Pub Date : 2019-04-30DOI: 10.7591/9781501721717-001
T. Heppell
{"title":"List of Tables","authors":"T. Heppell","doi":"10.7591/9781501721717-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501721717-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263932,"journal":{"name":"A Bridgehead to Africa","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133302991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-31DOI: 10.1515/9781400853748.223
E. Davis
ʿAuyūn (sing. ‘ayn): water sources or springs1 Aqḍīya (sing. qaḍāʾ): administrative divisions of the provinces ruled by the Ottoman Empire2 Bey: Ottoman title given to some governors in the Ottoman Empire3 Eyālet: largest administrative divisions in the Ottoman Empire4 Fatwa: legal opinion or learned interpretation by a qualified jurist or mufti given on issues pertaining to Islamic law5 Ḥāra: neighborhood. al-Ḥalfa (sparto or Cortaderia selloana): species of palms, grows in poor and very dry soil and very high temperatures in North Africa, among other places, leaves are thin (one-millimeter width) and can be one meter long, used in handicrafts like producing mats6 Ḥaṣīr (mats): made of the sparto (ḥalfa), made manually or with looms and used domestically to sit on7 Ḥenna: plant,which leaves are dried and used to dye hair, skin or fingernails as body art8 al-Ḥizb: political party. Eid al-Aḍḥa: Islamic festival two months after the fasting month of Ramaḍān, celebrated after Ḥaj9 Eid al-Fiṭr: Islamic festival, celebrated immediately after the fasting month of Ramaḍān, there are special prayers at this festival that gathers all Muslims together10 Jihad: armed struggle to defend Islam, whether in a territorial or ideological sense11 al-Jihādiyya: tax imposed by the Ottoman Empire used to cover the expenses of jihad, at the beginning temporary, later continued to be permanently taken from local people in all Ottoman provinces and territories12 al-Jinn: supernatural creatures Kalīm (mats): thicker than ḥaṣīr because they are made of wool and used to cover the walls or the ground to be protected from humidity13
ʿAuyūn(唱歌。' ayn):水源或泉水Aqḍīya(唱。qaḍā):奥斯曼帝国统治的省份的行政区划2 Bey:奥斯曼帝国给一些总督的奥斯曼头衔Eyālet:奥斯曼帝国最大的行政区划4 Fatwa:由合格的法学家或穆夫提就有关伊斯兰法律问题给出的法律意见或博学的解释Ḥāra:邻居。al -Ḥ阿尔法(sparto或Cortaderia selloana):种类的手掌,生长在贫穷和非常干燥的土壤和高温在北非,在其他地方,叶子薄(一毫米宽),可以1米长,使用等手工艺品生产mats6Ḥ一ṣīr(垫):由sparto(ḥ阿尔法),与织机和手动或使用国内坐on7Ḥenna:植物,叶子晒干,用来染头发,皮肤和指甲身体art8 al -Ḥizb:政党。开斋节al-Aḍḥa:伊斯兰节日Ramaḍān斋戒月后两个月，在Ḥaj9开斋节al-Fiṭr:伊斯兰节日，在Ramaḍān斋戒月后立即庆祝，在这个节日里有特别的祈祷，把所有穆斯林聚集在一起10圣战:武装斗争，捍卫伊斯兰教，无论是在领土上还是在意识形态上11 al-Jihādiyya:奥斯曼帝国征收的用于支付圣战费用的税，一开始是暂时的，后来继续永久地从奥斯曼帝国所有省份和领土的当地人那里征收。al-Jinn:超自然的生物kal(垫子):比ḥaṣīr厚，因为它们是由羊毛制成的，用来覆盖墙壁或地面，以防止潮湿
{"title":"Glossary of Arabic Words","authors":"E. Davis","doi":"10.1515/9781400853748.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400853748.223","url":null,"abstract":"ʿAuyūn (sing. ‘ayn): water sources or springs1 Aqḍīya (sing. qaḍāʾ): administrative divisions of the provinces ruled by the Ottoman Empire2 Bey: Ottoman title given to some governors in the Ottoman Empire3 Eyālet: largest administrative divisions in the Ottoman Empire4 Fatwa: legal opinion or learned interpretation by a qualified jurist or mufti given on issues pertaining to Islamic law5 Ḥāra: neighborhood. al-Ḥalfa (sparto or Cortaderia selloana): species of palms, grows in poor and very dry soil and very high temperatures in North Africa, among other places, leaves are thin (one-millimeter width) and can be one meter long, used in handicrafts like producing mats6 Ḥaṣīr (mats): made of the sparto (ḥalfa), made manually or with looms and used domestically to sit on7 Ḥenna: plant,which leaves are dried and used to dye hair, skin or fingernails as body art8 al-Ḥizb: political party. Eid al-Aḍḥa: Islamic festival two months after the fasting month of Ramaḍān, celebrated after Ḥaj9 Eid al-Fiṭr: Islamic festival, celebrated immediately after the fasting month of Ramaḍān, there are special prayers at this festival that gathers all Muslims together10 Jihad: armed struggle to defend Islam, whether in a territorial or ideological sense11 al-Jihādiyya: tax imposed by the Ottoman Empire used to cover the expenses of jihad, at the beginning temporary, later continued to be permanently taken from local people in all Ottoman provinces and territories12 al-Jinn: supernatural creatures Kalīm (mats): thicker than ḥaṣīr because they are made of wool and used to cover the walls or the ground to be protected from humidity13","PeriodicalId":263932,"journal":{"name":"A Bridgehead to Africa","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121730713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3726/978-3-653-04745-5/10
Polycarp Africanus
9 Picture 4.2 Amplification of ACC deaminase (acdS) gene. (M) 1 Kb Ladder, (MSA1) Enterobacter cloacae MSA1; (MSA2) Enterobacter cancerogenus MSA2 10 Picture 4.3 Gel elution and Gel electrophoresis for confirmation of acdS gene. (M) 1 Kb Ladder, (MSA1) Enterobacter cloacae MSA1; (MSA2) Enterobacter cancerogenus MSA2 11 Picture 4.4 Comparative study of the vegetative structure of Jatropha with MSA1 12 Picture 4.5 Comparative study of the vegetative structure of Jatropha with MSA2 13 Picture 4.6 Green house study of Jatropha curcas compares to control (in triplicate)
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9783110685015-002
This book investigates a rare topic in German imperial history: German engagement in the Ottoman province of Tripoli. It thus fills the important gap in the extensive literature on German imperialism with a specific focus: relations between Germany and the Ottoman provinces of Tripoli (Wilāyāt Ṭarābulis al-Ghārb) from 1884 to 1918. It also considers the political, economic, and institutional factors that influenced the relationships between Germany and Tripoli. This province was one of the North African provinces under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911. This book will also analyze as well the relationship between Germany and the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the light of events of more international significance that were taking place around the same time and influencing this relationship. The time period focused on in this book is from 1884 to 1918. This period has been selected for its essential relevance to the history of the relationship between the East and the West. The 18th and 19th centuries were characterized by an extension of European control outside the European continent;1 an enterprise that included what came to be known as the “scramble for Africa”.2 This period was also marked by the Industrial Revolution in Europe. The mechanization of the industrial sector that it brought about, as well as mass production of different products, led to enormous economic developments.3 Following these developments European powers began to search for markets for their products and for regions that would supply the raw materials required for the growing industries.4 In order to secure their access to these markets and raw materials, it was necessary to have the routes and the political control over these areas, either by entering into treaties with the original landowners or by the imposition of direct political and military control. The expansion outside Europe was rooted in these specific needs, which took on both a political and economic char-
{"title":"1 European Colonial Ambitions and Economic Expansions of the Reich (1884–1918)","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685015-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685015-002","url":null,"abstract":"This book investigates a rare topic in German imperial history: German engagement in the Ottoman province of Tripoli. It thus fills the important gap in the extensive literature on German imperialism with a specific focus: relations between Germany and the Ottoman provinces of Tripoli (Wilāyāt Ṭarābulis al-Ghārb) from 1884 to 1918. It also considers the political, economic, and institutional factors that influenced the relationships between Germany and Tripoli. This province was one of the North African provinces under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911. This book will also analyze as well the relationship between Germany and the Ottoman Empire, particularly in the light of events of more international significance that were taking place around the same time and influencing this relationship. The time period focused on in this book is from 1884 to 1918. This period has been selected for its essential relevance to the history of the relationship between the East and the West. The 18th and 19th centuries were characterized by an extension of European control outside the European continent;1 an enterprise that included what came to be known as the “scramble for Africa”.2 This period was also marked by the Industrial Revolution in Europe. The mechanization of the industrial sector that it brought about, as well as mass production of different products, led to enormous economic developments.3 Following these developments European powers began to search for markets for their products and for regions that would supply the raw materials required for the growing industries.4 In order to secure their access to these markets and raw materials, it was necessary to have the routes and the political control over these areas, either by entering into treaties with the original landowners or by the imposition of direct political and military control. The expansion outside Europe was rooted in these specific needs, which took on both a political and economic char-","PeriodicalId":263932,"journal":{"name":"A Bridgehead to Africa","volume":"24 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123564718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9783110685015-006
The German-Ottoman policy of rapprochement and its impact on the situation in Tripoli during World War I (1914–1918) starts with a different approach of the German and Ottoman policy toward Britain and France and their ambitions in the Mediterranean. This is a significant turning point in international politics. Therefore, it is important to examine the German position toward the Libyan jihad, with special emphasis on German motives and goals in supporting the Ottoman Empire, and the presence of Germany in Libya. This was after an explicit announcement by Germany that it would play a more active role in the political developments of the country by supporting the Libyan national movements. Here, they concentrated their support on two main currents of nationalism; the movement headed by Ramaḍān al-Swīḥlī (1879–1920) and Sulaymān al-Bārūnī in the west, and the al-Sanūsīyya in the east.1 Sulaymān al-Bārūnī, who came from a relatively distinguished family and represented the area of the Western Mountains, tried to organize a force to oppose the Italian landings, but did not receive the support of the Ottoman government.2 Germany supported the Ottoman Empire in the revival of its influence in Libya. This development led to the declaration of war against the British in Egypt in 1915 according to the German-Ottoman geostrategic project that aimed to weaken the power of the British in the Mediterranean, maining battles of the Ottoman war against the British in Egypt. An examination of the German policy toward Libya at the end of the First World War in 1918, and an analysis of how this was reflected in international developments on the orientation of the policy in Libya is to be understood in the light on what was going on in this part of Africa. How the defeat of Germany and the Ottoman Empire in World War I led them to abandon their project in Libya and the region?
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9783110685015-015
{"title":"List of Maps","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110685015-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685015-015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263932,"journal":{"name":"A Bridgehead to Africa","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123081796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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