Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is potentially rich in information about both subsurface structure and water saturation, though non-unique interpretations of GPR data are possible since the dielectric constant, often inferred from GPR travel times, is a function of both porosity and water content. Further, water is often non-uniformly distributed in the vadose zone, its distribution being influenced by the spatial structure of hydraulic parameters and transient conditions at the ground surface. Synthetic time-lapsed GPR surveys are shown useful in this work for improving overall characterization of the Vadose zone and for giving valuable information about flow processes. Variably saturated flow and GPR are simulated simultaneously for a highly heterogeneous vadose zone (outcrop) model in order to obtain synthetic GPR images before and during infiltration experiments. Aside from delineating the advancing water front, GPR crosshole surveys obtained during redistribution of water (after the infiltration front passes) provide additional information. Transients in water content, and therefore in electrical parameters, are seen to be related to soil type, and even more so to the spatial structure of fluid permeability. Instead of requiring a direct relationship between the dielectric constant of soil and its permeability, the goal of this work is to take advantage of the sensitivity of GPR to changes in water content and ultimately relate estimated changes in water content to fluid permeability through inverse modeling.
{"title":"Suitability of GPR for characterizing variably saturated sediments during transient flow","authors":"M. Kowalsky, Y. Rubin","doi":"10.1117/12.462301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462301","url":null,"abstract":"Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is potentially rich in information about both subsurface structure and water saturation, though non-unique interpretations of GPR data are possible since the dielectric constant, often inferred from GPR travel times, is a function of both porosity and water content. Further, water is often non-uniformly distributed in the vadose zone, its distribution being influenced by the spatial structure of hydraulic parameters and transient conditions at the ground surface. Synthetic time-lapsed GPR surveys are shown useful in this work for improving overall characterization of the Vadose zone and for giving valuable information about flow processes. Variably saturated flow and GPR are simulated simultaneously for a highly heterogeneous vadose zone (outcrop) model in order to obtain synthetic GPR images before and during infiltration experiments. Aside from delineating the advancing water front, GPR crosshole surveys obtained during redistribution of water (after the infiltration front passes) provide additional information. Transients in water content, and therefore in electrical parameters, are seen to be related to soil type, and even more so to the spatial structure of fluid permeability. Instead of requiring a direct relationship between the dielectric constant of soil and its permeability, the goal of this work is to take advantage of the sensitivity of GPR to changes in water content and ultimately relate estimated changes in water content to fluid permeability through inverse modeling.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Doolittle, Fred E. Minzenmayer, S. Waltman, E. Benham
The performance of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is dependent upon the electrical conductivity of soils. Soils having high electrical conductivity rapidly attenuate radar energy, restrict penetration depths, and severely limit the effectiveness of GPR. Factors influencing the electrical conductivity of soils include the amount and type of salts in solution and the clay content. A thematic map of the conterminous United States showing the relative suitability of soils for GPR applications has been developed. This map is based on field experience and soil attribute data contained in the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Attribute data used to determine the suitability of soils include clay content, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, and calcium carbonate content. Attribute data were generalized from soil surveys. Each sOil attribute was rated and assigned a value ranging from 1 to 10. The most limiting (maximum) indices within depths of 1 .0 or 1 .25 m were selected for electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium carbonate content, and total clay for each soil component. Indices were summed for each soil component and for each map unit. The dominant value was selected as the GPR suitability index for each map unit. The GPR indices are displayed in a graduated color map. This map can be used to assess the relative appropriateness of GPR for soil investigations within comparatively large areas of the conterminous United States.
{"title":"Ground-penetrating radar soil suitability map of the conterminous United States","authors":"J. Doolittle, Fred E. Minzenmayer, S. Waltman, E. Benham","doi":"10.1117/12.462243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462243","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is dependent upon the electrical conductivity of soils. Soils having high electrical conductivity rapidly attenuate radar energy, restrict penetration depths, and severely limit the effectiveness of GPR. Factors influencing the electrical conductivity of soils include the amount and type of salts in solution and the clay content. A thematic map of the conterminous United States showing the relative suitability of soils for GPR applications has been developed. This map is based on field experience and soil attribute data contained in the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Attribute data used to determine the suitability of soils include clay content, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, and calcium carbonate content. Attribute data were generalized from soil surveys. Each sOil attribute was rated and assigned a value ranging from 1 to 10. The most limiting (maximum) indices within depths of 1 .0 or 1 .25 m were selected for electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium carbonate content, and total clay for each soil component. Indices were summed for each soil component and for each map unit. The dominant value was selected as the GPR suitability index for each map unit. The GPR indices are displayed in a graduated color map. This map can be used to assess the relative appropriateness of GPR for soil investigations within comparatively large areas of the conterminous United States.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115785351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this on-going study, a combination of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and electrical surveys is used to characterize the physico-chemical properties of soil, in particular those concerning lithology variations, water content, porosity and salinity in agricultural zones. These investigations will be completed by independent chemical analyses of soil and water. The experiments are conducted on fields of intensive corn culture (4 x 2 km) where the water table is 1.5 to 5 m deep, in a geological context of alluvial deposits. Analyses of water from various wells in the study area show high concentrations of nitrate coming from the chemical fertilizers spread on the soil surface. Globally, values increase from south to north and can be explained by the general direction of flow in the water table aquifer. In this on-going study, GPR and electrical data are recorded at two sites located along a north-south line and seasonal variations will be monitored for twelve months. Preliminary results which are presented here, give structural information concerning the subsurface and show vertical flow of mineralized water (from the surface to the aquifer) providing evidence of transport of dissolved contaminants to the water table aquifer. This study demonstrates the potential of non-destructive geophysical methods for providing information on hydric and solute transfer in the ground and monitoring soil contamination.
{"title":"Characterization of agricultural contaminant transport using ground-penetrating radar and electrical data","authors":"P. Sénéchal, H. Perroud, A. Bourg","doi":"10.1117/12.462299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462299","url":null,"abstract":"In this on-going study, a combination of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and electrical surveys is used to characterize the physico-chemical properties of soil, in particular those concerning lithology variations, water content, porosity and salinity in agricultural zones. These investigations will be completed by independent chemical analyses of soil and water. The experiments are conducted on fields of intensive corn culture (4 x 2 km) where the water table is 1.5 to 5 m deep, in a geological context of alluvial deposits. Analyses of water from various wells in the study area show high concentrations of nitrate coming from the chemical fertilizers spread on the soil surface. Globally, values increase from south to north and can be explained by the general direction of flow in the water table aquifer. In this on-going study, GPR and electrical data are recorded at two sites located along a north-south line and seasonal variations will be monitored for twelve months. Preliminary results which are presented here, give structural information concerning the subsurface and show vertical flow of mineralized water (from the surface to the aquifer) providing evidence of transport of dissolved contaminants to the water table aquifer. This study demonstrates the potential of non-destructive geophysical methods for providing information on hydric and solute transfer in the ground and monitoring soil contamination.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132421045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Jol, M. Broshi, H. Eshel, R. Freund, J. Shroder, P. Reeder, R. Dubay
The Dead Sea Scrolls are one of the greatest manuscript discoveries of the twentieth century. Since 1947 the Qumran region, the site of the Scrolls discovery on the northwestern shores of the Dead Sea, Israel, has been subject to countless probes. In 2001, ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used in an expedition that was initiated to better understand the Qumran site. Primarily, GPR was used to aid in identifying unmarked graves in the Qumran cemetery, and secondly, to determine if there were more caves in the marl cliffs that might contain artifacts associated with Qumran. In regards to the first GPR objective, two patterns emerged as burial signatures - a hyperbolic feature and/or a "V" shape. An extensive GPR survey was conducted along the outer edges of the presently exposed cemetery as well as empty patches of ground within the present cemetery. Over 100 potential graves were located that did not show surficial expressions. The second objective was achieved by running GPR surveys along the cliff faces and tops. Two sites were then chosen for excavation based on GPR images that showed hyperbolic features between 0.5 and 1 .0 m depth. Artifacts were recovered at one site.
{"title":"GPR investigations at Qumran, Israel: site of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovery","authors":"H. Jol, M. Broshi, H. Eshel, R. Freund, J. Shroder, P. Reeder, R. Dubay","doi":"10.1117/12.462202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462202","url":null,"abstract":"The Dead Sea Scrolls are one of the greatest manuscript discoveries of the twentieth century. Since 1947 the Qumran region, the site of the Scrolls discovery on the northwestern shores of the Dead Sea, Israel, has been subject to countless probes. In 2001, ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used in an expedition that was initiated to better understand the Qumran site. Primarily, GPR was used to aid in identifying unmarked graves in the Qumran cemetery, and secondly, to determine if there were more caves in the marl cliffs that might contain artifacts associated with Qumran. In regards to the first GPR objective, two patterns emerged as burial signatures - a hyperbolic feature and/or a \"V\" shape. An extensive GPR survey was conducted along the outer edges of the presently exposed cemetery as well as empty patches of ground within the present cemetery. Over 100 potential graves were located that did not show surficial expressions. The second objective was achieved by running GPR surveys along the cliff faces and tops. Two sites were then chosen for excavation based on GPR images that showed hyperbolic features between 0.5 and 1 .0 m depth. Artifacts were recovered at one site.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130896498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the present GPR survey was to investigate a segment of underground railway in Paris where subsidences had been observed. The railway sleepers are made of concrete reinforced by 7 rebars. The sleepers are regularly spaced every 60±2cm. With 400 MHz antennas part of the transmitted energy penetrates the ground and is reflected back to the receiving antenna by the subsurface mirrors, unfortunately backscattering from the regularly sleepers makes it difficult to see reflections from the subsurface. Taking advantage of the uniform spacing between sleepers a wavenumber notch filter was designed and applied. The resulting image made reflections due to a decompressed volume clearly visible. Drilling confirmed the presence of a decompressed volume likely to be a precursor of an underground collapse progressing towards the surface.
{"title":"Applying a wavenumber notch filter to remove interferences caused by railway sleepers from a GPR section","authors":"S. Geraads, B. Charachon, O. Loeffler, G. Omnes","doi":"10.1117/12.462262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462262","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present GPR survey was to investigate a segment of underground railway in Paris where subsidences had been observed. The railway sleepers are made of concrete reinforced by 7 rebars. The sleepers are regularly spaced every 60±2cm. With 400 MHz antennas part of the transmitted energy penetrates the ground and is reflected back to the receiving antenna by the subsurface mirrors, unfortunately backscattering from the regularly sleepers makes it difficult to see reflections from the subsurface. Taking advantage of the uniform spacing between sleepers a wavenumber notch filter was designed and applied. The resulting image made reflections due to a decompressed volume clearly visible. Drilling confirmed the presence of a decompressed volume likely to be a precursor of an underground collapse progressing towards the surface.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132894155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map the three-dimensional extent and large-scale architecture of diamond and gold bearing fluvial deposits in the Potaro region of Guyana. The 100 MHz antennas achieved over 30-meter depth penetration and provided continuous, high-resolution, subsurface data. Eight radar facies were identified and used to interpret the GPR data. Bedrock surface and the bedrock-fluvial sediment interface were clearly recognized on most radar profiles. Analysis of over seven kilometers of continuous GPR data allowed the reconstruction of the 3D extent of the buried, diamond-bearing, palaeochannel, as well as that of the overburden. GPR data proved vital for cutting down exploration costs, speeding up exploration and putting the property into operation. The 3D model was used for estimating resource potential, overburden volume and for designing the layout and operation of the mine.
{"title":"Application of ground-penetrating radar in placer mining: a case study from Guyana's Potaro region","authors":"C. Ékes, A. Hickin, P. Matysek, Eric Kinnan","doi":"10.1117/12.462277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462277","url":null,"abstract":"Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map the three-dimensional extent and large-scale architecture of diamond and gold bearing fluvial deposits in the Potaro region of Guyana. The 100 MHz antennas achieved over 30-meter depth penetration and provided continuous, high-resolution, subsurface data. Eight radar facies were identified and used to interpret the GPR data. Bedrock surface and the bedrock-fluvial sediment interface were clearly recognized on most radar profiles. Analysis of over seven kilometers of continuous GPR data allowed the reconstruction of the 3D extent of the buried, diamond-bearing, palaeochannel, as well as that of the overburden. GPR data proved vital for cutting down exploration costs, speeding up exploration and putting the property into operation. The 3D model was used for estimating resource potential, overburden volume and for designing the layout and operation of the mine.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132659833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manually picking the first anival of energy in a series of cross borehole GPR ray traces can be time consuming and subjective, especially when large data sets need to be processed. One possible remedy is the application of a back propagating neural network. Neural network applications have been used previously in seismic studies to pick the arrival of the P and S waves (Dai and MacBeth, 1997; McCormack et al. 1993; Murat et al. 1992). One particular method, which applied a moving window over the trace, is used here with slight modification. Noisy time-amplitude records were first normalized to range from —1 and 1 . These data were then filtered such that values between —1 and a negative threshold were set to —1 , values between 1 and a positive threshold were set to 1 and all other values were set to zero. The filtered wave was fed through a neural network that searched for a pattern related to a first arrival. Several filtering parameters were tested, including the size of the moving window, the values of the positive and negative thresholds, and neural network parameters pertaining to training and testing. With minimal training, the neural network performed very well compared to hand picking of arrival times on large data sets.
在一系列井间探地雷达射线轨迹中，人工选择第一个能量值既耗时又主观，尤其是在需要处理大型数据集的情况下。一种可能的补救方法是应用反向传播神经网络。以前在地震研究中已经使用神经网络应用来选择P波和S波的到达(Dai和MacBeth, 1997;McCormack et al. 1993;Murat et al. 1992)。这里使用了一种特殊的方法，即在跟踪上应用移动窗口，并进行了轻微修改。噪声时间振幅记录首先归一化为-1和1的范围。然后对这些数据进行过滤，使-1和负阈值之间的值设置为-1,1和正阈值之间的值设置为1，所有其他值设置为零。过滤后的波被输入一个神经网络，该网络搜索与第一次到达有关的模式。测试了几个滤波参数，包括移动窗口的大小、正阈值和负阈值以及与训练和测试相关的神经网络参数。与在大型数据集上手动挑选到达时间相比，只需最少的训练，神经网络的表现就非常好。
{"title":"Back propagation neural network for identifying first-break times on cross-borehole ground-penetrating radar traces","authors":"D. Rucker, T. Ferré, M. Poulton","doi":"10.1117/12.462226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462226","url":null,"abstract":"Manually picking the first anival of energy in a series of cross borehole GPR ray traces can be time consuming and subjective, especially when large data sets need to be processed. One possible remedy is the application of a back propagating neural network. Neural network applications have been used previously in seismic studies to pick the arrival of the P and S waves (Dai and MacBeth, 1997; McCormack et al. 1993; Murat et al. 1992). One particular method, which applied a moving window over the trace, is used here with slight modification. Noisy time-amplitude records were first normalized to range from —1 and 1 . These data were then filtered such that values between —1 and a negative threshold were set to —1 , values between 1 and a positive threshold were set to 1 and all other values were set to zero. The filtered wave was fed through a neural network that searched for a pattern related to a first arrival. Several filtering parameters were tested, including the size of the moving window, the values of the positive and negative thresholds, and neural network parameters pertaining to training and testing. With minimal training, the neural network performed very well compared to hand picking of arrival times on large data sets.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"388 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116395484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used characterising sandy till deposits in Denmark. 2D GPR surveys are carried out at several field sites, known from the geological mapping to be located on sandy till deposits. Some field sites turned out to have a high geological variability with several different glacial deposits. Although, it is possible to bound areas with sandy till in the uppermost layer, mainly on penetration depth, but also on reflection pattern and amplitude strength. Results from the GPR surveys show that there are similarities between sandy till deposits from different localities.
{"title":"Sandy till characterized by ground-penetrating radar","authors":"I. Moeller, P. Jakobsen","doi":"10.1117/12.462300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462300","url":null,"abstract":"Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used characterising sandy till deposits in Denmark. 2D GPR surveys are carried out at several field sites, known from the geological mapping to be located on sandy till deposits. Some field sites turned out to have a high geological variability with several different glacial deposits. Although, it is possible to bound areas with sandy till in the uppermost layer, mainly on penetration depth, but also on reflection pattern and amplitude strength. Results from the GPR surveys show that there are similarities between sandy till deposits from different localities.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"122 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129485586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By its very nature, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an ultra-wideband device (UWB), requiring a large range in frequency to penetrate the ground and image with sufficient resolution to solve practical problems. The increasing scarcity of electromagnetic spectrum and the proposed use of other UWB devices in 1998 caused the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to initiate an inquiry (NOI ET Docket 98-153) to investigate permitting the operation of ultra-wideband devices (including ground penetrating radar) on an unlicensed basis under Part 15 of the FCC rules. Through 14 February 2002, the FCC had received over 910 comments in the inquiry (NOI 98-153) and on the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM 00-163) issued in June, 2000. The First Report and Order (R&O 02-48) was issued on 14 February 2002. Before this, ground penetrating radar use was only officially permitted for those who had received waivers from the FCC or NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration), who jointly regulate radio spectrum use in the United States. Legal waivers to manufacture ground penetrating radar were issued to U.S. Radar Inc., Time Domain Inc. and Zircon Corp. in June, 1999, and expiring with the R&O. Waivers to build or use ground penetrating radar were issued to the U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Army and U. S. DOE by NTIA (or predecessors) from about 1976. The R&O issued on 14 February 2002 ...provides for the operation of GPRs and other imaging devices under Part 15 of the Commission's rules subject to certain frequency and power limitations. The operators of imaging devices must be eligible for licensing under Part 90 of our rules... At the request of NTIA, the FCC will notify or coordinate with NTIA prior to the operation of all imaging systems. GPRs must be operated below 960 MHz or in the frequency band 3.1-10.6 GHz. The FCC ...intends within the next six to twelve months to review the standards for UWB devices and issue a further notice of proposed rule making to explore more flexible standards and address the operation of additional types of UWB operations and technology. This FCC rule impacts ground penetrating radar manufacture, sale and use in the United States (and in other countries whose rules are linked to FCC regulations).
探地雷达(GPR)本质上是一种超宽带设备(UWB)，需要在较大的频率范围内穿透地面，并以足够的分辨率成像以解决实际问题。1998年，由于电磁频谱的日益稀缺和其他超宽带设备的建议使用，美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)发起了一项调查(NOI ET Docket 98-153)，以调查根据FCC规则第15部分允许在未经许可的基础上运行超宽带设备(包括探地雷达)。截至2002年2月14日，FCC收到了超过910条关于调查(NOI 98-153)和2000年6月发布的拟议规则制定通知(NPRM 00-163)的评论。第一次报告及命令(R&O 02-48)已于2002年2月14日发出。在此之前，只有那些从FCC或NTIA(国家电信和信息管理局)获得豁免的人才正式允许使用探地雷达，这两个机构联合管理美国的无线电频谱使用。1999年6月，美国雷达公司、时域公司和锆石公司获得了制造探地雷达的合法豁免，并在R&O到期。大约从1976年开始，NTIA(或其前身)向美国地质调查局、美国陆军和美国能源部发布了建造或使用探地雷达的豁免。在2002年2月14日发出的R&O…为根据委员会规则第15部操作的GPRs及其他成像装置提供条文，但须受某些频率及功率限制。成像设备的操作员必须符合我们规则第90部分的许可资格……应NTIA的要求，FCC将在所有成像系统运行之前通知NTIA或与NTIA协调。GPRs必须工作在960mhz以下或3.1-10.6 GHz频段。FCC…打算在未来6到12个月内审查UWB设备的标准，并发布进一步的规则制定通知，以探索更灵活的标准，并解决其他类型的UWB操作和技术的操作。本FCC规则影响探地雷达在美国(以及其他规则与FCC法规相关的国家)的制造、销售和使用。
{"title":"The new ground-penetrating radar regulatory environment","authors":"G. Olhoeft","doi":"10.1117/12.462238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462238","url":null,"abstract":"By its very nature, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an ultra-wideband device (UWB), requiring a large range in frequency to penetrate the ground and image with sufficient resolution to solve practical problems. The increasing scarcity of electromagnetic spectrum and the proposed use of other UWB devices in 1998 caused the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to initiate an inquiry (NOI ET Docket 98-153) to investigate permitting the operation of ultra-wideband devices (including ground penetrating radar) on an unlicensed basis under Part 15 of the FCC rules. Through 14 February 2002, the FCC had received over 910 comments in the inquiry (NOI 98-153) and on the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM 00-163) issued in June, 2000. The First Report and Order (R&O 02-48) was issued on 14 February 2002. Before this, ground penetrating radar use was only officially permitted for those who had received waivers from the FCC or NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration), who jointly regulate radio spectrum use in the United States. Legal waivers to manufacture ground penetrating radar were issued to U.S. Radar Inc., Time Domain Inc. and Zircon Corp. in June, 1999, and expiring with the R&O. Waivers to build or use ground penetrating radar were issued to the U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Army and U. S. DOE by NTIA (or predecessors) from about 1976. The R&O issued on 14 February 2002 ...provides for the operation of GPRs and other imaging devices under Part 15 of the Commission's rules subject to certain frequency and power limitations. The operators of imaging devices must be eligible for licensing under Part 90 of our rules... At the request of NTIA, the FCC will notify or coordinate with NTIA prior to the operation of all imaging systems. GPRs must be operated below 960 MHz or in the frequency band 3.1-10.6 GHz. The FCC ...intends within the next six to twelve months to review the standards for UWB devices and issue a further notice of proposed rule making to explore more flexible standards and address the operation of additional types of UWB operations and technology. This FCC rule impacts ground penetrating radar manufacture, sale and use in the United States (and in other countries whose rules are linked to FCC regulations).","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129354625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Giannopoulos, P. Macintyre, S. Rodgers, M. Forde
An investigation into the detection of voids in post-tensioned concrete beams by ground penetrating radar is presented. Both experimental and numerical modelling results suggest that the optimum orientation of the radar's antennas is perpendicular to the long axis of the ducts containing the post-tensioning tendons.
{"title":"GPR detection of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridge beams","authors":"A. Giannopoulos, P. Macintyre, S. Rodgers, M. Forde","doi":"10.1117/12.462217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462217","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation into the detection of voids in post-tensioned concrete beams by ground penetrating radar is presented. Both experimental and numerical modelling results suggest that the optimum orientation of the radar's antennas is perpendicular to the long axis of the ducts containing the post-tensioning tendons.","PeriodicalId":256772,"journal":{"name":"International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"2004 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127319192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：