Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4337/9781800371781.00050
C. Henry
Within the next ten years, it could prove a perilous disaster to go on increasing the stock of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Humankind, however, has not yet curbed increasing volumes of emissions, and doesn’t seem determined to do so. How to avoid being squeezed? The only way, which doesn’t itself tinker with essential climate mechanisms – as geoengineering projects might do (Barrett, 2012) – is to capture CO2 from the atmosphere, and then dispose of it in various available ways. Capturing CO2 from air and storing it – direct air capture and storage, or DACS – would be an essential complement to avoiding doom on the planet; a complement, definitely not a substitute for reducing the emissions. Driving DACS costs down is thus worth research and development efforts on par with the Apollo Program, as was already laid down 20 years ago in a visionary paper (Lackner et al., 1999). This is all the more justified as, climate change being a public bad, DACS is a public good,1 for the provision of which you cannot rely on market mechanisms for raising adequate financial resources, even if you can rely on them to organize some form of competition, via reverse auctions, between providers.2 It is often argued that more broadly switching to a sustainable global development trajectory requires an “Apollo Program” of sorts. As long as sustainable development is considered in its globality, Richard Nelson, who along with Kenneth Arrow pioneered the economics of innovation, strongly disagrees: development stems from a broad diversity of decentralized endeavors. Nelson (with Sarewitz), however, also argues that there is one domain of R&D that calls for an Apollo Program, and that is CO2 capture and storage (Sarewitz and Nelson, 2008). Nature itself captures CO2 from ambient air. Silicates of calcium or of magnesium are significantly more reactive with ambient CO2 than are other minerals, the reaction forming stable solid carbonates; hence, the name mineral carbonation. They are found at higher densities in several kinds of rocks, particularly basalt and peridotite (Krevor et al., 2009). Natural weathering of such rocks fosters mineral carbonation. Peridotite is particularly productive; unfortunately, while abundant deep underground, it is relatively rare on or near
在未来十年内，继续增加大气中温室气体(ghg)的存量可能会成为一场危险的灾难。然而，人类还没有遏制不断增加的排放量，似乎也没有决心这样做。如何避免被挤压?唯一的方法是从大气中捕获二氧化碳，然后以各种可行的方式处理它，而不是像地球工程项目那样对基本的气候机制进行修补(Barrett, 2012)。从空气中捕获并储存二氧化碳——直接空气捕获和储存，简称DACS——将是避免地球毁灭的必要补充;这是一种补充，绝对不是减排的替代品。因此，降低DACS的成本是值得研究和开发的，与阿波罗计划相当，正如20年前在一篇有远见的论文中所述(Lackner et al.， 1999)。气候变化是一件公共品，而DACS是一件公共品，这就更有道理了。提供DACS，你不能依靠市场机制来筹集足够的财政资源，即使你可以依靠它们在供应商之间通过反向拍卖组织某种形式的竞争人们常常认为，更广泛地转向可持续的全球发展轨道需要某种“阿波罗计划”。只要考虑到可持续发展的全球性，与肯尼斯·阿罗(Kenneth Arrow)共同开创创新经济学的理查德·纳尔逊(Richard Nelson)就强烈反对:发展源于分散努力的广泛多样性。然而，Nelson(与Sarewitz一起)也认为，有一个研发领域需要阿波罗计划，那就是二氧化碳的捕获和储存(Sarewitz和Nelson, 2008)。大自然本身从周围空气中捕获二氧化碳。与其他矿物相比，钙或镁的硅酸盐与周围二氧化碳的反应明显更强，反应形成稳定的固体碳酸盐;因此得名矿物碳酸化。它们以较高的密度存在于几种岩石中，特别是玄武岩和橄榄岩(Krevor et al.， 2009)。这种岩石的自然风化作用促进矿物碳酸化。橄榄岩特别多产;不幸的是，尽管地下深处储量丰富，但在地面或附近却相对稀少
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