Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.18
Jungsik Cha
Biblical interpretation in Korea during the Japanese colonial period was conducted primarily by pastors and seminary teachers who had been influenced by Western missionaries. In particular, American missionaries equipped with theological fundamentalism and dispensationalism influenced the earliest biblical interpreters, who were equally enthusiastic evangelicals. Historical critical methods, however, were gradually introduced to liberal Korean biblical interpreters. This led to a serious collision with the conservative denominational authorities in the Korean Church in the 1930s. Consequently, the Abingdon Commentary Incident became a later turning point of theological division. Nevertheless, outsiders helped generate a new dimension of biblical interpretation in Korea. In particular, the diverse perspectives of Kim Gyo-Shin, Yu Young-Mo, Ham Seok-Heon, Lee Yong-Do, and Lee Se-Jong are noteworthy for their search for Korean subjectivity in interpreting the Bible. Some of them sought to illuminate the biblical messages in light of Korean indigenous cultural soil. Still others were focused on practicing a radical message in the historical reality of Japanese persecution.
{"title":"During Japanese Colonization (1910–1945)","authors":"Jungsik Cha","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"Biblical interpretation in Korea during the Japanese colonial period was conducted primarily by pastors and seminary teachers who had been influenced by Western missionaries. In particular, American missionaries equipped with theological fundamentalism and dispensationalism influenced the earliest biblical interpreters, who were equally enthusiastic evangelicals. Historical critical methods, however, were gradually introduced to liberal Korean biblical interpreters. This led to a serious collision with the conservative denominational authorities in the Korean Church in the 1930s. Consequently, the Abingdon Commentary Incident became a later turning point of theological division. Nevertheless, outsiders helped generate a new dimension of biblical interpretation in Korea. In particular, the diverse perspectives of Kim Gyo-Shin, Yu Young-Mo, Ham Seok-Heon, Lee Yong-Do, and Lee Se-Jong are noteworthy for their search for Korean subjectivity in interpreting the Bible. Some of them sought to illuminate the biblical messages in light of Korean indigenous cultural soil. Still others were focused on practicing a radical message in the historical reality of Japanese persecution.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132911520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.4
Hyun Chul Paul Kim
This chapter reads the Abraham story from the perspective of Korean American immigrants. Attending to select plots and motifs, as well as addressing sociological and historical relocation, trauma, minority identity, and interethnic relations, this hermeneutic compares and contrasts the stories of Abraham, Sarah, and others in Genesis 12–25 with the experience of Korean Americans. It illustrates parallel narratives—one ancient, another current. The Abrahamic and Korean American stories share the intersectional characteristics of life at the margin. They contrast experiences of hostility and hospitality. They struggle to survive and build solidarity in the complex milieu of new multiethnic societies.
{"title":"“Forever Strangers at the Margin” in the Context of the United States","authors":"Hyun Chul Paul Kim","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reads the Abraham story from the perspective of Korean American immigrants. Attending to select plots and motifs, as well as addressing sociological and historical relocation, trauma, minority identity, and interethnic relations, this hermeneutic compares and contrasts the stories of Abraham, Sarah, and others in Genesis 12–25 with the experience of Korean Americans. It illustrates parallel narratives—one ancient, another current. The Abrahamic and Korean American stories share the intersectional characteristics of life at the margin. They contrast experiences of hostility and hospitality. They struggle to survive and build solidarity in the complex milieu of new multiethnic societies.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"315 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116102451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.1
Y. Lee
The most distinctive feature of Korean Christianity is the absolute authority that is given to the Bible. Yet Korean Christianity confers such power and authority to the Bible in the multiscriptural context of Korea. Traditionally, Koreans believe firmly in the inherent authority of the sacred scriptures of Buddhism and Confucianism. Throughout history, Koreans experienced the mystic-redemptive power of the Buddhist scriptures and the ethical-redemptive power of the Confucian canonical texts. Korean Christians, in turn, have similarly accepted the Bible with the highest regard. Ironically, this renders a cultural supremacy that depoliticizes the Bible, thereby diminishing its effect on Korean society.
{"title":"The Authority of the Bible in the Multiscriptural Context of Korean Christianity","authors":"Y. Lee","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"The most distinctive feature of Korean Christianity is the absolute authority that is given to the Bible. Yet Korean Christianity confers such power and authority to the Bible in the multiscriptural context of Korea. Traditionally, Koreans believe firmly in the inherent authority of the sacred scriptures of Buddhism and Confucianism. Throughout history, Koreans experienced the mystic-redemptive power of the Buddhist scriptures and the ethical-redemptive power of the Confucian canonical texts. Korean Christians, in turn, have similarly accepted the Bible with the highest regard. Ironically, this renders a cultural supremacy that depoliticizes the Bible, thereby diminishing its effect on Korean society.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122803547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.25
K. Ha
This chapter evaluates biblical and theological studies attempted by Korean scholars to justify Korean unification and offers suggestions for future studies. This work can be divided into four approaches: conceptual, historical, missionary, and theological. They are meaningful despite their limitations and lay the foundation for a unification theology. The reunification of the Korean peninsula would not only unite two countries but also realize biblical values and ideologies, including peace, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Pursuit of reunification also addresses theological concepts, such as oneness, “all Israel,” remnant, the Kingdom of God, mission to the ends of the earth, and a new creation. Biblical and theological studies clarify responses and actions necessary for the processes of Korean reunification.
{"title":"Reunification of South and North Koreas","authors":"K. Ha","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates biblical and theological studies attempted by Korean scholars to justify Korean unification and offers suggestions for future studies. This work can be divided into four approaches: conceptual, historical, missionary, and theological. They are meaningful despite their limitations and lay the foundation for a unification theology. The reunification of the Korean peninsula would not only unite two countries but also realize biblical values and ideologies, including peace, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Pursuit of reunification also addresses theological concepts, such as oneness, “all Israel,” remnant, the Kingdom of God, mission to the ends of the earth, and a new creation. Biblical and theological studies clarify responses and actions necessary for the processes of Korean reunification.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116852566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.28
J. Choi
An important case study of Korean American women’s reading of the Bible situates their experience in Asian American cultural formation in general, and Korean American immigration history in particular. This Korean American feminist interpretation addresses two related themes: women in relation to nation and colonialism and the racialization and ethnicization of Korean women in the United States. In turn, these themes are a prism for reading the women in the Gospel of Mark, whose journey overlaps with that of Korean immigrant women crossing boundaries between the past and the present, between the margin and the center, in search of home, and realizing a resurrected life for all.
{"title":"Korean American Feminist Interpretation","authors":"J. Choi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"An important case study of Korean American women’s reading of the Bible situates their experience in Asian American cultural formation in general, and Korean American immigration history in particular. This Korean American feminist interpretation addresses two related themes: women in relation to nation and colonialism and the racialization and ethnicization of Korean women in the United States. In turn, these themes are a prism for reading the women in the Gospel of Mark, whose journey overlaps with that of Korean immigrant women crossing boundaries between the past and the present, between the margin and the center, in search of home, and realizing a resurrected life for all.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131294347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.8
In-hee Park
The scholarly examination of the significance of the first Korean Christian community founded by Confucian scholars sheds new light for both interreligious dialogue and biblical studies. This chapter demonstrates that the development of early Christian communities, which started in the eighteenth century, is a result of these scholarly endeavors to seek an alternative to feudal society. It reveals how biblical concepts like the Children of God contributed to transforming Confucian concepts such as filial piety and the Will of Heaven to create a more equal society through a sociopolitical impact. This chapter also highlights how the first Korean Gospel, Sung-kyung-jik-hae-gwang-ik (The Interpretation of the Bible and Its Meaning), was formed by these scholars. It empowered laypeople, who suffered cruel persecutions over many decades, to foster a compassionate and egalitarian Christian society known as the “Village of Friends.”
{"title":"Reception of the Bible during the Eighteenth Century","authors":"In-hee Park","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"The scholarly examination of the significance of the first Korean Christian community founded by Confucian scholars sheds new light for both interreligious dialogue and biblical studies. This chapter demonstrates that the development of early Christian communities, which started in the eighteenth century, is a result of these scholarly endeavors to seek an alternative to feudal society. It reveals how biblical concepts like the Children of God contributed to transforming Confucian concepts such as filial piety and the Will of Heaven to create a more equal society through a sociopolitical impact. This chapter also highlights how the first Korean Gospel, Sung-kyung-jik-hae-gwang-ik (The Interpretation of the Bible and Its Meaning), was formed by these scholars. It empowered laypeople, who suffered cruel persecutions over many decades, to foster a compassionate and egalitarian Christian society known as the “Village of Friends.”","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128095075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.36
Won W. Lee
Korean Christianity is renowned for its rapid growth and conservative theological orientation. This phenomenon is inextricably tied to Korean appropriation of the Bible in their religiocultural and sociopolitical context since the eighteenth century. Less understood, however, is the complex tapestry of Korean biblical interpretation that emerged from being missionized, colonized, internally divided, and incorporated into global norms. These countervailing forces proffer a distinctive Korean-ness of biblical interpretation. On the one hand, it tracks closely the influence of conservative Western missionaries. On the other hand, it reflects God’s liberating intervention for Koreans and the Korean diaspora. Both of these movements respond to and move beyond distinct histories of oppression. This introduction coheres twenty-four papers by grouping them into four waves of reciprocal interpretative encounters shaping Korean appropriation of the Bible and Christian practices. Although some conservatively align with received Western orthodoxy, others embrace a sense of complementarity that informs the spectrum of Korean Christian thought and practice, the long-standing religious traditions of Korea, the diversity of Korea’s global diaspora, and the learning of non-Koreans who are attentive to the impact of the Bible in Korea.
{"title":"Tapestry of Korean Biblical Interpretations in the Making","authors":"Won W. Lee","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"Korean Christianity is renowned for its rapid growth and conservative theological orientation. This phenomenon is inextricably tied to Korean appropriation of the Bible in their religiocultural and sociopolitical context since the eighteenth century. Less understood, however, is the complex tapestry of Korean biblical interpretation that emerged from being missionized, colonized, internally divided, and incorporated into global norms. These countervailing forces proffer a distinctive Korean-ness of biblical interpretation. On the one hand, it tracks closely the influence of conservative Western missionaries. On the other hand, it reflects God’s liberating intervention for Koreans and the Korean diaspora. Both of these movements respond to and move beyond distinct histories of oppression. This introduction coheres twenty-four papers by grouping them into four waves of reciprocal interpretative encounters shaping Korean appropriation of the Bible and Christian practices. Although some conservatively align with received Western orthodoxy, others embrace a sense of complementarity that informs the spectrum of Korean Christian thought and practice, the long-standing religious traditions of Korea, the diversity of Korea’s global diaspora, and the learning of non-Koreans who are attentive to the impact of the Bible in Korea.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122042427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.17
G. Yang
It is not easy to imagine the establishment of a Christian Church without the initiative of the Western missionaries on non-Christian continents. But the birth of the Korean Christian Church, at the end of the eighteenth century, is a unique exception to the general pattern. It was established by the theological volition of Korean Confucians prior to any intervention of foreign missionaries. This chapter examines Korean Confucian biblical readings by which the voluntary formation of Christianity in Joseon Korea was realized. Their readings were active intertextual interactions between the Christian Bible and Confucian scriptures. These readings resulted in both anti- and pro-Christian writings. They show the hermeneutical goals and the distinctive characteristics of intertextual readings. Their early historical and hermeneutical initiative is a model for today’s Korean or Asian contextual readings of the Bible.
{"title":"Eighteenth-Century Joseon Confucian Readings on Jesus","authors":"G. Yang","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"It is not easy to imagine the establishment of a Christian Church without the initiative of the Western missionaries on non-Christian continents. But the birth of the Korean Christian Church, at the end of the eighteenth century, is a unique exception to the general pattern. It was established by the theological volition of Korean Confucians prior to any intervention of foreign missionaries. This chapter examines Korean Confucian biblical readings by which the voluntary formation of Christianity in Joseon Korea was realized. Their readings were active intertextual interactions between the Christian Bible and Confucian scriptures. These readings resulted in both anti- and pro-Christian writings. They show the hermeneutical goals and the distinctive characteristics of intertextual readings. Their early historical and hermeneutical initiative is a model for today’s Korean or Asian contextual readings of the Bible.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130222990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.7
Eun Kyu Micah Kim
Despite the East-West and historical differences, human thought transcends time and space in the creation myths of Taoism, Buddhism, and Judeo-Christianity. The guiding myth of each accounts for the origin of the universe, creation, nature, and humanity. Although these religions share etiological reasoning about ultimate truths, each illuminates a different perspective. Therein lies insightful comparison and contrast. Although Buddhism denies a divine being, the concept of an absolute Nothingness expresses the reality of divinity. Daoism’s “Oneness” teaches about a vast universe and creation. Christian theology, which is based in part of comparable Hebraic creation myths, can extend a hand toward Daoism and Buddhism for the development of each other. While Christianity has been largely exclusive for two millennia, the Korean context of interreligious textual exchange offers an opportunity for mutual discernment.
{"title":"Daoist, Buddhist, and Christian Readings on Creation","authors":"Eun Kyu Micah Kim","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the East-West and historical differences, human thought transcends time and space in the creation myths of Taoism, Buddhism, and Judeo-Christianity. The guiding myth of each accounts for the origin of the universe, creation, nature, and humanity. Although these religions share etiological reasoning about ultimate truths, each illuminates a different perspective. Therein lies insightful comparison and contrast. Although Buddhism denies a divine being, the concept of an absolute Nothingness expresses the reality of divinity. Daoism’s “Oneness” teaches about a vast universe and creation. Christian theology, which is based in part of comparable Hebraic creation myths, can extend a hand toward Daoism and Buddhism for the development of each other. While Christianity has been largely exclusive for two millennia, the Korean context of interreligious textual exchange offers an opportunity for mutual discernment.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128718990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.16
Wongi Park
Korean American biblical interpretation is a new and emerging form of contextual hermeneutics that foregrounds the histories, identities, and concerns of minoritized communities. The answer to four questions defines what constitutes Korean American biblical interpretation: What is biblical criticism? Who are Korean Americans? What makes biblical criticism Korean American? Where is it located in the field? Korean American biblical interpretation is defined by a combination of factors: the identity and social location of the reader, whose theories, methods, sources, and contextual readings of the biblical text are informed by Korean American identity, history, and culture.
{"title":"Korean American Biblical Interpretation","authors":"Wongi Park","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190916916.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"Korean American biblical interpretation is a new and emerging form of contextual hermeneutics that foregrounds the histories, identities, and concerns of minoritized communities. The answer to four questions defines what constitutes Korean American biblical interpretation: What is biblical criticism? Who are Korean Americans? What makes biblical criticism Korean American? Where is it located in the field? Korean American biblical interpretation is defined by a combination of factors: the identity and social location of the reader, whose theories, methods, sources, and contextual readings of the biblical text are informed by Korean American identity, history, and culture.","PeriodicalId":265282,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Korea","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128717269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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