Optical transfer function (OTF) and the integral resolution of the optical system "turbulent atmosphere - telescope" are treated theoretically by different methods of posteriory processing of incoherently illuminated objects observed through the turbulent atmosphere. The following processing methods are examined: the averaged image recording ("very long" averaging times) and short-exposure images ("very short" averaging times), namely, Labeyrie, Knox-Thompson, and triple correlation of image intensity methods. The influence of the finite value of the turbulent atmosphere outer and inner scales on the OTF's under consideration is also estimated.
{"title":"Atmosphere Potentialities of the Methods of the Posteriory Processing of Incoherently Illuminated Objects through the Turbulent","authors":"I. Lukin","doi":"10.1364/adop.1995.tua22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1995.tua22","url":null,"abstract":"Optical transfer function (OTF) and the integral resolution of the optical system \"turbulent atmosphere - telescope\" are treated theoretically by different methods of posteriory processing of incoherently illuminated objects observed through the turbulent atmosphere. The following processing methods are examined: the averaged image recording (\"very long\" averaging times) and short-exposure images (\"very short\" averaging times), namely, Labeyrie, Knox-Thompson, and triple correlation of image intensity methods. The influence of the finite value of the turbulent atmosphere outer and inner scales on the OTF's under consideration is also estimated.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"265 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124163157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/adop.1996.athc.20
A. Larichev, I. Nikolaev, P. Violino
Conventional adaptive systems, whose key elements are wavefront sensor and electromechanical wavefront corrector, face considerable difficulties, when high-order aberrations’ correction is required [1]. The increase of number of adaptive mirror’s control elements (up to several hundreds, recently [2]) inevitably leads to the sophistication of the sensor for measuring the wavefront “fine structure” and to intensive computations at the stage of wavefront reconstruction. Therefore, new techniques controlling light with light, which do not violate the distributed nature of light wave, attract attention of researchers [3, 4, 5]. There are a number of optically controllable hybrid devices (microchannel modulator [3], liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) [4], and membrane mirror [5]) that may be used for distributed wave front correction. However, the adequate control methods for such correctors should be developed.
{"title":"High Resolution Adaptive System with a Phase Knife in the Optical Feedback Loop","authors":"A. Larichev, I. Nikolaev, P. Violino","doi":"10.1364/adop.1996.athc.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.athc.20","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional adaptive systems, whose key elements are wavefront sensor and electromechanical wavefront corrector, face considerable difficulties, when high-order aberrations’ correction is required [1]. The increase of number of adaptive mirror’s control elements (up to several hundreds, recently [2]) inevitably leads to the sophistication of the sensor for measuring the wavefront “fine structure” and to intensive computations at the stage of wavefront reconstruction. Therefore, new techniques controlling light with light, which do not violate the distributed nature of light wave, attract attention of researchers [3, 4, 5]. There are a number of optically controllable hybrid devices (microchannel modulator [3], liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) [4], and membrane mirror [5]) that may be used for distributed wave front correction. However, the adequate control methods for such correctors should be developed.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124275902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/adop.1996.athc.9
R. Kendrick, R. Bell, A. Duncan
Phasing the sub apertures of a multiple aperture telescope is a difficult problem that has been addressed in various ways. Hartmann sensors and knife edge tests are techniques that work well for point source objects such as stars. Null fringe tracking is also suitable for point sources. However, none of these techniques are adequate for extended object imaging. Radial shearing white-light interferometers have been proposed and tested but are complicated to implement and have a strong object dependence. Laser metrology systems are extremely accurate but do not give a direct measurement of the phase errors and can be difficult to implement. Phase diversity is a very simple phasing technique that is suitable for extended objects and has developed into a mature technology over the past five years.
{"title":"Sparse aperture phasing with phase diversity: Experimental Results","authors":"R. Kendrick, R. Bell, A. Duncan","doi":"10.1364/adop.1996.athc.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.athc.9","url":null,"abstract":"Phasing the sub apertures of a multiple aperture telescope is a difficult problem that has been addressed in various ways. Hartmann sensors and knife edge tests are techniques that work well for point source objects such as stars. Null fringe tracking is also suitable for point sources. However, none of these techniques are adequate for extended object imaging. Radial shearing white-light interferometers have been proposed and tested but are complicated to implement and have a strong object dependence. Laser metrology systems are extremely accurate but do not give a direct measurement of the phase errors and can be difficult to implement. Phase diversity is a very simple phasing technique that is suitable for extended objects and has developed into a mature technology over the past five years.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124381022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem is the determination of the probability density function of intensity fluctuations from experimental data of laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The proposed solution is very general and appears to be applicable to any statistical problem.
{"title":"Fractional moments for investigating laser atmospheric scintillation statistics","authors":"A. Consortini, F. Rigal, F. Cochetti","doi":"10.1364/adop.1995.tua15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1995.tua15","url":null,"abstract":"The problem is the determination of the probability density function of intensity fluctuations from experimental data of laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence. The proposed solution is very general and appears to be applicable to any statistical problem.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114478398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Wooder, I. Munro, T. Nicholls, M. Wells, J. Dainty
In this project, we wished to make the first measurements of the spatial-temporal characteristics of wavefronts in the infrared by taking advantage of the exisiting infrared camera (IRCAM3) and fast controller (ALICE) [1] at the 3.8m United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT). The intention was to have a system that could eventually be used for routine measurements as part of the UK’s Joint Observatories Site Evaluation (JOSE) campaign: a re-engineered version of the system described here has in fact now been constructed for the JOSE programme.
{"title":"Space-time Wavefront Analysis Using a Coordinate Remapping Shack-Hartmann Sensor","authors":"N. Wooder, I. Munro, T. Nicholls, M. Wells, J. Dainty","doi":"10.1364/adop.1995.tua9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1995.tua9","url":null,"abstract":"In this project, we wished to make the first measurements of the spatial-temporal characteristics of wavefronts in the infrared by taking advantage of the exisiting infrared camera (IRCAM3) and fast controller (ALICE) [1] at the 3.8m United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT). The intention was to have a system that could eventually be used for routine measurements as part of the UK’s Joint Observatories Site Evaluation (JOSE) campaign: a re-engineered version of the system described here has in fact now been constructed for the JOSE programme.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116889822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground-based images of astronomical objects typically require some form of post-processing to realize their full information content. The same is true for images obtained with adaptive optics. In order to do this an unresolved source near the target of interest is required.
{"title":"Post-Processing of Adaptive Optics Corrected Images","authors":"J. Christou, J. Drummond","doi":"10.1364/adop.1995.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1995.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"Ground-based images of astronomical objects typically require some form of post-processing to realize their full information content. The same is true for images obtained with adaptive optics. In order to do this an unresolved source near the target of interest is required.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130541410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have used the Adaptive Optics system ADONIS at the ESO 3.6 m telescope on La Silla, Chile, to obtain high-resolution images of the R136 complex in the young massive cluster 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Within our 12.″8 × 12.″8 field-of-view, we find more than 500 stars in our H and K near-infrared images. Combining these data with Hubble Space Telescope observations in the visual wavelength range, and comparing the brightness and colors with stellar models, we can determine the mass of each individual star. We have thus been able to construct the stellar mass function in the central crowded area down to ~ 5 solar masses. The inclusion of the infrared data obtained with Adaptive Optics in this analysis reduces the uncertainty due to varying amounts of extinction towards the individual stars. In addition, we find about 60 red sources that went undetected by the Hubble observations; these are probably young low or intermediate-mass pre-main-sequence stars, which are still embedded in dense circumstellar gas. We can constrain the age of the starburst in the center of 30 Doradus to about 3 to 5 Myrs. The mass function appears to vary between the innermost 0.4 pc and the outer region, indicating mass segregation on a time scale of only 105 to 106 years.
{"title":"Adaptive Optics at MPE: Astronomical Results and Future Plans","authors":"A. Quirrenbach","doi":"10.1364/adop.1996.awd.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.awd.1","url":null,"abstract":"We have used the Adaptive Optics system ADONIS at the ESO 3.6 m telescope on La Silla, Chile, to obtain high-resolution images of the R136 complex in the young massive cluster 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Within our 12.″8 × 12.″8 field-of-view, we find more than 500 stars in our H and K near-infrared images. Combining these data with Hubble Space Telescope observations in the visual wavelength range, and comparing the brightness and colors with stellar models, we can determine the mass of each individual star. We have thus been able to construct the stellar mass function in the central crowded area down to ~ 5 solar masses. The inclusion of the infrared data obtained with Adaptive Optics in this analysis reduces the uncertainty due to varying amounts of extinction towards the individual stars. In addition, we find about 60 red sources that went undetected by the Hubble observations; these are probably young low or intermediate-mass pre-main-sequence stars, which are still embedded in dense circumstellar gas. We can constrain the age of the starburst in the center of 30 Doradus to about 3 to 5 Myrs. The mass function appears to vary between the innermost 0.4 pc and the outer region, indicating mass segregation on a time scale of only 105 to 106 years.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132498255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/adop.1996.athc.27
R. Tighe, É. Prieto
November 1992 the Deformable Mirror (DM) for ESO's Near Infrared Adaptive Optics System (ADONIS), was delivered with a measured specification of surface flatness better than λ/2 without voltage applied on the actuators, and better than λ/4 when offset voltages are applied such that the first 8 Zemike terms are removed(1).
{"title":"Report on the optical quality of ADONIS* DM and relay optics: Is the Mirror Aging ?","authors":"R. Tighe, É. Prieto","doi":"10.1364/adop.1996.athc.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.athc.27","url":null,"abstract":"November 1992 the Deformable Mirror (DM) for ESO's Near Infrared Adaptive Optics System (ADONIS), was delivered with a measured specification of surface flatness better than λ/2 without voltage applied on the actuators, and better than λ/4 when offset voltages are applied such that the first 8 Zemike terms are removed(1).","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"87 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128850676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS OF TURBULENCE SPECTRA Using the experimental data we would suggested to investigate behavior of spectral density of atmospheric turbulence in the region of large spatial scales. Special efforts will be done to detect the variability of large optical inhomogeneities as manifestation of the influence of thermodynamic instability of the atmosphere.
{"title":"Models and measurements of atmospheric turbulence characteristics and their impact on AO design","authors":"V. Lukin","doi":"10.1364/adop.1996.awc.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.awc.1","url":null,"abstract":"1. DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS OF TURBULENCE SPECTRA Using the experimental data we would suggested to investigate behavior of spectral density of atmospheric turbulence in the region of large spatial scales. Special efforts will be done to detect the variability of large optical inhomogeneities as manifestation of the influence of thermodynamic instability of the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123298986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1364/adop.1996.amb.25
E. C. Cheung, J. G. Ho, H. Injeyan, M. Valley, J. Berg, R. Byer, Y. Huang
A reliable, cost-effective sodium resonance source is needed for mesospheric sodium excitation in adaptive optics applications [1-2]. Previous approaches include a dye laser pumped by a green source and systems with nonlinear frequency conversion [3,4]. This paper presents a new, all solid-state source [5], which can be scaled to over 100 W in average power at 589 nm. In this approach, a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser pumps a CaWO4Raman laser with an intra-cavity doubler (Fig. 1). Alignment of the frequency conversion system is relatively simple because the Raman process requires no phase matching, and the doubling crystal is non-critically phase matched LBO.
{"title":"A Solid State Raman Laser for Sodium D2 Line Resonant Excitation","authors":"E. C. Cheung, J. G. Ho, H. Injeyan, M. Valley, J. Berg, R. Byer, Y. Huang","doi":"10.1364/adop.1996.amb.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/adop.1996.amb.25","url":null,"abstract":"A reliable, cost-effective sodium resonance source is needed for mesospheric sodium excitation in adaptive optics applications [1-2]. Previous approaches include a dye laser pumped by a green source and systems with nonlinear frequency conversion [3,4]. This paper presents a new, all solid-state source [5], which can be scaled to over 100 W in average power at 589 nm. In this approach, a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser pumps a CaWO4Raman laser with an intra-cavity doubler (Fig. 1). Alignment of the frequency conversion system is relatively simple because the Raman process requires no phase matching, and the doubling crystal is non-critically phase matched LBO.","PeriodicalId":256393,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Optics","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125927649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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