC whereas called low temperature. Viscosity, consistency, static gel strength, and strength development are among the properties measured. Viscosity of the slurry was increased as temperature was reduced. The lower the temperature the longer the setting time. When the slurry started to set, static gel strength development was relatively fast. The geopolymer developed strength at low temperatures and the right-angle-set properties was remained. Strength development does not have linear relationship with temperature.
{"title":"Potential Utilization of Rock-Based Geopolymers for Oil Well Cementing at Cold Areas","authors":"M. Khalifeh, Laurent Delabroy, Johan Kverneland","doi":"10.2118/212442-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212442-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Geopolymers are class of inorganic polymers developed from aluminosilicate materials. Application of geopolymers in oil and gas industry has gotten the attention of engineers due to mechanical properties and their durability in corrosive environments. All the experiments conducted are in lab scale and elevated temperatures. However, their performance at low temperatures has not been tested. In this article, properties of rock-based geopolymers, liquid state and solid state, developed for well cementing is measured at 4-30ᵒC whereas called low temperature. Viscosity, consistency, static gel strength, and strength development are among the properties measured.\u0000 Viscosity of the slurry was increased as temperature was reduced. The lower the temperature the longer the setting time. When the slurry started to set, static gel strength development was relatively fast. The geopolymer developed strength at low temperatures and the right-angle-set properties was remained. Strength development does not have linear relationship with temperature.","PeriodicalId":255336,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Thu, March 09, 2023","volume":"37 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133425775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Galarraga, Gabe Gusey, Derek Wade, Andrew Allen
Historically, downhole vibrations at the drill bit have been difficult to determine and measure. In addition, oilfield personnel has dull graded bits through visual inspection, which introduces subjectivity into the assessment of the dull condition. Tools to measure dysfunctions at the bit to help understand the root cause of bit failure, and a digital bit imaging system for reliable dull grading, have been a gap in understanding drill bit performance. This paper presents a field study where downhole measurements and automated dull grading were utilized in tandem to improve performance. In the Permian Basin, one of the most challenging applications is the production Vertical+Curve+Lateral section, due to interbedded transitions while drilling, the inability to track tangents, and building curves. The type of vibrations at the bit and their sources were unknown, and determining bit wear location and the type of cutter damage was also a challenge in this case. A sensor at bit to measure downhole dysfunctions, in combination with a digital imaging system that calculates the bit damage, was used to carry out a comprehensive engineering analysis to determine the bit design changes needed for enhanced drilling efficiency. The high-frequency data recorded at the bit showed lateral events of high magnitude that indicated formation-related issues. The automated dull grading system showed catastrophic damage in the cone, along with breakage and delamination of the cutters in the lower shoulder and gauge areas, due to cutter overloading during the lateral vibration events while drilling through hard stringers. The vibrations at the bit were studied to understand how they were generated and how we can mitigate them. The recorded electronic bit data and the outputs of the digital bit dull grading system were analyzed together to determine drill bit features that need to be improved. Based on the bit data recorded and digital dull bit analyses, an advanced bit profile and cutting structure layout with a more impactful placement of depth-of-cut (DOC) control elements were used to develop a fit-for-purpose drill bit design combined with a new generation of PDC cutters. As a result, a complete drill bit design solution was developed to drill longer runs with better dull condition and very consistent performance across the basin. This paper describes the nature of downhole vibrations at the bit and their consequences of damaging the bit through poor drilling performance. A new digital, automated dull grading system accurately determined the detailed location, on the bit, and type of wear produced by the vibrations, and it offered practical recommendations for improving performance. Detailed field data from different runs, showing where bit design changes reduced the failures and resulted in longer intervals drilled, will be presented.
{"title":"Utilizing Electronic Data Captured, at the Bit, in Combination with Automated Bit Dull Grading, to Improve Bit Design Features, Dull Condition, and Ultimately, Drilling Performance","authors":"C. Galarraga, Gabe Gusey, Derek Wade, Andrew Allen","doi":"10.2118/212475-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212475-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Historically, downhole vibrations at the drill bit have been difficult to determine and measure. In addition, oilfield personnel has dull graded bits through visual inspection, which introduces subjectivity into the assessment of the dull condition. Tools to measure dysfunctions at the bit to help understand the root cause of bit failure, and a digital bit imaging system for reliable dull grading, have been a gap in understanding drill bit performance. This paper presents a field study where downhole measurements and automated dull grading were utilized in tandem to improve performance.\u0000 In the Permian Basin, one of the most challenging applications is the production Vertical+Curve+Lateral section, due to interbedded transitions while drilling, the inability to track tangents, and building curves. The type of vibrations at the bit and their sources were unknown, and determining bit wear location and the type of cutter damage was also a challenge in this case.\u0000 A sensor at bit to measure downhole dysfunctions, in combination with a digital imaging system that calculates the bit damage, was used to carry out a comprehensive engineering analysis to determine the bit design changes needed for enhanced drilling efficiency.\u0000 The high-frequency data recorded at the bit showed lateral events of high magnitude that indicated formation-related issues. The automated dull grading system showed catastrophic damage in the cone, along with breakage and delamination of the cutters in the lower shoulder and gauge areas, due to cutter overloading during the lateral vibration events while drilling through hard stringers. The vibrations at the bit were studied to understand how they were generated and how we can mitigate them. The recorded electronic bit data and the outputs of the digital bit dull grading system were analyzed together to determine drill bit features that need to be improved.\u0000 Based on the bit data recorded and digital dull bit analyses, an advanced bit profile and cutting structure layout with a more impactful placement of depth-of-cut (DOC) control elements were used to develop a fit-for-purpose drill bit design combined with a new generation of PDC cutters. As a result, a complete drill bit design solution was developed to drill longer runs with better dull condition and very consistent performance across the basin.\u0000 This paper describes the nature of downhole vibrations at the bit and their consequences of damaging the bit through poor drilling performance. A new digital, automated dull grading system accurately determined the detailed location, on the bit, and type of wear produced by the vibrations, and it offered practical recommendations for improving performance. Detailed field data from different runs, showing where bit design changes reduced the failures and resulted in longer intervals drilled, will be presented.","PeriodicalId":255336,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Thu, March 09, 2023","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131118167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Mensa-Wilmot, Rufino Cotanda, Dexter Pazziuagan
Geothermal assets continue to be developed aggressively in several regions around the world, fueled by the need to develop clean sources of energy and the recognition that geothermal energy is one such source. As expected, most Geothermal projects are planned and executed using legacy oil/gas drilling systems, tools, and strategies. While effective in some instances, this approach introduces risks, limitations, and inefficiencies into the geothermal drilling process. Consequently, project cycle times and operational costs are usually higher than expected, with additional negative effects on energy production levels and efficiencies. These challenges need prompt solutions, which must be achieved through development of geothermal specific technologies and strategies. Such considerations are needed to promote drilling efficiency improvements, sustainable project cost reductions, and facilitation of expanded geothermal asset development. In support of required efforts, this paper presents structured processes that guide the interpretation and understanding of geothermal drilling applications and promote holistic development of geothermal specific solutions. The positive effects of a holistic approach and other processes on geothermal drilling, with a focus on improved efficiencies, cycle time and operational costs reductions, will be presented with supporting field data.
{"title":"Geothermal Drilling – Collaborative and Holistic Applications Specific Solutions Drive Consistent Improvements in Drilling Efficiency and Operational Costs","authors":"G. Mensa-Wilmot, Rufino Cotanda, Dexter Pazziuagan","doi":"10.2118/212512-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212512-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Geothermal assets continue to be developed aggressively in several regions around the world, fueled by the need to develop clean sources of energy and the recognition that geothermal energy is one such source. As expected, most Geothermal projects are planned and executed using legacy oil/gas drilling systems, tools, and strategies. While effective in some instances, this approach introduces risks, limitations, and inefficiencies into the geothermal drilling process. Consequently, project cycle times and operational costs are usually higher than expected, with additional negative effects on energy production levels and efficiencies.\u0000 These challenges need prompt solutions, which must be achieved through development of geothermal specific technologies and strategies. Such considerations are needed to promote drilling efficiency improvements, sustainable project cost reductions, and facilitation of expanded geothermal asset development. In support of required efforts, this paper presents structured processes that guide the interpretation and understanding of geothermal drilling applications and promote holistic development of geothermal specific solutions. The positive effects of a holistic approach and other processes on geothermal drilling, with a focus on improved efficiencies, cycle time and operational costs reductions, will be presented with supporting field data.","PeriodicalId":255336,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Thu, March 09, 2023","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114258053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scope of this paper is to present scenario-based, game design methodology to driller workforce training in drilling rig simulator training exercises to train on functional operation of the rig control system. Scenario-based training has resulted in a shift from traditional and maneuver-based training approaches. It trains drillers on different skills and competencies. It has also shown to improve spatial memory, decision making and other cognitive skills. The objective is to use these methods via training to improve driller competency. Drillers working on drilling rigs operate in high-hazard environments. Driller has to manage situations that are dynamic in nature, high risk, uncertainty and manage multiple operations of the rig control systems. Integrating simulator-based exercises into training is designed to improve safety and performance. The motivations behind this work are multi-fold. First, we recognize that the incoming workforce of drillers across the world have different learning abilities, decision making skills, risk adjustments and cognitive skills. The drilling rig simulator's objective is to train drillers to deploy a better strategy, have fewer errors and faster response in real-world scenarios using their spatial working memory (memory responsible for the recording and recovery of information). Secondly, the control systems on a drilling rig is continuously changing which requires the drillers to get up to speed very quickly. Dynamic situations require the driller to monitor this complex system, perform routine procedures on the control systems, and quickly respond to hazardous situations. Technical advances in drilling rig simulators now means that the simulator-based exercises provides immediate feedback, has exercises that are repeatable with different scenarios, integrates a structured observation tool to record and capture positive behaviors as well as areas for improvement, trains drillers on technical and non-technical skills and plans performance standards. Different approaches to the scenario-based game design methodology of training are being explored. Drillers can operate the drilling rig training simulator application by remotely login to the physics-based drilling rig training simulator for scenario-based training. The driller is presented with various scenarios - drilling dysfunctions, situational dysfunctions, etc. Both the approaches in the training simulator navigates the driller through various levels of difficulty from beginner to advanced. The organization and progression of increasing layers of situational difficulty (technical / non-technical) are presented to the driller for the various scenarios through a multi-level course that allows the driller to tackle and improve his competency. The drillers response to the dysfunctions/situations are measured and formulated into a competency assessment matrix that allows the training department to determine if additional training is required. Integration of
{"title":"Scenario Based Training in Drilling Rig Simulator Improves Drillers Core Competency","authors":"Malini Manocha, Somesh Soni, Michalel Beck, Xavier Ramirez","doi":"10.2118/212551-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212551-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The scope of this paper is to present scenario-based, game design methodology to driller workforce training in drilling rig simulator training exercises to train on functional operation of the rig control system. Scenario-based training has resulted in a shift from traditional and maneuver-based training approaches. It trains drillers on different skills and competencies. It has also shown to improve spatial memory, decision making and other cognitive skills. The objective is to use these methods via training to improve driller competency.\u0000 Drillers working on drilling rigs operate in high-hazard environments. Driller has to manage situations that are dynamic in nature, high risk, uncertainty and manage multiple operations of the rig control systems. Integrating simulator-based exercises into training is designed to improve safety and performance. The motivations behind this work are multi-fold. First, we recognize that the incoming workforce of drillers across the world have different learning abilities, decision making skills, risk adjustments and cognitive skills. The drilling rig simulator's objective is to train drillers to deploy a better strategy, have fewer errors and faster response in real-world scenarios using their spatial working memory (memory responsible for the recording and recovery of information). Secondly, the control systems on a drilling rig is continuously changing which requires the drillers to get up to speed very quickly. Dynamic situations require the driller to monitor this complex system, perform routine procedures on the control systems, and quickly respond to hazardous situations. Technical advances in drilling rig simulators now means that the simulator-based exercises provides immediate feedback, has exercises that are repeatable with different scenarios, integrates a structured observation tool to record and capture positive behaviors as well as areas for improvement, trains drillers on technical and non-technical skills and plans performance standards.\u0000 Different approaches to the scenario-based game design methodology of training are being explored. Drillers can operate the drilling rig training simulator application by remotely login to the physics-based drilling rig training simulator for scenario-based training. The driller is presented with various scenarios - drilling dysfunctions, situational dysfunctions, etc. Both the approaches in the training simulator navigates the driller through various levels of difficulty from beginner to advanced. The organization and progression of increasing layers of situational difficulty (technical / non-technical) are presented to the driller for the various scenarios through a multi-level course that allows the driller to tackle and improve his competency. The drillers response to the dysfunctions/situations are measured and formulated into a competency assessment matrix that allows the training department to determine if additional training is required.\u0000 Integration of","PeriodicalId":255336,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Thu, March 09, 2023","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131742639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As part of the permanent plug & abandonment of a well, the annulus casing cement sheath may be considered a barrier element provided that its integrity can be verified. Operators use a combination of data to evaluate the integrity of the casing cement sheath; cement job parameters and displacement calculations, results from FITs and LOTs, bonding logs and sustained casing pressure being the most common ones. The cement length is a key quantity for qualifying annulus cement as a well barrier element. If using the standard NORSOK D-010 rev 5 as the decision basis and provided a correct positioning, a length of 30 m MD is required when using bonding logs as the means of verification. Since the annulus cement sheath usually is considerably longer that 30 m, 30 meters of good cement can be achieved either by presenting a bond log showing 30 m of continuous good cement or by presenting a bond log that in total has 30 m of good cement. Operators have different requirements and views when it comes to stacked versus continuous. To better understand the implications in terms of sealing ability of a continuous annulus cements sheath versus a stacked annulus cement sheath we have conducted studies of both quantitative and qualitative nature. For a quantitative comparison we have used Darcy’s law and capillary pressure, for a qualitative comparison we have looked at cracks, shear failure and the effect of zones with a poor bond log.
作为永久封井和弃井的一部分，环空套管水泥环可以被认为是一个屏障元件，前提是它的完整性可以得到验证。作业者使用综合数据来评估套管水泥环的完整性;固井作业参数和驱替计算、fit和lot的结果、胶结测井和持续套管压力是最常见的。固井长度是决定环空固井是否能作为井眼屏障的关键指标。如果使用标准NORSOK D-010 rev 5作为决策依据并提供正确的定位，则在使用粘合日志作为验证手段时，需要30 m MD长度。由于环空水泥环通常比30米长得多，因此30米的良好水泥可以通过提供显示30米连续良好水泥的粘合测井或提供总计30米良好水泥的粘合测井来实现。当涉及到堆叠和连续时，运营商有不同的需求和观点。为了更好地了解连续环空水泥环与堆叠环空水泥环的密封能力，我们进行了定量和定性研究。为了进行定量比较，我们使用了达西定律和毛管压力，为了进行定性比较，我们研究了裂缝、剪切破坏和胶结测井差的区域的影响。
{"title":"Continuous or Stacked Cement Bond Logs – Does It Matter?","authors":"H. Lohne, Øystein Arild","doi":"10.2118/212469-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212469-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As part of the permanent plug & abandonment of a well, the annulus casing cement sheath may be considered a barrier element provided that its integrity can be verified. Operators use a combination of data to evaluate the integrity of the casing cement sheath; cement job parameters and displacement calculations, results from FITs and LOTs, bonding logs and sustained casing pressure being the most common ones. The cement length is a key quantity for qualifying annulus cement as a well barrier element. If using the standard NORSOK D-010 rev 5 as the decision basis and provided a correct positioning, a length of 30 m MD is required when using bonding logs as the means of verification. Since the annulus cement sheath usually is considerably longer that 30 m, 30 meters of good cement can be achieved either by presenting a bond log showing 30 m of continuous good cement or by presenting a bond log that in total has 30 m of good cement.\u0000 Operators have different requirements and views when it comes to stacked versus continuous. To better understand the implications in terms of sealing ability of a continuous annulus cements sheath versus a stacked annulus cement sheath we have conducted studies of both quantitative and qualitative nature. For a quantitative comparison we have used Darcy’s law and capillary pressure, for a qualitative comparison we have looked at cracks, shear failure and the effect of zones with a poor bond log.","PeriodicalId":255336,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Thu, March 09, 2023","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117012454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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