Laboratory exercises often emphasize the theoretical knowledge gained in the classroom and make concepts easier to understand. To that end, in a class of physical pharmacy (Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences; master level graduate students), the students prepared two compounded dosage forms in order to establish their flow properties. The compounded formulations were a mineral oil emulsion and an aspirin suspension. The mineral oil emulsion was prepared by the dry gum method, while the suspension was prepared in a vehicle containing suspending agents. A Brookfield viscometer was used in the determination of the flow characteristic of the formulations. The emulsion showed a pseudoplastic flow whereas the suspension exhibited a plastic profile. During the laboratory exercise, students learned the proper use of a viscometer, how to obtain data from the viscometer using compounded dosage forms, and how to analyze the empirical results by matching them with the expected theoretical profiles. The overall informal feedback from the students on this exercise was positive.
{"title":"Rheological Measurements of Compounded Emulsions and Suspensions: A Laboratory Exercise to Support Theoretical Learning","authors":"A. Al-Achi, P. Kulkarni","doi":"10.33513/ppps/1801-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33513/ppps/1801-08","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory exercises often emphasize the theoretical knowledge gained in the classroom and make concepts easier to understand. To that end, in a class of physical pharmacy (Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences; master level graduate students), the students prepared two compounded dosage forms in order to establish their flow properties. The compounded formulations were a mineral oil emulsion and an aspirin suspension. The mineral oil emulsion was prepared by the dry gum method, while the suspension was prepared in a vehicle containing suspending agents. A Brookfield viscometer was used in the determination of the flow characteristic of the formulations. The emulsion showed a pseudoplastic flow whereas the suspension exhibited a plastic profile. During the laboratory exercise, students learned the proper use of a viscometer, how to obtain data from the viscometer using compounded dosage forms, and how to analyze the empirical results by matching them with the expected theoretical profiles. The overall informal feedback from the students on this exercise was positive.","PeriodicalId":265635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125339860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to the increasing use of a range of technologies within pharmacy education, this review aimed to establish the effectiveness and acceptance of e-learning within pharmacy education and to identify limitations within the research carried out since 2013. The e-learning interventions studied were defined as any online or computer-based technology* used to deliver pharmacy education to pharmacy students or qualified pharmacists in a remote (out of classroom) setting. Evidence of short-term effectiveness of e-learning was found and a small number of studies provided evidence of long-term effectiveness. In comparisons, e-learning was demonstrated to be at least as effective as traditional face-to-face teaching methods and superior to no training at all. Six studies also demonstrated that e-learning could result in a change of pharmacists’ practice, while no evidence was found that e-learning could lead to patient benefit or improvements in care. E-learning also appears to be an engaging learning method, which is generally well received among participants. Despite a significant increase in the number of publications investigating e-learning within pharmacy education in the past five years, further research is still required to address limitations within the current literature and to fully establish the effectiveness of e-learning within pharmacy education.
{"title":"A Narrative Overview of the Effectiveness of E-learning in Pharmacy Education","authors":"C. O'Hare, B. Girvin","doi":"10.33513/ppps/1801-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33513/ppps/1801-03","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the increasing use of a range of technologies within pharmacy education, this review aimed to establish the effectiveness and acceptance of e-learning within pharmacy education and to identify limitations within the research carried out since 2013. The e-learning interventions studied were defined as any online or computer-based technology* used to deliver pharmacy education to pharmacy students or qualified pharmacists in a remote (out of classroom) setting. Evidence of short-term effectiveness of e-learning was found and a small number of studies provided evidence of long-term effectiveness. In comparisons, e-learning was demonstrated to be at least as effective as traditional face-to-face teaching methods and superior to no training at all. Six studies also demonstrated that e-learning could result in a change of pharmacists’ practice, while no evidence was found that e-learning could lead to patient benefit or improvements in care. E-learning also appears to be an engaging learning method, which is generally well received among participants. Despite a significant increase in the number of publications investigating e-learning within pharmacy education in the past five years, further research is still required to address limitations within the current literature and to fully establish the effectiveness of e-learning within pharmacy education.","PeriodicalId":265635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127767647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-Isononyl Phthalate (DINP) on conformational stability and biological activity of a model protein lysozyme. Lysozyme was incubated to various concentrations (2-100 μM) of bisphenol A and phthalate for 6 weeks. The conformational stability of lysozyme was figured out by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. Biological activity of the samples was determined by an enzyme activity assay using Micrococcus lysodeikticus (M. luteus) as a specific substrate to lysozyme. A rate of change of 0.001 in absorbance at 450 nm (A450 nm) was used to define 1 unit of biologically active lysozyme. The DSC data showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Tm and H values for lysozyme samples treated with BPA or DINP with increase in exposure time. The H value of BPA treated 7 days’ sample was negative which may indicate complete reversal of conformational integrity. In 7 days old DINP treated sample, no measurable peak was observed which may be due to complete loss of conformational structure. DSC data were further corroborated by FTIR and biological activity data. FTIR spectra of all the treated lysozyme samples showed the splitting of β sheet secondary structure which was completely lost in 7 days DINP treated samples which also showed the minimal biological activity. BPA and DINP (constituents of plastic bottles) may disrupt the conformational stability of protein which is expected to be more severe in human where they can remain longer than the 7 days’ exposure period used in this study.
{"title":"The Effects of Bisphenol A and Di-Isononyl Phthalate on Conformational Stability and Activity of Lysozyme","authors":"Sarah Grothen, Somnath Singh","doi":"10.33513/ppps/1801-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33513/ppps/1801-02","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-Isononyl Phthalate (DINP) on conformational stability and biological activity of a model protein lysozyme. Lysozyme was incubated to various concentrations (2-100 μM) of bisphenol A and phthalate for 6 weeks. The conformational stability of lysozyme was figured out by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. Biological activity of the samples was determined by an enzyme activity assay using Micrococcus lysodeikticus (M. luteus) as a specific substrate to lysozyme. A rate of change of 0.001 in absorbance at 450 nm (A450 nm) was used to define 1 unit of biologically active lysozyme. The DSC data showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Tm and H values for lysozyme samples treated with BPA or DINP with increase in exposure time. The H value of BPA treated 7 days’ sample was negative which may indicate complete reversal of conformational integrity. In 7 days old DINP treated sample, no measurable peak was observed which may be due to complete loss of conformational structure. DSC data were further corroborated by FTIR and biological activity data. FTIR spectra of all the treated lysozyme samples showed the splitting of β sheet secondary structure which was completely lost in 7 days DINP treated samples which also showed the minimal biological activity. BPA and DINP (constituents of plastic bottles) may disrupt the conformational stability of protein which is expected to be more severe in human where they can remain longer than the 7 days’ exposure period used in this study.","PeriodicalId":265635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128098713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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