Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961876
R. McElveen, M. Melfi, R. Daugherty
The advantages of using permanent magnets (PM) in electric motors to increase efficiency are well documented [1]. Due to the synchronous operating nature of a PM motor, most motors of this type are used in combination with a variable frequency drive (VFD). PM motors capable of direct on line (DOL) starting have been manufactured for over 30 years [2], but the application of this technology has historically been limited to low horsepower, niche applications. In an effort to provide motors with higher than premium efficiency levels, this technology is now making its way into much larger motors. This paper discusses the transients associated with DOL starting this type of motor and the potential challenges they pose. These include transient torque, inrush current and corresponding dips in voltage. The same issues exist with induction motors and comparisons of the two technologies are offered. In addition, the ability to synchronize a given load must be considered. Test results from line starts of this type of motor are presented. Various techniques to diminish the effects of the starting process, including application guidelines, are discussed. Ongoing efforts to establish industry standards for this type of motor are reviewed.
{"title":"Line start permanent magnet motors - Starting, standards and application guidelines","authors":"R. McElveen, M. Melfi, R. Daugherty","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961876","url":null,"abstract":"The advantages of using permanent magnets (PM) in electric motors to increase efficiency are well documented [1]. Due to the synchronous operating nature of a PM motor, most motors of this type are used in combination with a variable frequency drive (VFD). PM motors capable of direct on line (DOL) starting have been manufactured for over 30 years [2], but the application of this technology has historically been limited to low horsepower, niche applications. In an effort to provide motors with higher than premium efficiency levels, this technology is now making its way into much larger motors. This paper discusses the transients associated with DOL starting this type of motor and the potential challenges they pose. These include transient torque, inrush current and corresponding dips in voltage. The same issues exist with induction motors and comparisons of the two technologies are offered. In addition, the ability to synchronize a given load must be considered. Test results from line starts of this type of motor are presented. Various techniques to diminish the effects of the starting process, including application guidelines, are discussed. Ongoing efforts to establish industry standards for this type of motor are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126396258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961881
W. Zipse, D. Mohla
With today's litigious society, more and more lawsuits are being filed. Some of these lawsuits involve very complex technical issues that are increasing the need of technical experts to help the court and jury to understand the issues in non-technical terms. Expert witnesses are compensated well, which encourages technical professionals to agree to be an expert without fully knowing the expectations and challenges facing them ahead. An engineer employed by a company may witness a fatality or a significant incident that has occurred may be called upon to testify. Or a very technically competent engineer may decide to explore becoming an expert witness. The paper will discuss some of the basic expectation and items normally needed to fulfill the requirements for expert witnesses.
{"title":"Expert witnesses: The basics","authors":"W. Zipse, D. Mohla","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961881","url":null,"abstract":"With today's litigious society, more and more lawsuits are being filed. Some of these lawsuits involve very complex technical issues that are increasing the need of technical experts to help the court and jury to understand the issues in non-technical terms. Expert witnesses are compensated well, which encourages technical professionals to agree to be an expert without fully knowing the expectations and challenges facing them ahead. An engineer employed by a company may witness a fatality or a significant incident that has occurred may be called upon to testify. Or a very technically competent engineer may decide to explore becoming an expert witness. The paper will discuss some of the basic expectation and items normally needed to fulfill the requirements for expert witnesses.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127954659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961886
A. Hoevenaars, M. McGraw, K. Rittammer
AC and DC Drives commonly used on land and offshore Drilling Rigs produce extremely high levels of harmonic distortion. With voltage distortion often exceeding 20%, equipment associated with the drilling operation can experience erratic operation and equipment damage. Repeated damage to one or several AC Drives is common. One land Rig in Northern Alberta was experiencing failures with its centrifuge equipment on a weekly basis. During one visit to the site, a Drive in the centrifuge was found to have tripped off causing the centrifuge to plug up. After cleaning out the centrifuge and restoring the Drive, it tripped off again shortly after drilling operations resumed. A Power Quality Analyzer was connected which revealed extremely high levels of voltage distortion during drilling operations. Deep notches, visible in the voltage waveform, were found to be the result of SCR's in the mud pump DC Drives. Total harmonic voltage distortion (VTHD) reached 25%. A series connected passive filter was installed ahead of the centrifuge equipment to reduce the voltage notching and lower voltage distortion. The filter reduced notch depth by more than half and lowered overall voltage distortion at the centrifuge panel to <;9% during the most severe drilling operations. With line side voltage distortion levels remaining in the 20% range, the filter proved to be extremely effective in eliminating all centrifuge operational and premature failure issues.
{"title":"Preventing centrifuge failures due to voltage distortion on a Drilling Rig","authors":"A. Hoevenaars, M. McGraw, K. Rittammer","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961886","url":null,"abstract":"AC and DC Drives commonly used on land and offshore Drilling Rigs produce extremely high levels of harmonic distortion. With voltage distortion often exceeding 20%, equipment associated with the drilling operation can experience erratic operation and equipment damage. Repeated damage to one or several AC Drives is common. One land Rig in Northern Alberta was experiencing failures with its centrifuge equipment on a weekly basis. During one visit to the site, a Drive in the centrifuge was found to have tripped off causing the centrifuge to plug up. After cleaning out the centrifuge and restoring the Drive, it tripped off again shortly after drilling operations resumed. A Power Quality Analyzer was connected which revealed extremely high levels of voltage distortion during drilling operations. Deep notches, visible in the voltage waveform, were found to be the result of SCR's in the mud pump DC Drives. Total harmonic voltage distortion (VTHD) reached 25%. A series connected passive filter was installed ahead of the centrifuge equipment to reduce the voltage notching and lower voltage distortion. The filter reduced notch depth by more than half and lowered overall voltage distortion at the centrifuge panel to <;9% during the most severe drilling operations. With line side voltage distortion levels remaining in the 20% range, the filter proved to be extremely effective in eliminating all centrifuge operational and premature failure issues.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133602436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961880
B. Cassimere, Don E. Martin, B. F. Evans, Sheng Yang
This paper demonstrates the impact power oscillations have on the turbines/generators on an isolated power system from large synchronous motor-driven compressors. The paper describes the isolated system and the methods used to model the electrical and mechanical system. The system models the mechanical compressors with torque pulses which are translated into the electrical system as current pulsations and then through the generators and onto the generator/turbine mechanical system as power oscillations. These oscillations can impact the shaft torsional modes of the turbines/generators and this impact is detailed in this paper. The key to this evaluation was the integration of the electrical synchronous machine models with the mechanical system models. The validity of the turbine torsional model was critical and was checked against the manufacturer's model used for the turbine design. The paper reviews various options to mitigate the impact of the power oscillations and compares the effectiveness of each option. Several operating modes are evaluated for the oscillation frequency and magnitude of torque and power impact on each generator/turbine. The results of each mitigating option and various operating modes are detailed in the paper.
{"title":"Power oscillation impact on generator/turbine interaction for an isolated power system","authors":"B. Cassimere, Don E. Martin, B. F. Evans, Sheng Yang","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961880","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the impact power oscillations have on the turbines/generators on an isolated power system from large synchronous motor-driven compressors. The paper describes the isolated system and the methods used to model the electrical and mechanical system. The system models the mechanical compressors with torque pulses which are translated into the electrical system as current pulsations and then through the generators and onto the generator/turbine mechanical system as power oscillations. These oscillations can impact the shaft torsional modes of the turbines/generators and this impact is detailed in this paper. The key to this evaluation was the integration of the electrical synchronous machine models with the mechanical system models. The validity of the turbine torsional model was critical and was checked against the manufacturer's model used for the turbine design. The paper reviews various options to mitigate the impact of the power oscillations and compares the effectiveness of each option. Several operating modes are evaluated for the oscillation frequency and magnitude of torque and power impact on each generator/turbine. The results of each mitigating option and various operating modes are detailed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127986396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961873
A. Helfrich, R. Carlson
Oversizing electrical distribution equipment is a concern in industrial facilities. It adds cost and can increase fault levels. IEEE Std 141-1993 provides guidelines on how to size electrical equipment but, at the early stage of the project, when the equipment is being purchased, much of the process information necessary to properly size the equipment is preliminary at best. Also, much is left to the discretion of the individual design engineer, who is often not an employee of the facility's eventual owner and, therefore, may have no incentive to reduce equipment size. In fact, depending upon the contractual relationship and due to the preliminary data, compressed schedule, and long delivery, design engineers tend to oversize the equipment. This paper describes an approach for establishing a load-based upper size limit to control oversizing of electrical equipment. The paper will demonstrate that establishing this upper limit can effectively control oversizing of the electrical equipment with information available at the early stage of the project. The resulting safety and economic benefits of the properly sized electrical equipment cascade throughout the power system.
{"title":"Establishing a load-based upper size limit to control oversizing of electrical equipment","authors":"A. Helfrich, R. Carlson","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961873","url":null,"abstract":"Oversizing electrical distribution equipment is a concern in industrial facilities. It adds cost and can increase fault levels. IEEE Std 141-1993 provides guidelines on how to size electrical equipment but, at the early stage of the project, when the equipment is being purchased, much of the process information necessary to properly size the equipment is preliminary at best. Also, much is left to the discretion of the individual design engineer, who is often not an employee of the facility's eventual owner and, therefore, may have no incentive to reduce equipment size. In fact, depending upon the contractual relationship and due to the preliminary data, compressed schedule, and long delivery, design engineers tend to oversize the equipment. This paper describes an approach for establishing a load-based upper size limit to control oversizing of electrical equipment. The paper will demonstrate that establishing this upper limit can effectively control oversizing of the electrical equipment with information available at the early stage of the project. The resulting safety and economic benefits of the properly sized electrical equipment cascade throughout the power system.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128606992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961874
A. Bonnett, Helmuth M. Glatt, S. Hauck
This paper discusses the effects of voltage and frequency variation on squirrel cage induction motor performance. The major focus is the impact on efficiency, thermal insulation life, starting characteristics, reliability and cost penalties. Transient voltages are identified and harmonic distortion issues are addressed. Voltage/ frequency issues associated with adjustable frequency drive applications are beyond the scope of this paper.
{"title":"The impact voltage and frequency variations have on squirrel cage induction motors","authors":"A. Bonnett, Helmuth M. Glatt, S. Hauck","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961874","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the effects of voltage and frequency variation on squirrel cage induction motor performance. The major focus is the impact on efficiency, thermal insulation life, starting characteristics, reliability and cost penalties. Transient voltages are identified and harmonic distortion issues are addressed. Voltage/ frequency issues associated with adjustable frequency drive applications are beyond the scope of this paper.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115213479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961883
M. Stranges, S. Haq, Luis H. A. Teran, W. Veerkamp
Factory acceptance tests (FAT) of a new high voltage rotating machine include comprehensive diagnostic tests of the finished stator winding insulation system. The end user obtains baseline data for condition monitoring performed during the machine's operating life. The design geometry of stator windings and manufacturing processes used to produce them will affect the dielectric test results. There is a significant challenge in comparing test results from different stators to obtain a statistically useful sample for an acceptance test database. This paper compares dielectric test results from the 14.4-kV windings of several new 1800 rpm, 26.1 MW (35000 hp) centrifugal compressor synchronous motor stators of identical design, built for two US chemical plants. The results are compared to those from accompanying sacrificial coils. The stator diagnostic tests include dissipation factor (DF, or tan delta), power factor tip up (PFTU, or delta tan delta), offline partial discharge (PD), corona inspection with a UV analyzer, and online PD. Sacrificial coils produced and processed alongside each stator received the specified API coil acceptance tests, plus corona inspection with a UV analyzer. PD measurements on the sample coils were repeated at elevated voltage, and the results compared to the corona inspection observations. The paper shares the comparative analysis of the stator- and coil test results as an excellent example of baseline FAT data.
一种新型高压旋转电机的出厂验收试验包括对成品定子绕组绝缘系统的综合诊断试验。最终用户获得在机器使用寿命期间进行状态监测的基线数据。定子绕组的设计几何形状和制造工艺会影响介电测试结果。在比较来自不同定子的测试结果以获得用于验收测试数据库的统计有用样本方面存在重大挑战。本文比较了为美国两家化工厂建造的几种相同设计的1800rpm、26.1 MW (35000 hp)离心压缩机同步电动机定子的14.4 kv绕组的介电试验结果。结果与随附牺牲线圈的结果进行了比较。定子诊断测试包括耗散系数(DF，或tan delta)、功率因数上升(PFTU，或delta tan delta)、离线局部放电(PD)、用紫外分析仪进行电晕检测和在线PD。与每个定子一起生产和加工的牺牲线圈接受了指定的API线圈验收测试，以及用紫外分析仪进行电晕检查。在高电压下重复对样品线圈的PD测量，并将结果与电晕检查观察结果进行比较。本文将定子和线圈试验结果作为基准FAT数据的一个很好的例子进行了对比分析。
{"title":"Dielectric testing and corona inspection of a 14.4-KV, 1800 RPM centrifugal compressor motor stator insulation system","authors":"M. Stranges, S. Haq, Luis H. A. Teran, W. Veerkamp","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961883","url":null,"abstract":"Factory acceptance tests (FAT) of a new high voltage rotating machine include comprehensive diagnostic tests of the finished stator winding insulation system. The end user obtains baseline data for condition monitoring performed during the machine's operating life. The design geometry of stator windings and manufacturing processes used to produce them will affect the dielectric test results. There is a significant challenge in comparing test results from different stators to obtain a statistically useful sample for an acceptance test database. This paper compares dielectric test results from the 14.4-kV windings of several new 1800 rpm, 26.1 MW (35000 hp) centrifugal compressor synchronous motor stators of identical design, built for two US chemical plants. The results are compared to those from accompanying sacrificial coils. The stator diagnostic tests include dissipation factor (DF, or tan delta), power factor tip up (PFTU, or delta tan delta), offline partial discharge (PD), corona inspection with a UV analyzer, and online PD. Sacrificial coils produced and processed alongside each stator received the specified API coil acceptance tests, plus corona inspection with a UV analyzer. PD measurements on the sample coils were repeated at elevated voltage, and the results compared to the corona inspection observations. The paper shares the comparative analysis of the stator- and coil test results as an excellent example of baseline FAT data.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124409192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961877
Frank E. Bresnan, E. Jonson, Tyler Somes
There are many things to consider when evaluating the replacement of a distribution substation. Establishing the electrical configuration, process considerations, equipment sizes and ratings, what options to include, and their relative initial cost, are all part of defining and establishing the best design for a project. The loss or interruption of electrical power during operating periods is not an acceptable option at most refining facilities. This creates difficulty conducting electrical maintenance and tie-ins. Aspects such as safety, capacity, expandability, and cost must also be considered to ensure that the installed design offers real long-term benefit and value to the organization. While the absolute minimum on equipment sizes and ratings can always be determined, it is finding the best balance between pre-investment and costs that offers the most value. This paper will describe some of the options and considerations that were evaluated at the distribution substation level for a large petroleum refinery, and how those decisions led to a degree of standardization for the electrical configuration.
{"title":"Substation replacement options and considerations","authors":"Frank E. Bresnan, E. Jonson, Tyler Somes","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961877","url":null,"abstract":"There are many things to consider when evaluating the replacement of a distribution substation. Establishing the electrical configuration, process considerations, equipment sizes and ratings, what options to include, and their relative initial cost, are all part of defining and establishing the best design for a project. The loss or interruption of electrical power during operating periods is not an acceptable option at most refining facilities. This creates difficulty conducting electrical maintenance and tie-ins. Aspects such as safety, capacity, expandability, and cost must also be considered to ensure that the installed design offers real long-term benefit and value to the organization. While the absolute minimum on equipment sizes and ratings can always be determined, it is finding the best balance between pre-investment and costs that offers the most value. This paper will describe some of the options and considerations that were evaluated at the distribution substation level for a large petroleum refinery, and how those decisions led to a degree of standardization for the electrical configuration.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129126366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961920
J. Schaffer, T. Hazel
Offshore installations often push switchgear to the limit of their rated current and short-circuit withstand capacity and in some cases even above. This is due to the increase in the number of electrically driven loads and the severe space and weight restrictions offshore. The same is being seen now for onshore installations where there is often limited space for new production facilities. Expansion of existing plants results in both increased rated and short-circuit currents, and in some cases more complex switching arrangements, some of which could cause switchgear ratings to be exceeded. There are several techniques that can be used to cope with such situations. In some cases it is sufficient to provide interlocking to prevent unacceptable operating conditions from occurring. In other cases it is necessary to add pyrotechnic fault current limiters (FCL) to prevent equipment destruction should a short circuit occur. As with all equipment, it is necessary to understand how FCLs operate in order to be sure that they are correctly integrated into the power system. This paper will review several techniques that have been used in applications to ensure switchgear integrity. There is a special focus on the correct integration of FCLs. The authors consider such measures to be an integral part of the switchgear thus allowing verification of all safety features during the equipment design and testing phases prior to arrival at site. The project specifications should include all planned future growth to ensure that the power system and switchgear be designed accordingly.
{"title":"Ensuring switchgear integrity in high power installations","authors":"J. Schaffer, T. Hazel","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961920","url":null,"abstract":"Offshore installations often push switchgear to the limit of their rated current and short-circuit withstand capacity and in some cases even above. This is due to the increase in the number of electrically driven loads and the severe space and weight restrictions offshore. The same is being seen now for onshore installations where there is often limited space for new production facilities. Expansion of existing plants results in both increased rated and short-circuit currents, and in some cases more complex switching arrangements, some of which could cause switchgear ratings to be exceeded. There are several techniques that can be used to cope with such situations. In some cases it is sufficient to provide interlocking to prevent unacceptable operating conditions from occurring. In other cases it is necessary to add pyrotechnic fault current limiters (FCL) to prevent equipment destruction should a short circuit occur. As with all equipment, it is necessary to understand how FCLs operate in order to be sure that they are correctly integrated into the power system. This paper will review several techniques that have been used in applications to ensure switchgear integrity. There is a special focus on the correct integration of FCLs. The authors consider such measures to be an integral part of the switchgear thus allowing verification of all safety features during the equipment design and testing phases prior to arrival at site. The project specifications should include all planned future growth to ensure that the power system and switchgear be designed accordingly.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132223801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-20DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961884
Y. Khersonsky, G. Sulligoi
Paper reviews the latest IEEE and IEC standards for ships and oil platforms. Combination of IEEE standards with the latest innovations and modern analytical tools provides safe and cost effective transfer of new technologies into ships and oil platforms.
{"title":"New IEEE & IEC standards for ships and oil platforms","authors":"Y. Khersonsky, G. Sulligoi","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2014.6961884","url":null,"abstract":"Paper reviews the latest IEEE and IEC standards for ships and oil platforms. Combination of IEEE standards with the latest innovations and modern analytical tools provides safe and cost effective transfer of new technologies into ships and oil platforms.","PeriodicalId":264800,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134216568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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