The COVID-19 pandemic and associated government responses halted economic activity across the world. The environment benefited from the reduced pollution in urban areas. However, there is no evidence on the pandemic's environmental effect away from cities, specifically on deforestation. textit{A priori}, the effect is unclear: deforestation might decrease with the restrictions on economic activity. But it might increase, given the drying up of alternative income sources. I combine bi-weekly data from 70 countries covering the entire world's tropical forest with the dates each country introduced lockdown restrictions. Using difference-in-differences strategies, I find that the average effect of lockdowns in deforestation is not distinguishable from zero. However, the effect on deforestation does vary by the share of lockdown vulnerable GDP and the level of government effectiveness. These results highlight the importance of alternative income sources and state capacity for policies that could reduce deforestation.
{"title":"Do COVID-19 Lockdowns Affect Deforestation?","authors":"S. Saavedra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3668029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3668029","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic and associated government responses halted economic activity across the world. The environment benefited from the reduced pollution in urban areas. However, there is no evidence on the pandemic's environmental effect away from cities, specifically on deforestation. textit{A priori}, the effect is unclear: deforestation might decrease with the restrictions on economic activity. But it might increase, given the drying up of alternative income sources. I combine bi-weekly data from 70 countries covering the entire world's tropical forest with the dates each country introduced lockdown restrictions. Using difference-in-differences strategies, I find that the average effect of lockdowns in deforestation is not distinguishable from zero. However, the effect on deforestation does vary by the share of lockdown vulnerable GDP and the level of government effectiveness. These results highlight the importance of alternative income sources and state capacity for policies that could reduce deforestation.","PeriodicalId":261122,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Forestry (Topic)","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122248743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate Change and global warming are two concerning issues in the contemporary world. Greenhouse Gas emissions particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are responsible for this climate change. Both natural and human made factors causes excessive CO2 emissions. This paper investigates the relationship between CO2 emissions and its human made causes such as fossil fuel energy consumption, income, agricultural production, population and forest in South Asian countries. Although pooled OLS, fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) model have been used in this study, the best fitting FE model shows that the highest effect on CO2 emissions was found for GDP while the lowest on it was for fossil fuel energy consumption. Though the study declared the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, contribution of forest over CO2 emissions is out of expectation (though statistically insignificant). Therefore, further research is required to re-investigate the influence of forest toward CO2 emissions to justify the REDD+ program in South Asia.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Carbon Dioxide Emissions in South Asian Economies: An Econometric Analysis","authors":"Mohammed Syedul Islam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3732536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3732536","url":null,"abstract":"Climate Change and global warming are two concerning issues in the contemporary world. Greenhouse Gas emissions particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are responsible for this climate change. Both natural and human made factors causes excessive CO2 emissions. This paper investigates the relationship between CO2 emissions and its human made causes such as fossil fuel energy consumption, income, agricultural production, population and forest in South Asian countries. Although pooled OLS, fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) model have been used in this study, the best fitting FE model shows that the highest effect on CO2 emissions was found for GDP while the lowest on it was for fossil fuel energy consumption. Though the study declared the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, contribution of forest over CO2 emissions is out of expectation (though statistically insignificant). Therefore, further research is required to re-investigate the influence of forest toward CO2 emissions to justify the REDD+ program in South Asia.","PeriodicalId":261122,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Forestry (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124393608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a continuous-time �Ricardian� model of forestry, where, in response to an increase in timber demand, forest cultivation is progressively intensified on the most fertile lands and/or extended to less fertile qualities of lands. It is shown that, at a given level of the rate of interest, a set of �break-through timber prices� gives the order of fertility (i.e., the order in which the different qualities of land are taken into cultivation) and that, for each land, prices of standing trees are positive above a �threshold timber price�. Since, for each land, the break-through price is higher than the threshold price, Ricardo is shown to be right: a higher demand for timber could simply raise those components of the landlord compensation which are not rent.
{"title":"A Ricardian Model of Forestry","authors":"Silvia Faggian, G. Freni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2611903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2611903","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a continuous-time �Ricardian� model of forestry, where, in response to an increase in timber demand, forest cultivation is progressively intensified on the most fertile lands and/or extended to less fertile qualities of lands. It is shown that, at a given level of the rate of interest, a set of �break-through timber prices� gives the order of fertility (i.e., the order in which the different qualities of land are taken into cultivation) and that, for each land, prices of standing trees are positive above a �threshold timber price�. Since, for each land, the break-through price is higher than the threshold price, Ricardo is shown to be right: a higher demand for timber could simply raise those components of the landlord compensation which are not rent.","PeriodicalId":261122,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Forestry (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129276724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Planning is an important step that should be conducted in developing process. The urgent function in development planning is to argue, to direct and in a few things it would control socio-economic-cultural changes of people at a time period.A development planning process should be formulated by involving all of stakeholders and community. This is really important conducted in order to all data and information that be collected and all programs that succeed designed would be the results of stakeholders aspiration. At the end, it would increase communal spirit in its implementation.Development and management of mangrove forest ecosystem need an participative planning approach, so that the main objective goal would be reached with involving the active participative community. Because of that, the activities designed have to represent ecological-economic-social-institutional sustainability. In this case, designing activities should be containing socialization activities and institutional empowerment (social), participative planting of mangrove (ecology) and giving economic incentive/stimulant activities (economy). This book is giving brief pictures about the process of planning and implementation of development program and managing mangrove forest ecosystem at arround Cikaso estuary, District of Sukabumi.
{"title":"Within Community to Develop and Manage Mangrove Forest Ecosystem (Indonesian)","authors":"Y. Wahyudin","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1669905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1669905","url":null,"abstract":"Planning is an important step that should be conducted in developing process. The urgent function in development planning is to argue, to direct and in a few things it would control socio-economic-cultural changes of people at a time period.A development planning process should be formulated by involving all of stakeholders and community. This is really important conducted in order to all data and information that be collected and all programs that succeed designed would be the results of stakeholders aspiration. At the end, it would increase communal spirit in its implementation.Development and management of mangrove forest ecosystem need an participative planning approach, so that the main objective goal would be reached with involving the active participative community. Because of that, the activities designed have to represent ecological-economic-social-institutional sustainability. In this case, designing activities should be containing socialization activities and institutional empowerment (social), participative planting of mangrove (ecology) and giving economic incentive/stimulant activities (economy). This book is giving brief pictures about the process of planning and implementation of development program and managing mangrove forest ecosystem at arround Cikaso estuary, District of Sukabumi.","PeriodicalId":261122,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Forestry (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128193121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The understatement or omission of the environmental costs and benefits associated with forest management options results in project evaluations and policy prescriptions that are less than socially optimal. The aim of this paper is to examine the full range of costs and benefits associated with forests, distinguishing between how these should, and actually are, included in economic analyses. The paper first describes the economic analysis undertaken in the project evaluation procedure of the World Bank. The second section deals with all costs and benefits that typically occur in forestry projects. Costs and benefits are classified as on-site private, onsite public or global according to their nature and area of impact and according to the Total Economic Value approach. The third section illustrates valuation techniques and how these are employed to estimate all forest values. The purpose of the fourth section is to examine how analysis is implemented in project evaluation, focussing on five case studies undertaken by the FAO Investment Centre. The analysis reveals that the main determinants of the economic viability of forestry projects are the on-site private benefits, while a major weakness of project evaluations is the difficulty in including and evaluating on-site public benefits, mainly associated with externalities. Global environmental benefits associated with carbon sequestration proved to be significant for the economic viability of forestry projects.
{"title":"Valuation Methods for Environmental Benefits in Forestry and Watershed Investment Projects","authors":"R. Cavatassi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3307569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3307569","url":null,"abstract":"The understatement or omission of the environmental costs and benefits associated with forest management options results in project evaluations and policy prescriptions that are less than socially optimal. The aim of this paper is to examine the full range of costs and benefits associated with forests, distinguishing between how these should, and actually are, included in economic analyses. The paper first describes the economic analysis undertaken in the project evaluation procedure of the World Bank. The second section deals with all costs and benefits that typically occur in forestry projects. Costs and benefits are classified as on-site private, onsite public or global according to their nature and area of impact and according to the Total Economic Value approach. The third section illustrates valuation techniques and how these are employed to estimate all forest values. The purpose of the fourth section is to examine how analysis is implemented in project evaluation, focussing on five case studies undertaken by the FAO Investment Centre. The analysis reveals that the main determinants of the economic viability of forestry projects are the on-site private benefits, while a major weakness of project evaluations is the difficulty in including and evaluating on-site public benefits, mainly associated with externalities. Global environmental benefits associated with carbon sequestration proved to be significant for the economic viability of forestry projects.","PeriodicalId":261122,"journal":{"name":"EcoRN: Forestry (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126438072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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