Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059232
A. Hussain, Arslan Ahmed
The ionosphere is a medium of free moving electrons where the presence of irregularities (electron density) may cause rapid fluctuations in the phase and/or amplitude of the received GPS signals also known as ionospheric scintillation which may result in reduced performance of the satellite-based navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo etc. This paper studies the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation and TEC variations over Pakistan using real-time GPS signals by installing Septentrio PolaRx5s GNSS receiver at Sukkur IBA University (27.73° N, 68.82° $E$). The study uses the data collected during the month of February and March 2019. The main objective of this paper is to study the scintillation effects on GPS receivers through loss of lock and carrier-to-noise ratio in relationship to TEC variations over Pakistan for the first time. The need for this study arises as Pakistan is located at mid-latitudes and, there are only very few scintillation studies exists for mid-latitude regions and hence this paper will help in understanding the scintillation morphology over Pakistan. The initial study on scintillation presented in this paper suggests that the navigational receivers at mid-latitudes (Pakistan) are more likely to be affected by amplitude scintillation due to high values as compared to the phase scintillation. This can be problematic for the high precision applications such as aviations industry because amplitude scintillation affects the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal and therefore signal quality.
{"title":"Investigation of Ionospheric Scintillations and Total Electron Content (TEC) over Mid-latitudinal Region (Pakistan)","authors":"A. Hussain, Arslan Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059232","url":null,"abstract":"The ionosphere is a medium of free moving electrons where the presence of irregularities (electron density) may cause rapid fluctuations in the phase and/or amplitude of the received GPS signals also known as ionospheric scintillation which may result in reduced performance of the satellite-based navigation systems such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo etc. This paper studies the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation and TEC variations over Pakistan using real-time GPS signals by installing Septentrio PolaRx5s GNSS receiver at Sukkur IBA University (27.73° N, 68.82° $E$). The study uses the data collected during the month of February and March 2019. The main objective of this paper is to study the scintillation effects on GPS receivers through loss of lock and carrier-to-noise ratio in relationship to TEC variations over Pakistan for the first time. The need for this study arises as Pakistan is located at mid-latitudes and, there are only very few scintillation studies exists for mid-latitude regions and hence this paper will help in understanding the scintillation morphology over Pakistan. The initial study on scintillation presented in this paper suggests that the navigational receivers at mid-latitudes (Pakistan) are more likely to be affected by amplitude scintillation due to high values as compared to the phase scintillation. This can be problematic for the high precision applications such as aviations industry because amplitude scintillation affects the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal and therefore signal quality.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126834616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/icase48783.2019.9059158
{"title":"Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science & Engineering (ICASE)","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/icase48783.2019.9059158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icase48783.2019.9059158","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129947413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059160
Fahim Irshad, Jahanzeb Malik, R. Z. Khalil
Wet snow is an early indicator of snow melting in an area. Increase in liquid water content in snow pack leads to snow wetness. Synthetic aperture radar bands are highly sensitive to snow wetness due to presence of water on snow surface. Spaceborne Sentinel-1 data provides the capability to produce snow maps during spring and summer season which can be used in hydrological and watershed studies. Nagler's wet snow algorithm was applied through GEE in Deosai region which has relatively uniform elevation than surrounding areas and it is covered completely by snow most of the year. Downloading and processing of SAR data is laborious and time taking process which brings the need of a modern solution. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is cloud based, planetary scale remote sensing platform which has a wide range of remote sensing data. GEE has ready-to-use Sentinel-1 GRD product with optical remote sensing data and meteorological data. Algorithm was tested on GEE for study area for the month of June against Sentinel-2 Normalized Difference Snow Index. Wet snow was mapped with an accuracy of 0.8. Methodology was also applied to generate monthly wet snow maps to understand the snow melting period and snowmelt dynamics. Monthly maps of wet snow were generated and wet snow was detectable from March to July in Deosai region.
{"title":"Mapping Wet Snow using SAR C-Band through Google Earth Engine","authors":"Fahim Irshad, Jahanzeb Malik, R. Z. Khalil","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059160","url":null,"abstract":"Wet snow is an early indicator of snow melting in an area. Increase in liquid water content in snow pack leads to snow wetness. Synthetic aperture radar bands are highly sensitive to snow wetness due to presence of water on snow surface. Spaceborne Sentinel-1 data provides the capability to produce snow maps during spring and summer season which can be used in hydrological and watershed studies. Nagler's wet snow algorithm was applied through GEE in Deosai region which has relatively uniform elevation than surrounding areas and it is covered completely by snow most of the year. Downloading and processing of SAR data is laborious and time taking process which brings the need of a modern solution. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is cloud based, planetary scale remote sensing platform which has a wide range of remote sensing data. GEE has ready-to-use Sentinel-1 GRD product with optical remote sensing data and meteorological data. Algorithm was tested on GEE for study area for the month of June against Sentinel-2 Normalized Difference Snow Index. Wet snow was mapped with an accuracy of 0.8. Methodology was also applied to generate monthly wet snow maps to understand the snow melting period and snowmelt dynamics. Monthly maps of wet snow were generated and wet snow was detectable from March to July in Deosai region.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133606942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059119
Khusharah Aslam, R. Z. Khalil, Sumaira Zafar, Saad Malik, A. Basit
In this study a multi-criteria analysis model of GIS has been developed to map the susceptibility of coral reef based on various environmental indicators. For this there is a need to understand the pattern of coral susceptibility to environmental indicators including sea surface temperature (SST) which is continuously changing due to the global climate. The Northern Indian Ocean (NIO) has been selected as the study area which includes waters of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The purpose of this study is to highlight most vulnerable areas of coral bleaching in the NIO by using multicriteria analysis (MCA). Remotely sensed environmental indicators including SST, aragonite saturation state, bathymetry, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), wind velocity, and reef slope were used to observe the susceptibility of coral reefs in NIO. Existing bleaching sites of corals were overlaid with susceptibility map obtained by MCA. The coast of Sri Lanka, South India, Maldives, Oman and British Indian ocean territory were found to be in the highly susceptible zone of coral bleaching. GIS-based MCA proved to be an efficient technique to analyze the suitable or unsuitable conditions for coral reef susceptibility.
{"title":"Modeling Coral Reef Susceptibility Using GIS Multi-Criteria Analysis","authors":"Khusharah Aslam, R. Z. Khalil, Sumaira Zafar, Saad Malik, A. Basit","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059119","url":null,"abstract":"In this study a multi-criteria analysis model of GIS has been developed to map the susceptibility of coral reef based on various environmental indicators. For this there is a need to understand the pattern of coral susceptibility to environmental indicators including sea surface temperature (SST) which is continuously changing due to the global climate. The Northern Indian Ocean (NIO) has been selected as the study area which includes waters of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The purpose of this study is to highlight most vulnerable areas of coral bleaching in the NIO by using multicriteria analysis (MCA). Remotely sensed environmental indicators including SST, aragonite saturation state, bathymetry, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), wind velocity, and reef slope were used to observe the susceptibility of coral reefs in NIO. Existing bleaching sites of corals were overlaid with susceptibility map obtained by MCA. The coast of Sri Lanka, South India, Maldives, Oman and British Indian ocean territory were found to be in the highly susceptible zone of coral bleaching. GIS-based MCA proved to be an efficient technique to analyze the suitable or unsuitable conditions for coral reef susceptibility.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114318246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan is amongst the countries that face water issues and the resources are vulnerable to global warming and changing climate. In addition, it hosts a large, rapidly growing population which depends on agriculture and the world's largest irrigation scheme. In fact, it is challenging to get into deeper understanding of snow and glacier fed Upper Indus catchment that contributes to the water system of the country. Integrating Remote Sensing abilities and Geographic Information System techniques with hydrological modelling approach is very useful to simulate the impact of climate on water resources, understand problems and enhances the methods of investigation for better decision support system. It has been proven to be an effective tool for managing large and complex database, thus providing a digital depiction of catchment characteristics. It is a supportive tool in attaining higher accuracy from hydrological models, thus gives reliable outcomes for the betterment. Therefore, it is essential that the hydrological response of a catchment must be appraised. In the present study, to simulate the daily discharge of the North facing Astore Basin in the Northern-Pakistan, SRM+G (Snowmelt Runoff Model +Glacier) hydrological model was used. For this, SRTM Digital Elevation Model, MODIS snow cover daily product. RFE (Rainfall Estimation) 2.0 for precipitation and LANDSAT 8 for glacier cover were considered. Data extraction and pre-processing was done using R-script to put into the model. The variation in temperature, precipitation (snowmelt and rainfall) and glacier melt influences the overall runoff generation. The results obtained suggest that the SRM+G can be efficiently used as the statistical and hydrograph results are within the acceptable range for both the calibration and validation period (2006–2010). Ensemble approach can be applied for higher precision that can be helpful in proper and efficient decision support system.
{"title":"River Runoff Modelling Through Geospatial Techniques-A Case Study of Snow and Glacier Fed Astore River Basin, Northern Pakistan","authors":"Syeda Saleha Fatim Ali, Syed Amer Mehmood, Mujtaba Hassan, A. Latif","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059146","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is amongst the countries that face water issues and the resources are vulnerable to global warming and changing climate. In addition, it hosts a large, rapidly growing population which depends on agriculture and the world's largest irrigation scheme. In fact, it is challenging to get into deeper understanding of snow and glacier fed Upper Indus catchment that contributes to the water system of the country. Integrating Remote Sensing abilities and Geographic Information System techniques with hydrological modelling approach is very useful to simulate the impact of climate on water resources, understand problems and enhances the methods of investigation for better decision support system. It has been proven to be an effective tool for managing large and complex database, thus providing a digital depiction of catchment characteristics. It is a supportive tool in attaining higher accuracy from hydrological models, thus gives reliable outcomes for the betterment. Therefore, it is essential that the hydrological response of a catchment must be appraised. In the present study, to simulate the daily discharge of the North facing Astore Basin in the Northern-Pakistan, SRM+G (Snowmelt Runoff Model +Glacier) hydrological model was used. For this, SRTM Digital Elevation Model, MODIS snow cover daily product. RFE (Rainfall Estimation) 2.0 for precipitation and LANDSAT 8 for glacier cover were considered. Data extraction and pre-processing was done using R-script to put into the model. The variation in temperature, precipitation (snowmelt and rainfall) and glacier melt influences the overall runoff generation. The results obtained suggest that the SRM+G can be efficiently used as the statistical and hydrograph results are within the acceptable range for both the calibration and validation period (2006–2010). Ensemble approach can be applied for higher precision that can be helpful in proper and efficient decision support system.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125415291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059201
M. A. Asghar, I. Qamar, A. Hassan, Mamoon A. Alvi
Composite propellants involve powder fuel and oxidizer along with a polymeric binder. Hydroxyl Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) is a well-known binder for composite propellant industry that reacts with Toluene Di-Isocynate (TDI)to give polyurethane (PU) network. The characteristics of polyurethane network is highly dependent on the ratio of cyanate/hydroxyl (NCO/OH) groups, temperature and time A stoichiometric ratio of NCO and OH groups was used along-withDioctylSebacate (DOS) plasticizer in the PU binder system. Current study explains the effects of temperature on rheokinetics of the system. Isothermal rheological studies have been performed by using cone and plate rheometer and the sample temperature was controlled using peltier heaters. The study was carried out at three different temperatures (55°C, 70oC and 85°C at a constant shear rate and viscosity buildup was measured. It was further used for the calculation of reaction rate constant (k). activation energy also has been calculated by Arrhenius relationship while, activation enthalpy and entropy can be calculated by eyring relationship. It was observed that the polyurethane linkages are formed with the conversion of isocyanate groups which builds up the viscosity and result in an increased shear stress. A direct relationship between the temperature and reaction rate was observed and the increase in viscosity was attributed to this effect. Moreover, the shear rate also plays a significant role in the curing kinetics. To study this effect, the shear stress was kept constant. It was concluded that as the reaction proceeds, the shear rate was decreased with an increase in viscosity. Hence the effect of temperature and shear rate both are substantial on the reaction kinetics.
{"title":"Rheokinetic Analysis of HTPB-TDI Based Polyurethane Binder System","authors":"M. A. Asghar, I. Qamar, A. Hassan, Mamoon A. Alvi","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059201","url":null,"abstract":"Composite propellants involve powder fuel and oxidizer along with a polymeric binder. Hydroxyl Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) is a well-known binder for composite propellant industry that reacts with Toluene Di-Isocynate (TDI)to give polyurethane (PU) network. The characteristics of polyurethane network is highly dependent on the ratio of cyanate/hydroxyl (NCO/OH) groups, temperature and time A stoichiometric ratio of NCO and OH groups was used along-withDioctylSebacate (DOS) plasticizer in the PU binder system. Current study explains the effects of temperature on rheokinetics of the system. Isothermal rheological studies have been performed by using cone and plate rheometer and the sample temperature was controlled using peltier heaters. The study was carried out at three different temperatures (55°C, 70oC and 85°C at a constant shear rate and viscosity buildup was measured. It was further used for the calculation of reaction rate constant (k). activation energy also has been calculated by Arrhenius relationship while, activation enthalpy and entropy can be calculated by eyring relationship. It was observed that the polyurethane linkages are formed with the conversion of isocyanate groups which builds up the viscosity and result in an increased shear stress. A direct relationship between the temperature and reaction rate was observed and the increase in viscosity was attributed to this effect. Moreover, the shear rate also plays a significant role in the curing kinetics. To study this effect, the shear stress was kept constant. It was concluded that as the reaction proceeds, the shear rate was decreased with an increase in viscosity. Hence the effect of temperature and shear rate both are substantial on the reaction kinetics.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126082372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059196
Mansoor Tariq, Zahida Najmi, Maria Firdous, Farah Saleem, S. Pervez, Farzeen Riaz
Digital elevation models represent the three-dimensional surface over the terrain. In the modern age, DEMs established its strong importance in terrain analysis due to its wide range of applications. In the landscape analysis, especially in delineating watershed boundaries DEMs plays a key role. DEMs are generated through different sources such as PCD LiDAR DEM (1m), CARTOSAT (5m) of Indian Space Research Organization and ALOS/PALSAR (12m) are utilized in the present study to delineated watershed boundaries in the Feather River, California. The present study demonstrates the accuracy of automatically generated watershed networks from DEM of different sources. In order to characterize the watershed parameters extracted from different DEMs, hydro-enforcement technique is carried out ArcHydro tool extension in the ArcGIS. Drainage network acquired through toposheet are used as reference to cross check the accuracy of DEMs generated drainage networks. The results suggest that 1m LiDAR DEM generated best, detailed and most accurate hydro-enforced DEMs while other low resolution DEMs generate reasonably drainage networks.
数字高程模型表示地形上的三维表面。在现代，由于dem的广泛应用，在地形分析中确立了其强大的重要性。在景观分析中，特别是在流域边界划分中，dem起着至关重要的作用。本研究利用PCD LiDAR DEM (1m)、印度空间研究组织的CARTOSAT (5m)和ALOS/PALSAR (12m)等不同来源生成的DEM来划定加州羽毛河流域边界。本研究验证了利用不同来源的DEM自动生成流域网络的准确性。为了对不同dem提取的流域参数进行特征化，在ArcGIS中进行了archhydro工具扩展。以toposheet获取的排水网络为参考，对dem生成的排水网络的精度进行交叉检验。结果表明，1m LiDAR DEM生成的水强制DEM最好、详细、最准确，而其他低分辨率DEM生成的排水网络较为合理。
{"title":"Use of Lidar and Radar Tchnologies for Watershed Analysis in Feather River Near California","authors":"Mansoor Tariq, Zahida Najmi, Maria Firdous, Farah Saleem, S. Pervez, Farzeen Riaz","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059196","url":null,"abstract":"Digital elevation models represent the three-dimensional surface over the terrain. In the modern age, DEMs established its strong importance in terrain analysis due to its wide range of applications. In the landscape analysis, especially in delineating watershed boundaries DEMs plays a key role. DEMs are generated through different sources such as PCD LiDAR DEM (1m), CARTOSAT (5m) of Indian Space Research Organization and ALOS/PALSAR (12m) are utilized in the present study to delineated watershed boundaries in the Feather River, California. The present study demonstrates the accuracy of automatically generated watershed networks from DEM of different sources. In order to characterize the watershed parameters extracted from different DEMs, hydro-enforcement technique is carried out ArcHydro tool extension in the ArcGIS. Drainage network acquired through toposheet are used as reference to cross check the accuracy of DEMs generated drainage networks. The results suggest that 1m LiDAR DEM generated best, detailed and most accurate hydro-enforced DEMs while other low resolution DEMs generate reasonably drainage networks.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125153732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059099
Syed Baleegh Hussain, Syed Irtiza Ali Shah, Muhammad Khizer Ali Khan
Aerodynamics plays a very important role in all the sports in which a sports ball is thrown, kicked or struck. In all these sports the intent is to either throw the ball as far as possible, or to get an unpredictable swing of the ball to deceive the opponent. Soccer is one of the most played and watched sports today and the only equipment it uses is a soccer ball. Owing to increasing importance and popularity of soccer, a lot of research has been done recently for better understanding of aerodynamic parameters and flight path of soccer ball. Knowledge of effects of aerodynamics on soccer ball can be very significant for players who can incorporate that knowledge in their playing tactics. Similar research can also play a significant role for the ball manufacturers to design and manufacture soccer balls that can favor the aerodynamics of the ball in order to make the sport more exciting to play and watch. Research has also been done for better understanding of phenomenon like Magnus effect and knuckleball by various authors. Small variations in the design of ball like panel size and method of attachment of panels can change the aerodynamic properties of the soccer ball. Velocity, spin and surface are major contributors towards variation in flight path and aerodynamic parameters of the soccer ball. Wind tunnel testing and flow visualization has been done by researchers to study the aerodynamics of soccer ball. In this work the efforts by various researchers in finding the aerodynamic parameters of a soccer ball have been consolidated and analyzed. Methods and equipment used by researchers for finding aerodynamic parameters are also discussed with a comparison in their approaches. Studies done on rotating and non-rotating balls are thoroughly investigated. Limitations faced by researchers are highlighted and recommendations for future researchers have been put forth for design considerations.
{"title":"Aerodynamic Design Considerations for a Soccer Ball","authors":"Syed Baleegh Hussain, Syed Irtiza Ali Shah, Muhammad Khizer Ali Khan","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059099","url":null,"abstract":"Aerodynamics plays a very important role in all the sports in which a sports ball is thrown, kicked or struck. In all these sports the intent is to either throw the ball as far as possible, or to get an unpredictable swing of the ball to deceive the opponent. Soccer is one of the most played and watched sports today and the only equipment it uses is a soccer ball. Owing to increasing importance and popularity of soccer, a lot of research has been done recently for better understanding of aerodynamic parameters and flight path of soccer ball. Knowledge of effects of aerodynamics on soccer ball can be very significant for players who can incorporate that knowledge in their playing tactics. Similar research can also play a significant role for the ball manufacturers to design and manufacture soccer balls that can favor the aerodynamics of the ball in order to make the sport more exciting to play and watch. Research has also been done for better understanding of phenomenon like Magnus effect and knuckleball by various authors. Small variations in the design of ball like panel size and method of attachment of panels can change the aerodynamic properties of the soccer ball. Velocity, spin and surface are major contributors towards variation in flight path and aerodynamic parameters of the soccer ball. Wind tunnel testing and flow visualization has been done by researchers to study the aerodynamics of soccer ball. In this work the efforts by various researchers in finding the aerodynamic parameters of a soccer ball have been consolidated and analyzed. Methods and equipment used by researchers for finding aerodynamic parameters are also discussed with a comparison in their approaches. Studies done on rotating and non-rotating balls are thoroughly investigated. Limitations faced by researchers are highlighted and recommendations for future researchers have been put forth for design considerations.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125284074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059159
D. Khan, M. H. Hassan, I. Qamar
In recent years due to its high performance and efficiency, scramjet engine (also recognized as supersonic combustion ramjet) has gained remarkable significance in the field of hypersonic air-breathing propulsion. The idea behind this research is to develop a rapid design tool for quick estimation of scramjet configuration for hypersonic range of Mach 5 to Mach 9. This paper includes preliminary design of each scramjet component namely; inlet, isolator, combustor and nozzle. Based on the reliability and accuracy of available scramjet thrust estimation methods, stream thrust analysis method is selected for thrust estimation of designed scramjet engine. The paper focuses on establishing a generic MATLAB code which enables the user to design scramjet geometry at various design point conditions which would later be used for a variety of applications including missile propulsion systems and space access missions. The code is developed by integrating design algorithms of each scramjet component and stream thrust analysis. This code enables user to easily determine the configuration and design parameters of the scramjet based on user defined inputs such as altitude, free-stream Mach (between Mach 5 to Mach 9), exit Mach, inlet height and fuel. While, geometry of scramjet and stream thrust calculation results are obtained as output. Lastly, configuration and design parameters of designed scramjet is compared with existing scramjet engines to conclude and verify the results of the MATLAB code.
{"title":"Design of Hypersonic Scramjet Engine Operating between Mach 5 to Mach 9","authors":"D. Khan, M. H. Hassan, I. Qamar","doi":"10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059159","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years due to its high performance and efficiency, scramjet engine (also recognized as supersonic combustion ramjet) has gained remarkable significance in the field of hypersonic air-breathing propulsion. The idea behind this research is to develop a rapid design tool for quick estimation of scramjet configuration for hypersonic range of Mach 5 to Mach 9. This paper includes preliminary design of each scramjet component namely; inlet, isolator, combustor and nozzle. Based on the reliability and accuracy of available scramjet thrust estimation methods, stream thrust analysis method is selected for thrust estimation of designed scramjet engine. The paper focuses on establishing a generic MATLAB code which enables the user to design scramjet geometry at various design point conditions which would later be used for a variety of applications including missile propulsion systems and space access missions. The code is developed by integrating design algorithms of each scramjet component and stream thrust analysis. This code enables user to easily determine the configuration and design parameters of the scramjet based on user defined inputs such as altitude, free-stream Mach (between Mach 5 to Mach 9), exit Mach, inlet height and fuel. While, geometry of scramjet and stream thrust calculation results are obtained as output. Lastly, configuration and design parameters of designed scramjet is compared with existing scramjet engines to conclude and verify the results of the MATLAB code.","PeriodicalId":256413,"journal":{"name":"2019 Sixth International Conference on Aerospace Science and Engineering (ICASE)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126794285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICASE48783.2019.9059229
Z. Abbas, Syed Irtiza Ali Shah, A. Javed, M. Jamil
Golf ball aerodynamics is significantly multifaceted as compared to other sports balls due to the presence of small dimples, which serve as a source of surface roughness and drag reduction. Overall aerodynamic performance of a golf ball is influenced by flow behavior over these dimples. Consequently, flow phenomena over the dimples is effected by various dimple characteristics, of which dimples geometry, size, shape, depth, and pattern are considered significant. Dimple characteristics continue to be an active area of research because the results thereof, affect the assertions, sales, and the performance of different commercially available golf balls. Dimples on the other hand also enhance the intricacy of flow over a golf ball; and due to this fact aerodynamics of a golf ball is yet to be fully recognized despite of considerable amount of available literature. Previous studies focused on overall aerodynamic performance of the golf ball through experimental analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations; however, available literature still lacks detailed analysis of pertinent dimple characteristics. In this paper, dimple depth effect on the drag performance of a golf ball has been examined by employing numerical simulations, followed by validation through bench mark wind tunnel results of F. Alam (Procedia-2011). CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent ® have been carried out for 5 balls with varied dimple depth over various velocities (wind). It has been established that golf ball drag coefficient varies considerably as the dimple geometry is varied. The results specify a direct relationship between dimple depth ratio and transitioning Reynolds number. As the depth ratio is increased the transitioning Reynolds number is lowered and this also serves to increase the drag coefficient in transcritical regime. A positive linear relationship was also established between coefficient of drag and relative roughness.
与其他运动球相比，高尔夫球的空气动力学是多方面的，因为存在小酒窝，这是表面粗糙度和减少阻力的来源。高尔夫球的整体气动性能受这些凹痕上的流动特性的影响。因此，酒窝上的流动现象受到各种酒窝特征的影响，其中酒窝的几何形状、大小、形状、深度和模式被认为是重要的。酒窝特征一直是一个活跃的研究领域，因为其结果会影响到不同市售高尔夫球的断言、销售和性能。另一方面，酒窝也增强了高尔夫球流动的复杂性;由于这个事实，空气动力学的高尔夫球还没有完全认识到，尽管有相当数量的可用的文献。以往的研究主要是通过实验分析和计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟来研究高尔夫球的整体气动性能;然而，现有文献仍缺乏相关酒窝特征的详细分析。本文采用数值模拟的方法研究了酒窝深度对高尔夫球阻力性能的影响，并通过F. Alam (procdia -2011)的基准风洞结果进行了验证。在ANSYS Fluent®中对5个具有不同凹痕深度的球在不同速度(风速)下进行了CFD模拟。已经确定，高尔夫球阻力系数随球窝几何形状的变化而有较大的变化。结果表明，韧窝深度比与跃迁雷诺数之间存在直接关系。随着深度比的增加，过渡雷诺数降低，这也增加了跨临界区阻力系数。阻力系数与相对粗糙度之间也存在正线性关系。
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